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Background: Peripheral vertigo is often comorbid with psychiatric disorders. However, no longitudinal study has quantified the association between peripheral vertigo and risk of psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, it remains unknown how the white matter integrity of frontal-limbic network relates to the putative peripheral vertigo-psychiatric disorder link. Methods: We conducted a cohort study including 452,053 participants of the UK Biobank with a follow-up from 2006 through 2021. We assessed the risks of depression and anxiety disorders in relation to a hospitalization episode involving peripheral vertigo using Cox proportional hazards models. We also examined the associations of peripheral vertigo, depression, and anxiety with MRI fractional anisotropy (FA) in a subsample with brain MRI data (N = 36,087), using multivariable linear regression. Results: Individuals with an inpatient diagnosis of peripheral vertigo had elevated risks of incident depression (hazard ratio (HR) 2.18; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.79–2.67) and anxiety (HR 2.11; 95% CI 1.71–2.61), compared to others, particularly within 2 years after hospitalization (HR for depression 2.91; 95% CI 2.04–4.15; HR for anxiety 4.92; 95% CI 3.62–6.69). Depression was associated with lower FA in most studied white matter regions, whereas anxiety and peripheral vertigo did not show statistically significant associations with FA. Conclusions: Individuals with an inpatient diagnosis of peripheral vertigo have increased subsequent risks of depression and anxiety disorders, especially within 2 years after hospitalization. Our findings further indicate a link between depression and lower microstructural connectivity as well as integrity beyond the frontal-limbic network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]