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The post-World War II availability of commercial spectrometers spurred the development of professional spectroscopic societies: The Infrared and Raman Discussion Group in the UK, the Coblentz Society, and the Society for Applied Spectroscopy in the USA. There was a desire to ensure that customers understood the instrumentation and techniques, became part of a community, and had access to the latest subject matter knowledge. With the advent of low-cost routine instruments, and portable instruments in the field, professional societies have a distinct role to play in education and training, especially as libraries deaccession (withdraw) even comparatively recent books on practical spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This historical exploration of the development of the academic workforce in the UK and France was triggered by the observation of significant similarities in contemporary debates on casualisation, and segmentation despite their distinctive HE systems. We develop a quantitative history of academic staff to understand why the differences in the two HE systems are not as significant in respect to labour market and working conditions. The new data show that connected processes of casualisation, professional segmentation, and sectorial differentiation are used to manage tensions between massification and staff recruitment in both countries, in a context of declining and increasingly unequal distribution of resources, producing inequalities within institutions, as within the profession itself. The reorganisation of the academic workforce during three periods of growth of HE systems under traditional, Fordist and managerial influences has incrementally produced three groups of permanent, casualised, and precarised staff and a dual academic labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heritage science is an established and thriving field of enquiry. Initially considered as inherently cross-disciplinary, encompassing both the needs of conservators and practitioners and the high-quality evidence produced by scientists, heritage science has, through its expansion in recent years, formed a discipline in its own right. Here, we examine how heritage science can, and to an extent has, moved beyond the straightforward scientific analysis of historical materials and artefacts through an exploration of heritage science's interactions with four key themes: (i) historical and archival research, (ii) conservation practice, (iii) policy at governmental, organisational and institutional levels, and (iv) a view to how new technologies, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, can shape the future of heritage science. Much of the review narrative is framed via the analysis of UK-based case studies; however, they deal with issues that are international in nature (universal) and therefore transcend the UK context. Taken together, we demonstrate that heritage science as a discipline is capable of directly instigating or (re-)framing new areas or avenues of research, as well as enhancing and feeding into existing research questions, and has adapted and evolved along with emerging technologies and funding opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the rationale behind the United Kingdom's decision to offer Hongkongers new immigration routes and assess whether Britishness constitutes part of Hong Kong's identity, influencing this policy choice. It explores the concept of Britishness and how Hong Kong developed a distinct identity through its colonial history and experiences under British rule. Perspectives from the British administration, Hongkongers, and Chinese government on Hong Kong's Britishness are considered. The article argues the United Kingdom action stems from two factors – perceiving a shared Britishness between Hongkongers and Britons mitigating public backlash, and viewing Hongkongers' Britishness as crucial to their integration. Ultimately, Britishness remains integral to Hong Kong due to shared social and political values with Britain from over 150 years of colonial rule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the historical policy pathways that have led to the constellation of policies that both reflect and shape the current gender order can reveal reasons for the persistence of gender inequality in paid work and unpaid family care. Bringing together existing research and policy critique with Carol Bacchi's framework of policy as 'gendering practices', this paper focuses on the role of policy as a process that constructs and upholds an unequal gender order. The discussion traces how UK social policies have since the establishment of the post-war welfare state articulated and positioned gendered possibilities for combining paid work and childrearing, shaping gendered and classed work-family life courses. The analysis illustrates that British social policy has not been consistently committed to a more equal gender regime but instead maintained a heteronormative family ideal and thus, despite various policy changes, the gendering of 'the worker' and 'the parent' as conceptualised in UK policy has persisted over the last several decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver disease is increasing in incidence and is the third most common cause of premature death in the United Kingdom and fourth in the United States. Liver disease accounts for 2 million deaths globally each year. Three-quarters of patients with liver disease are diagnosed at a late stage, with liver transplantation as the only definitive