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International branch campuses (IBCs) are gaining popularity among students, institutions, and countries worldwide. Despite the significant interest in this field, few studies have reviewed and analyzed the IBC research landscape. This scientometric analysis examines 173 articles related to IBCs that have been published in the Web of Science Core Collection. The aim is to systematically trace the development, contributors, and topics of IBC research. Through this analysis, researchers can gain insights into the diversified and balanced advancement of IBC research. The study also explores the academic power dynamics underlying IBC research and provides recommendations for future research. Overall, this analysis provides a scientific map for researchers to review IBC research and better understand this field.

In George Miller's famous address to the American Psychological Association in 1969 he explored the aims and future direction of psychology. Psychology could develop as a professional elite that develops specialised knowledge that experts can hold on to or it could aim to "give psychology away" and to allow the general public access to psychological knowledge that will be of benefit to them. In so doing it will create "a new and different public conception of what is humanly possible and humanly desirable." This vision is being realised 50 years on by the wide dissemination of psychology knowledge through, for example, university school courses in the subject, and the growth of psychological literacy in the general public. This paper discusses issues raised by this and the implications for the profession of psychology and the perception of psychology in the general public are discussed.

Modern critics do not consider science fiction and mystery novels to be "serious reading", but Dorothy L. Sayers and C. S. Lewis questioned the boundaries between "popular" and "serious" literature. Both Christian writers critically discuss the spiritual crisis of the modern world in each fiction genre. This paper will discuss Sayers and Lewis from a Christian postmodernist perspective, that is, the acceptance of both human constructions, such as multiple views on genres, and divine revelation, or what transcends the limitations of humanity. Both Sayers and Lewis agreed in terms of their understanding that a writer is limited by human language, but also in terms of their acceptance of the transcendental guidance offered in the interactive relationship with the divine being. The discussion will present Sayers and Lewis as Christian postmodernist writers who re-evaluate generally overlooked genres, begin to argue in their respective genres that gender matters, and introduce the reader to another world beyond the boundaries of the known literary genres. (Contains 9 footnotes.)

Power and status are captivating, especially the desire for social status and its commensurate authority and security. Cliques, smaller clusters within larger peer groups sharing similar views, behaviors, and attitudes, are a means of attaining societal power. Because cliques are typically composed of the disenfranchised holding views different from official ones, asserting powerful, contentious statements while escaping retribution and retaining anonymity is difficult. Hidden literacies, i.e., words or phrases with double meanings, are cliques' simple yet subversive communicative format. Such literacies refute and/or contest official social expectations and afford opportunities to join the current social power structure, as contributions generally disseminate views to larger populations and cause unease among those in power, a central goal. Written by adults and chanted by and to children, British nursery rhymes of old were hidden literacies. Their verses were powerful, subversive opinions of political, social, or religious commentary regarding then-contemporary events. Likewise, contemporary hidden literacies are technological communications used by youth for clandestine conversing. Although nursery rhymes and contemporary technology are parallel forms of hidden literacies, their authors, contents, audiences, and impacts are diametrically opposed with this paper exploring and discussing these comparisons, contrasts, and implications. The desire for social status, and its commensurate authority and security, is indeed powerful. Although extant social groupings are situational with desirability and importance dependent upon individuals and circumstances, people have belonged to, rebelled against, and attempted status advancements respective to the groups with which they retained membership throughout history. (Contains 14 footnotes.)

This is the concluding article of a series of four articles, which started by introducing the concept of the "fully-functioning university" in 2008. Subsequent articles have looked at the consequences of this concept for the higher education of students and the advancement of knowledge. This article is about the fully-functioning university and its contribution to the service part of the tripartite mission; the "third leg". Its main aim is to identify how social engagement can best contribute to the tripartite mission in total. The main conclusions are that: (1) there is a set of questions that can be used to help enlarge the contribution of third leg work to the advancement of knowledge, (2) there is another set of questions that can be used to help enlarge the contribution of third leg projects to the higher education of students and (3) greater use of project-based thinking within the domain of the third leg activities can support research-led, and hence evidence-based, practices and outcomes. The article ends with some implications of these conclusions and some questions surfaced by this enquiry.

The Latin essay "De re Scholastica Anglica cum Germanica Comparata" (English and German school education compared) published in 1795-1798 by the Freiberg/Saxony grammar school principal Friedrich August Hecht is the first treatise in comparative education. The rediscovery of the text, its earlier mentioning in the history of comparative education, its main content, e.g. comparison of English Public Schools to German urban grammar schools, detailed textbook comparison, and interpretation, e.g. idea of transnationality vs. concept of the national character, are described. The social-historical situation of the beginning of comparative education is analyzed.