treatment. Thomas E. Starzl performed the first human liver transplant 60 years ago. It has since become an established treatment for end-stage liver disease, both acute and chronic, including metabolic diseases and primary and, at present piloting, secondary liver cancer. Advances in surgical and anaesthetic techniques, refined indications and contra-indications to transplantation, improved donor selection, immunosuppression and prognostic scoring have allowed the outcomes of liver transplantation to improve year on year. However, there are many limitations to liver transplantation. This review describes the milestones that have occurred in the development of liver transplantation, the current limitations and the ongoing research aimed at overcoming these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of 'class strategies' in policy formation is sometimes unseen as plans are unrealised in practice over long periods of historical time. 'Subterranean class strategies' are an extension of existing work on class to consider 'class work' on policy in the 'long unenacted'. Using the example of emergency feeding in a national crisis, the stark difference in school meal planning for post-World War 2 emergencies when compared to the COVID-19 crisis is discussed. Through an analysis of archival records, it is shown that 'subterranean class strategies' - the devaluation of school catering expertise by the army and the private sector, the lack of co-operation of independent schools, and localisation and privatisation - diminished the role of schools in emergency feeding. The paper concludes by considering how the concept of 'subterranean class strategies' could inform work on educational think tanks, privatisation and subsumption, and intersectional areas such as race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the crisis of 2008, the growing insecurity of young people's transitions from school into work had been of concern to many observers in the UK. During the crisis itself, young people were disproportionately unemployed and concentrated in insecure employment sectors. Policy makers refrained from any labour market intervention insisting that the flexible nature of this work prevented higher unemployment. In unemployment, benefits entitlements were reduced and became subject to greater conditionality to counter a perceived crisis of social dependency. These changes have often been discussed in terms of the rise of neo-liberalism and the breakdown of post-war labour market securities. This article takes a complementary but different comparison with the 1930s, when similar liberal policy orthodoxies dominated. The evidence assembled shows significant continuities and contrasts in how youth unemployment was interpreted and responded to in the social security system and in wider labour market policies. In doing so, it illustrates the distinctive features of contemporary neo-liberalism and contributes to debates on youth unemployment, benefits and insecure work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Politics and history are closely intertwined and historians play a vital role in British public life. Yet, British political history, which has a critical contribution to make for understanding British politics today, faces two urgent challenges. First, academic history has retreated from subjects that remain hugely popular in media and trade publishing and of interest to social scientists, such as the histories of political institutions and formal power structures. Second, political history is disconnected from innovative trends in the wider historiography of modern Britain. Combined, these issues leave political historians in an ambiguous position in relation to the wider field, to other academic disciplines and to contemporary political debates. After discussing these challenges, this introduction surveys this special issue, which reflects on what (if anything) is distinctive about political history as practised today, and what its contribution to historiography, social science and public life should be. It ends by posing key questions for historians of all methodological stripes who investigate Britain's political past. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work objective is a brief overview of fear in general and political fear in particular, related to the media, public policies, public opinion and social behavior. Second, to present the use of political fear in the pandemic with the example of a study on the United Kingdom. Fear is a biological reaction, political and social emotion. This last, how is it interpreted? How does fear originate and amplify socially? Is there a pandemic of fear today? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the engagement and attitudes of students in a UK school learning about the Holocaust, with a focus on refugee students. This paper explores students' behavioral, cognitive and emotional engagement with the subject, with a focus on the students' experiences. Findings revealed an enthusiasm and understanding from most students, but particularly refugee students. The culture in the classroom was also studied, showing that there were pockets of antisemitism in its contemporary form present in the classroom, impacting student learning. This paper explores the links between these findings, the implications and suggestions of what this means for current practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence on health inequalities has been growing over the past few decades, yet the capacity to produce research on health inequalities varies between countries worldwide