The History Workshop movement took its stance on the democratisation of history making, becoming notorious for its exuberant gatherings and impassioned "histories from below". At the centre of the early Workshop was the British historian Raphael Samuel, who has been described as the personification of its intellectual and ethical politics. This paper examines Samuel's role in the Workshop arguing that his distinctive intellectual personality was critical in shaping its early form and ethos. Drawing on a biographical approach, it explores the development of this persona over the course of his formative years. It argues that Samuel's life history provides an insight into the renewed appeal of libertarian ideas in post-war British radical political and educational thought and that as an individual he illuminates the application of these ideas to the social role of the historian-educator.

Charles Wheatstone was a British scientist who is most often remembered for his association with the Wheatstone bridge for measuring electrical resistance. A painfully shy man in public, Wheatstone, in reality, possessed a vibrant personality and a wide array of personal interests from acoustics to electricity to optics and parlour tricks. In this paper, I look to the lifetime of Charles Wheatstone as a major influence in the blending of science, art, and culture. Most assuredly, Wheatstone's influences were wildly extensive, yet poorly known. I'd like to pull back the curtain of some of the unique achievements of Charles Wheatstone and suggest that many of these accomplishments can be used in the teaching of science, especially in terms of the blending of science, art, and culture. As part of this illustration, I will uncover a unique connection of Wheatstone to surrealism.

The 2014 INPE McLaughlin Lecture explores the emergent concept of the "postliberal" and the increasing frequency of its formal and informal uses in the languages of educational theory and practice. It traces the origins of the term "postliberal" to certain strains of modern Christian theology, maps its migration into liberal democratic theory and examines its important role in the discussion of religious schooling as led for a time by Terry McLaughlin himself. Acknowledging the looseness of the concepts "liberal" and "postliberal" in much current educational polemic, the article nonetheless argues that recurrent adoption of the term "postliberal" in Britain especially signifies a change in attitude towards "progressive" versions of liberal education with which philosophers and theorists must engage.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of "folk" understandings of quality in higher hospitality education and the consequent implications of these understandings for current quality concerns in the field. Design/methodology/approach: The paper combines a historical survey of the stated topic together with an analysis of how the evolution of higher hospitality education provides insight into current issues and problems in the subject area. Findings: The paper suggests that only by thoroughly comprehending the past development of higher hospitality education is it possible to accurately map the field's current travails and diagnose likely future trends. Practical implications: The paper outlines the implications of current understandings of quality in hospitality education for its future development and provision. Originality/value: The originality and value of this paper lie in its identification of the principal trends that contribute to understanding of current perceptions of the quality of higher hospitality education.

Written nearly 40 years ago, Peter Medway's "Finding a Language" continues to be an arresting read, which offers a powerful vision of what might be possible in education. In this brief introduction, I set the work in context, referring to ideas that Pete engaged with and recalling a little of the times.

The use of wind as a replenishable energy resource has come back into favour in recent decades. It is much promoted as a viable, clean energy option that will help towards reducing CO[subscript 2] emissions in the UK. This article examines the history of wind power and considers the development of wind turbines, together with their economic, environmental and technical implications.

A key contributor to the 1948 New Education Fellowship "The Teacher and World Peace" submission to UNESCO, Alex Bloom is one of the most remarkable pioneers of radical democratic education of the twentieth century. In many important respects, Bloom's internationally renowned work from 1945-55 at St George-in-the-East Secondary Modern School in the East End of London can be seen as an iconic example of education for peace. Wounded in World War I, a teacher and then head teacher between the two World Wars and during World War II, this article explores key aspects of his commitment to a form of democratic education that was both a response to two great conflagrations of the twentieth century and a contribution to the possibility of less destructive ways of living and learning together in the future.

As research probes deeper into all aspects of science, greater specialisation is required. This natural progression takes knowledge and understanding further away from the general public. Hence part of the responsibility of scientists is to communicate that knowledge at an appropriate level of understanding. As most people do not actively follow the details of scientific progress, it is necessary for scientists to help them build on the science taught at school level, which will always be out of date. Such efforts in the last 30 years are considered here. (Contains 3 figures and 10 online resources.)

This article argues that the Seven Solutions in the US, and the Research Excellence Framework in the UK, manifest the vice of epistemic insensibility. Section I provides an overview of Aristotle's analysis of moral vice in people. Section II applies Aristotle's analysis to epistemic vice, developing an account of epistemic insensibility. In so doing, it contributes a new epistemic vice to the field of virtue epistemology. Section III argues that the (US) Seven Breakthrough Solutions and, to a lesser extent, the (UK) Research Excellence Framework manifest two key features of the vice of epistemic insensibility. First, they promote a failure to desire, consume, and enjoy some knowledge that it is appropriate to desire, consume, and enjoy. Second, they do so because they wrongly assume that such knowledge is not epistemically good. The Solutions wrongly assume that any research that lacks "impact", in the form of funding, thereby lacks epistemic value. The REF wrongly assumes of otherwise comparable bodies of research, that the research that lacks "impact" has less epistemic value. (Contains 1 table and 30 notes.)

This article explores a minor work by Adrian Rifkin, a work which focuses primarily on his research method of parataxis, but which this article reads for what it offers to a reconsideration of pedagogy, or "teaching and learning". The article argues that Adrian Rifkin has long been a "Rancierean" within UK cultural studies, and that this history has yet to be fully assessed. The importance of Rifkin's "Rancierean" pedagogical and research methods is laid out by discussing his interventions in the context of the growing (strangle)hold of prescriptive and reductive quasi-managerialist "teaching and learning" protocols within academia. The article aspires to draw attention to this significant but under-acknowledged "Rancierean" force within British cultural studies ("avant la lettre"), but not just for the sake of it: it does so in order to offer counter-arguments and counter-positions for anyone seeking to contest or resist the stultifying tendencies within educational practices. (Contains 5 notes. )

This article was first published in 1982 in "Educational Analysis" (4, 75-91) and republished in 1998 (Hirst, P. H., & White, P. (Eds.), "Philosophy of education: Major themes in the analytic tradition," Vol. 1, "Philosophy and education, Part 1," pp. 61-78. London: Routledge). I was then a lecturer in philosophy of education at Sheffield University teaching the subject to Master's students on both full- and part-time programmes. My first degree was in philosophy, read under D. W. Hamlyn and David Cooper and, given their interests, inevitably emphasized the philosophy of language, in particular the work of Wittgenstein in this field. When I subsequently turned my attention to the philosophy of education it seemed obvious to me that there were serious problems with Professor Peters' approach to language, and I had particular difficulties with his approach to criteria, meaning theory and what seemed an odd interpretation of a transcendental argument. This article thus set out to show that the then dominant form of philosophy of education seemed not to take account of developments in the philosophy of language that preceded Professor Peters' early work by at least a decade and which cast serious doubt on the enterprise as it was then understood. As the articles in the 1998 collection indicate, I was not alone in thinking there was something amiss, although at the time I seemed to be ploughing a somewhat lonely furrow. In revisiting this early article some 30 years after it was first published I have found to my surprise that there is little I would now change, although I have been forcibly reminded of the very lively discussions Professor Peters and I had over these issues. The fact that there is little I would now add to, or subtract from, my critique is in itself a telling comment on the enduring and influential legacy of the approach to the philosophy of education that Professor Peters championed so powerfully.

The co-operative movement is currently exploring ways of engaging with changes in government education policy to develop schools with a distinctive co-operative ethos. While drawing on the opportunities in changing policy, these initiatives can also be seen as offering alternatives to the prevailing tenor of government thinking. This is not the first time that the co-operative movement has negotiated sometimes difficult relationships with state educational policy. From the late nineteenth century, the co-operative movement was a significant provider of education that utilised, tested and challenged the principles and practices of state provision. This article considers two episodes in this relationship. The first revolves around the expansion of state elementary schooling at the end of the nineteenth century, which allowed the co-operative movement to develop other kinds of education. Co-operators, however, were very critical of the 1902 Education Act, which was seen as undermining an important tradition of accessible higher-level education for working people. In the second case, the 1918 Education Act potentially offered a new forum for co-operative education, which required co-operators to re-assess their relationships with state-provided education.

This article explores some of the key themes of John Macmurray's recently published lecture, "Learning to be Human". It focuses initially on three elements of his argument: relationships in education; education and the economy; and our corrosive obsession with technique. It then utilises Macmurray's views to develop a typology of schooling intended to help us understand why so much of what we do now is counter-productive and how we might go about doing things differently in ways expressive of a more generous view of human flourishing.

Death is often a time of reappraisal for those left behind: of gifts a person may have given, and of lessons that might be learned from their struggles. A number of distinguished adult educators, whose lives were shaped by twentieth-century wars and fragilities, have recently died. They include Roy Shaw, one-time Director of Adult Education at the University of Keele and later Secretary General of the Arts Council. The author believes that Shaw's work and ideas, and the tradition to which he belonged, are a valuable guide for times of crisis. This paper discusses Shaw's work and ideas.

In this article, the author talks about a life with the sociology of education. He begins by describing the "old" and "new" sociologies of education. Then, he discusses the sociology of education policy and the relevance of Basil Bernstein, who remained the dominant presence within the sociology of education in the UK until his death in 2000 and beyond. He also talks about sociology and education policy today. He argues that work in the sociology of education should currently be doing more to inform public debate and, where possible, encouraging the development of policies that help enhance levels of achievement and participation amongst working-class children.

In this article, the author reflects on key events and issues with which he has been involved for 50 years. First, he gives a brief account of the Schools Council--what it meant in terms of the limited role of government in governing education, and in terms of the role of teachers as curriculum thinkers, not deliverers. Its demise in the 1980s coincided (necessarily) with a more centralised educational service. But that earlier, more subservient role of government gave rise to some of the most significant educational reports ever written which covered the whole expanse of education and training. Second, he briefly notes, in what was called "the great debate", the battles of ideas which took place in the 1970s over the content and aims of education, and the felt need of government to change the partnership between central and local government and the teachers. Third, that of course was made possible through not only the increased central accountability of the teachers, but also the gradual demise of local government and responsibility. There is now little between the schools and the Secretary of State. Fourth, he illustrates how far that partnership has been transformed, indeed to the point of disappearance. Fifth, the author looks to the future. Such a future is no doubt reflected through the nostalgic spectacles of the past, but that past embodied the ideal of local responsibility and accountability for education and of public service. It rightly in his view was built on a fear of an all-powerful government without the counterbalancing forces of local control. And it saw the centrality of a teaching profession which was not beholden to political masters in the content and methods of teaching. They, the teachers, should be the thinkers, not the deliverers.

One figure who was transitional between educational philosophy and philosophy of education, and who by his industry and prominence laid the foundation for the London school of analytical philosophers of education, was Louis Arnaud Reid who was appointed at the London Institute of Education to the first UK professorship in the philosophy of education. In this article, the author discusses Reid's article, "Education and the Map of Knowledge" that appeared in the "British Journal of Educational Studies" ("BJES") as the first article in 1952. The author considers educational philosophy within a broad context, examines some recent philosophers of education and concludes with the observation that the "most worthwhile educational theory is contextual and practical". (Contains 9 notes.)

At the time I began work in university, I entered a world which was leisured, privileged and patriarchal, in the United Kingdom at least...I came from a world in which only 3% of the population aspired to university. I belonged to a world in which, having got where I was through the eleven-plus and "A" levels, there was almost a sense that society owed us a living. (Roy Lowe, 2002) Women were not obviously on the outside when I attended my first conference--a day conference in 1976 at what was then the Birmingham Polytechnic, now University of Central England. Many women attended although in the first years few were keynote speakers. More importantly there was little about women in the history itself except in the meetings of the Women's Education Study Group where Carol Dyhouse, June Purvis, Penny Summerfield and Gaby Weiner were all dominant. (Ruth Watts, 2005) In 1967, aged 11, I moved on from my primary school in south London, and was selected to enter the local grammar school. I left most of my friends behind and began a daily routine of walking nervously through the council housing estates in my school uniform. By the time I left this school, seven years later, it had moved to one of the more prosperous suburbs of London to avoid being turned into a comprehensive. In the early twenty-first century, it is one of the leading academic secondary schools in the country, which it certainly was not in 1967. (Gary McCulloch, 2007) (Contains 89 footnotes.)

UK-based teacher educators formed the core membership of the History of Education Society when it was founded in 1967, and they were frequent early contributors to the Society's journals. Given these origins, one might imagine that the history of teacher education would have featured more prominently in the pages of the first 40 volumes of the journal than it has. This article identifies and discusses examples of research into teacher education that have featured in "History of Education" since 1972, making connections with the contexts of political, social and educational change. The influence of feminist scholarship is particularly noted and it is argued that work relating to teacher education, which peaked in the 1990s, has both reflected and shaped new methodological approaches to studying the history of education. Notwithstanding the journal's publication of some important work, it is argued that the theme remains under-researched and, in the period ahead, it is to be hoped that interest can be re-invigorated. (Contains 76 footnotes.)

A central principle of 1970s feminism was a concern with making women visible and the historical creation of women's public voices is an important methodological premise of feminist research. When written, biographies of female actors "recovered" from the condescension of posterity, can illuminate the telling of individual and collective pasts, of making histories, theory and practice. Giving them the potential to contribute to a wider conversation about how archives are constructed, one that challenges the traditional claims to objectivity about the narratives and the documents that are "found" there. Conventional narratives for women have shaped the telling of women's lives. In the past, where written at all, biographies of women have been written under constraints of acceptable discussion, of agreement about what can be left out. Carolyn Heilbrun (1989) notes the difficulties for women in finding a narrative for the female self that does not flout contemporary conventions and stereotypes about femininity and the appropriate behaviour of women in some crucial way. A strategic presentation of self may result. A self-representation shaped by prevailing assumptions about women's social and cultural positioning with implications for the claim of achievement, the admission of ambition, and the recognition that accomplishment was neither luck, nor the result of the efforts, or generosity, of others. The practice of writing about oneself both reflected and defined questions about women's place in cultural production and literary traditions and the ways in which masculinity and femininity was represented culturally. In this article, the author considers the effect of Susan Isaacs's gender on the telling of her past.

This article investigates what the current mission statements of the 20 Scottish universities reveal about their aims and priorities in the challenging environment of higher education. It traces the origins and use of corporate mission statements and their transfer into United Kingdom higher education and then demonstrates how researchers have used university mission statements as sources of information on a wide range of topics. Through textual analysis, the study identifies the main themes present in the Scottish mission statements and examines the vocabulary more closely, comparing it with the wording of recent policy documents. The analysis reveals that the mission statements convey an overall impression of sameness rather than distinctiveness. Questions emerge about the striking emphasis on competitiveness at national and global level and the surprising lack of focus on some key areas, particularly the student experience. The final part of the article suggests that an understanding of the political context can shed light on why the universities are choosing to present themselves in this way. (Contains 2 tables.)

A century ago Edmond Holmes, His Majesty's Chief Inspector of Elementary Schools from 1905 to 1910, made a major contribution to educational debate through his widely quoted and much disputed "What Is and What Might Be" (Holmes, 1911). In a previous article (Richards, 2010) his criticisms of what was then contemporary policy and practice were discussed, as was their pertinence to current policy and practice. In a previous issue of "FORUM" (Volume 52[3], 2010) Colin Richards attempted to apply Edmond Holmes's critique of 1911 to contemporary policy and practice. In this article he discusses the many positive challenges Holmes's work offers a hundred years on.

This article reports the interim findings of historical research, funded by the British Academy (2007), which is exploring the possibilities of prosopography (the study of biographies linked through a common purpose, philosophy or practice) in researching the relationship between educational thought and school design since World War Two. Through oral history and archival research, the lives of leading figures in the post-war period of English school design have been examined in relationship with one another. The research has uncovered networks of individual architects and educationists who together constructed a particular vision of education and subsequently a process of school design during the third quarter of the twentieth century. The research suggests that current efforts to visualise school as a transformational and transformed learning environment might profit from the notion of prosopography in the sense that it may help to expand our understanding of contemporary networks that are engaged in constructing a common vision of school for the twenty-first century. The article begins with a brief discussion of discourses of educational vision set in the context of the contemporary UK government Building Schools for the Future (BSF) and Primary Capital Building programmes. It then moves on to demonstrate how a network of individuals, linked to three key protagonists in school/education design, developed in England during the post-war period of reconstruction a collective vision of school which gave a special significance to what came to be understood as the education of the eye. This research suggests that while vision is important, the history of visualising school offers another still relevant set of references to those generally chosen today. (Contains 28 notes.)

"Forest schools" are an increasingly well-known feature of the educational landscape, having been adopted by many local authorities across the United Kingdom in an effort to build children's confidence and self-esteem through learning outdoors in a woodland setting. Their origins are usually described as deriving from a Scandinavian (particularly Danish) tradition which was introduced to the UK in the early 1990s. This article explores, and suggests links with, the history of a similar movement called "woodcraft" which flourished almost a century ago, and which informed the pedagogy of a small progressive school (itself called Forest School) which existed in Hampshire in the 1930s. (Contains 17 notes.)

This article revisits a topic central to the past and the present of comparative education: the theme of "transfer". It outlines four ideas. First, that comparative education as a field of study, having begun in the study of "mobilities", became diverted by other anxieties. Second, the article notes that the theme of "transfer" is far broader than just exporting a quality assurance process or some other "fix-it" educational technique to another country. Third, the article asks how we may think freshly about "mobility" and "transfer" as a theoretical "problematique." The conclusion of the article is that if we, as academics, are going to take themes such as mobilities, border-crossing, and translation seriously, we have some unexpected challenges to sort out, including complex questions about "geometries of insertion". For questions as difficult as those, "more research" is not the only or even the best initial answer.

Experiential learning has explicitly, since the publication of the Kolb "treatise" been a cornerstone of youth work practice in the UK. It is the contention of this paper that there is a significant misinterpretation of Kolb's theory by those who have applied his theory to youth work. Not least that experience is framed as: "concrete experience" and therefore something "other" or additional to the life experience of those being educated. This concrete experience is interpreted in youth work as the undertaking of discrete activities upon which, via subsequent reflection, learning is elicited. What is argued in this paper is that what is required is a return to the formulation of experiential education conceived of by Dewey which locates "lived experience" at the heart of the educational process. For Dewey experience involves a dual process of understanding and influencing the world around us, as well as being influenced and changed ourselves by that experience, what Dewey referred to as "trying" and "undergoing". This important aspect of experiential learning is omitted from the interpretation of Kolb as a simplistic four-stage learning cycle, though not ironically from his own theory. Finally learning by experience is according to Dewey necessarily concerned with growth and therefore lifelong education--in addition a commitment to Dewey implies rather than denies a curriculum in youth work, a point that those who advocate experiential learning tend to deny. (Contains 2 figures and 8 notes.)

Susan Sutherland Isaacs (1885-1948) was arguably the most influential child psychologist and educator of her British generation. Her work was studied by eminent contemporary academics, psychologists, philosophers and politicians. Her influence was international. She reached across the world to a generation of teacher educators who passed on her ideas to succeeding generations of primary teachers throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. She was a thoughtful and immensely erudite woman whose deep understanding of children's thinking has been admired and discussed for nearly one hundred years. Her advice, under the pseudonym Ursula Wise, was much sought after by parents and nannies in the advice columns of the British magazine "Nursery World". Susan Isaacs synthesised the work of earlier European and American educators into a particularly English package, suited to the practical bent of the English educator. Her work pre-figures that of Piaget (whose early work she reviewed) and Vygotsky (whose work was translated from the Russian after her death). And always, at the heart of her work, lay the belief that deep observation was the key to understanding the complex and unique realities of individual children. (Contains 2 figures.)

Geography, as with all subjects, has a set of organising principles and concepts. One of the central concepts which underpins the subject is that of place. However, it is very much the case that this is an evolving concept, which has taken on a number of guises over time. This paper reviews some of the major changes in perspectives on place as a concept in both academic and school-based approaches before discussing how school-level geography has recently begun to address the conceptual elements of the subject using place as an example. Using the pilot GCSE syllabus for 14-16 years as a case study, it is demonstrated that school-level students are now beginning to take the opportunity to understand conceptual elements of the subject rather than merely concentrating on the subject content. As such it is discussed how this enables students to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. (Contains 1 table and 5 figures.)

It is argued that Humboldt's original definition of "scholarship" ("Wissenschaft"), as well as Humboldt's concept of the purpose of a university, continue to be relevant--with appropriate adaptations. They should be extended to include not only a unity between the practice of teaching and learning and research into teaching and learning, but also an overall unity of teaching and research, i.e. disciplinary as well as generic teaching and learning, together with disciplinary research and research into teaching and learning: all in the service of scholarship ("Wissenschaft"). This should be accompanied by appropriate academic staff development and training, framed on the basis of evaluated experience and going well beyond Humboldt, leading to a postgraduate qualification.

This paper explores the ideas of teacher educator Lillian de Lissa, who established the Kindergarten Training College in Adelaide in 1907 and spent the following 40 years in early childhood teacher education in Australia and the United Kingdom. I argue that de Lissa's enduring concern was the construction of early childhood teachers' professional identities. To this end, the curriculum, teaching methods and culture of the training colleges focused on the "all round development" of the pre-service teacher--that is her head, heart and hand. These historical understandings are used to discuss early childhood teachers' professional identities in contemporary times.

This article explores the issues of citizenship, diversity and national identity in the context of the introduction of citizenship education in the UK. It considers the historical context of national identity in the UK and notes that the "British national identity has historically implied diversity". It also analyses the views of British national identity in the speeches of major contemporary politicians including Gordon Brown and the challenge they provide for citizenship education. (Contains 6 notes.)

UK continuing education is moving from credit-earning, taught continuing medical education (CME) to a continuing professional development (CPD) system that explicitly links education to change in practice, managed and monitored through mandatory peer appraisal. Alongside multisource feedback and consideration of issues of poor performance, satisfactory personal development planning will be required for relicensure and recertification. That system gives self-assessment, in the guise of reflection, a central place in personal development. This article uses instances of directed self-assessment drawn from undergraduate and early postgraduate medical education to consider how a positive system of self-assessment and professional self-regulation could be operationalized. It explores why medical students made avid use of an e-technology that presents the intended outcomes of their problem-based curriculum in a way that helps them seek out appropriate clinical opportunities and identify what they learned from them. It contrasts the experience of early postgraduate learners who, presented with a similar e-technology, found it hard to see links between their official curriculum and their day-by-day learning experiences, at least partly because the intended outcomes it offered were remote from what they were actually learning. Any extrapolation to CPD must be very tentative, but I advocate continued exploration of how best to use e-technology to support and structure (ie, direct) self-assessment. Direction could originate from consensus statements and other well-defined external standards when learners lack mastery of a domain. When learners must respond to institutional demands, direction could be provided by corporate goals. In areas of mastery, I propose learners themselves should define personal standards. In areas of difficulty, external assessment would take the place of self-assessment. (Contains 1 table.)

Barbara Wootton, a prominent British social scientist and educator of social workers, examined the status of social work in the 1950s. Wootton argued iconoclastically that the social work literature presented a profession that was arrogant and far removed from the common concerns of the populations served. In addition, Wootton felt that the social worker-client relationship was emphasized to the extent that other important aspects of social work were gravely overlooked. As a lifelong socialist, Wootton stressed the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the solution of human problems and for people--professionals and clients alike--to bridge the gap between social classes. The continuing relevance of Wootton's writings to current social work is discussed.

The paper examines the influence of behaviourism on vocational education and training in Britain in the period between the Second World War and the mid-1970s. By the 1970s, behaviourism provided deeply-rooted underlying curricular and pedagogic principles that were widely accepted by VET professionals in the UK. Insofar as behaviourist ideas were debated, critics focused on the rigidity with which they were applied in practice, rather than on the ideas themselves. The paper explores the context within which behaviourist ideas came to dominate the VET profession, outlining their operationalisation as "programmed instruction" (later as "programmed learning"), and showing how their advocacy and adoption helped to underpin the emergence of a professional community of VET scholars and practitioners. The paper draws largely on contemporary evidence, including professional journals, textbooks and official records, as well as archival materials. It concludes by challenging simplistic dismissal of programmed instruction as mechanistic, utilitarian and reductionist.

In the final paragraph of his 1984 book "From knowledge to wisdom, a revolution in the aims and methods of science," the philosopher Nicholas Maxwell boldly declared that an intellectual revolution was underway in the aims and methods of science, and academic inquiry in general, from what he termed knowledge-inquiry to wisdom-inquiry. Twenty years later, this article discusses to what extent this revolution has taken place. (Contains 1 note.)

During the Latin American oppression of the 1970s, as the rapidly increasing number of grassroots "popular" social movements sought to profit from and expand the ideas of the radical Brazilian educationist Paulo Freire, there developed, in its own right, a "popular education" movement which engaged in radical education for change independently of and often in direct opposition to the state. With the apparent demise of open dictatorship and the rise of formal, albeit limited, "democratic" states in the 1990s, the popular education movement began to debate the type of relationship it should now have with the state in this changed political context. In recent years the election of a number of left-leaning governments has made the issue even more urgent. Drawing comparisons with practice in the UK, this article explores the relationship between "popular" and "state" education in Latin America and argues that the strength of the popular education movement outside the state is the most likely determinant of its impact within it.

The first British patent describing an educational game designed for musical "amusement and instruction" was granted in 1801 to Ann Young of Edinburgh, Scotland. The authors' discovery of Young's game box has prompted an examination of the nature and purpose of the six games she designed. Ann Young's patent is discussed in the context of her cultural environment, the history of women inventors, and eighteenth century educational theory. The activities are compared with musical instruction games recently patented in the UK and the USA.

This paper attempts an account and evaluation of the historical development of psychology of education in the 1960s in the UK. It contributes to both the history of the academic discipline of educational studies and to the history of higher education. Progress of the subject is introduced in the general context of university developments and the research environment of educational studies and then examines the growth of research and scholarship in psychology of education through an assessment of the contributions of individual psychologists, including the inheritance from pre-1960s scholars, an analysis of the authorship of papers in the "British Journal of Educational Psychology," and case studies of selected university centres of research excellence. A brief discussion of external research funding is followed by a consideration of advanced course development and the provision of suitable textbooks. The paper concludes with suggestions for further research.

This paper follows an empirical study of how teachers were represented in British newspapers during the 1990s. Its purpose is to describe some of the findings arising from a comparison of the data and representations of teachers in educational research literature. The topic of teacher representation was a matter of personal interest to the researcher but an extensive review of educational literature revealed it also to have potential theoretical value. In the study representations of teachers in the literature were described conceptually according to the position of their characteristics within two continua: one relating to commonality and contradiction, the other to continuity and change. These continua were applied to data collected from a newspaper sample from the 1990s. Using illustrations from the sample this paper considers some of the insights this application afforded. This is followed by a discussion of the main similarities and differences between representations of teachers in the press and literature. The comparative analysis revealed ways for research to develop a more comprehensive and sophisticated understanding of how the teacher is represented in different cultural contexts, mediums and timeframes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the main implications for research on the representation of teachers and it makes recommendations for further research.

This paper describes the development of an innovative interprofessional doctorate in health and social care, within an academic framework designed explicitly to ensure that candidates must demonstrate qualities of cognitive application commensurate with doctoral study, yet must also meet the practice-focused outcomes of a professional doctorate. The degree requires students to attend highly interactive workshops in Stage 1 that encourage academic debate and "doctoral" development, in contrast to the "taught" modular elements of many other professional doctorates. Papers submitted during Stage 1 assume increasing levels of complex doctoral skills in developing a research proposal that undergoes the same rigorous evaluation required of PhD students in securing University Approval. The degree is awarded at the end of Stage 2 only after defence of a thesis in a viva voce examination that involves procedures and processes defined by the University for the award of PhD. (Contains 1 table and 2 figures.)

In New South Wales as for other Australian colonies, the achievement of mainly free, compulsory and secular public education systems in the 1870s was a cause of self- satisfaction and a belief that late nineteenth-century Australian public schools were among the best in the world. In this paper, the process by which this self-satisfaction was contested, and eventually turned to the reform of public education, is traced. The tendencies that led to the adoption of the comprehensive secondary school in New South Wales in the mid-twentieth century form the focus of the paper. Issues and events of importance include the critique of public education in New South Wales in 1901 by a professor at the University of Sydney followed by a Royal Commission (Knibbs and Turner) and the progressivism of Peter Board, the Director of Public Education in early twentieth-century New South Wales. His responsiveness to the New Education and the experience of his travels in Europe and North America combined in his efforts to open new free public high schools. The second part of the paper examines the proposals for the reform of secondary education in the context of the New Education Fellowship Conference of 1937. Proposals for progressive pedagogy and new and inclusive visions of secondary education were mainly ineffective as a result of the after-effects of the Great Depression, and the declaration of war in 1939. The frustratingly slow production of ideas and plans for progressive reform in secondary education that characterized the 1920s-1940s was overtaken by the social democratic and postwar reconstruction movements of the 1950s. In New South Wales, as for the United Kingdom, the main difficulty standing in the way of reform was the apparent incompatibility of two versions of progressive reform. One insisted that youth with different abilities and intelligences required different schools for the fulfilling of their potentials. The other argued that a common school was the way forward. This paper shows that the eventual decision to establish comprehensive high schools was very dependent on the debates of the previous half-century. The paper also discusses the character of the dominant form of progressivism as it was experienced in New South Wales. In the secondary area, "administrative" progressivism was far more influential than pedagogic reform. The paper concludes with an assessment of the importance of local and international influences on secondary school reform.

Geoff Teece has recently (in "BJRE", 27, 2005, pp. 29-40) come to the defence of modern religious education and contended that many of the criticisms brought against it are based on mistaken interpretations. More particularly, Teece accuses Andrew Wright of misinterpreting the position of Professor John Hick and of failing to appreciate the intellectual resources that Hick provides for the construction of a critical form of religious education. He attempts to correct Wright's interpretation of Hick, and by extension to undermine Wright's indictment of the influence of modernity on religious education; and he attempts to illustrate how Hick's religious pluralism can make a contribution to discussions about critical religious education. The aim of this paper is to advance the case for critical religious education and to outline something of the form and nature it should take. It begins with a short discussion of the nature and commitments of modern religious education, indicating the sense in which they are deficient. It then moves on to consider Teece's appeal to the thought of John Hick, which is judged to be misinterpreted and inappropriate. The paper concludes with the articulation of a set of four heuristic principles that give substance to the vision of critical religious education. (Contains 4 notes.)

Purpose: The study explored the views of leading human resource development (HRD) academics regarding five main issues: the disciplinary bases of HRD, the historical milestones in HRD, the constituent components of HRD, the leading contributions in terms of journal articles and books to the development of HRD and the future of HRD. Design/methodology/approach: A Delphi methodology was adopted. The views of editorial board members of the four main HRD journals (Human Resource Development Quarterly, "Human Resource Development International," "Advances in Developing Human Resources," "Human Resource Development Review") and of the Board of Directors of the Academy of Human Resource Development were sought. Findings: Adult learning, systems theory and psychology were identified as the disciplinary bases of HRD. Works by Knowles, Nadler and McLagan were viewed as the leading contributions to the field. Adjusting to changes in work patterns and how work is organized was identified as a key trend influencing the field. Issues of professionalisation and balancing the needs of employees, organizations and society were identified as the key challenges facing the field. Originality/value: Examines key trends and challenges facing HRD. (Contains 7 tables.)