and needs to be strengthened. More in-depth understanding of the sociohistorical, political and institutional processes that enable this type of research and related research capacity to be generated in different contexts is needed. A recent bibliometric analysis of the health inequalities research field found inequalities in the global production of this type of research. It also found the United Kingdom to be the second-highest global contributor to this research field after the United States. This study aims to understand why and how the United Kingdom, as an example of a "high producer" of health inequalities research, has been able to generate so much health inequalities research over the past five decades, and which main mechanisms might have been involved in generating this specific research capacity over time. Methods: We conducted a realist explanatory case study, which included 12 semi-structured interviews, to test six theoretical mechanisms that we proposed might have been involved in this process. Data from the interviews and grey and scientific literature were triangulated to inform our findings. Results: We found evidence to suggest that at least four of our proposed mechanisms have been activated by certain conditions and have contributed to the health inequalities research production process in the United Kingdom over the past 50 years. Limited evidence suggests that two new mechanisms might have potentially also been at play. Conclusions: Valuable learning can be established from this case study, which explores the United Kingdom's experience in developing a strong national health inequalities research tradition, and the potential mechanisms involved in this process. More research is needed to explore additional facilitating and inhibiting mechanisms and other factors involved in this process in this context, as well as in other settings where less health inequalities research has been produced. This type of in-depth knowledge could be used to guide the development of new health inequalities research capacity-strengthening strategies and support the development of novel approaches and solutions aiming to tackle health inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a continuation of a history of the Department of Civil Engineering at The University of the West Indies (UWI) at St. Augustine. It thus extends an account of its formative decade 1961-1971 previously published (in 2013) in The West Indian Journal of Engineering. The three subsequent decades covered herein encompass milestones, and transformations: (a) beginning of graduate level research, (b) commencement of anMSc programme in Construction Engineering and Management, (c) change of name from Civil to 'Civil and Environmental' for embracing the heightened awareness of environmental concerns, (d) relocation into a purpose-built building with a floor space of approximately 5,000 m2, (e) construction of new environmental engineering, engineering geology, highway engineering, soil mechanics and structural engineering laboratories, (f) expansion and modernisation of the fluid mechanics laboratory, and (g) introduction of the semester system with its credit-based curriculum and assessment. Besides, there was a fivefold increase in student enrolment, followed by a sharp decline, and an increase in academic staff strength from six to twenty. This period also witnessed a gradual loss of regional diversity of its undergraduate students from a high of approximately 50 % in 1972 to less than 10% in 2001. On the other hand, there was a notable, and opposite, change in gender (female/male) ratio among the students - from less than 10%/90% in 1972 to approximately 50%/50% in 2001. Finally, the accreditation of the department's degree programmes by the Engineering Council in the United Kingdom (UK), as well as the triennial visit of overseas external examiners, inherited from its inception, were maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tracks how a trope of middle-class household thrift, grounded on the autarchic Aristotelian oikos, has long fueled derogatory discourses in Britain aimed at low-income urban residents who practice quite different forms of thrift. Since the 1970s this trope has migrated across scales, proving a potent metaphor for national economic policy and planetary care alike, and morally and economically justifying both neoliberal welfare retraction compounded by austerity policies and national responses to excessive resource extraction and waste production. Both austerity and formal recycling schemes shift responsibility onto consumer citizens, regardless of capacity. Further, this model of thrift eclipses the thriftiness of low-income urban households, which emerges at the nexus of kin and waged labor, sharing, welfare, debt, conserving material resources through remaking and repair and, crucially, the fundamental need for decency expressed through kin care. Through a historicized ethnography of a London social housing estate and its residents, this paper excavates what happens as these different forms and scales of household thrift coexist, change over time, and clash. Ultimately, neoliberal policy centered on an inimical idiom of thrift delegitimizes and disentitles low-income urban households and undermines their ability to enact livelihood practices of sustainability and projects of dignity across generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay juxtaposes the biographies, ideologies, and military commands of four nearly contemporary soldier-statesmen: Andrew Jackson in the United States, Baldomero Espartero in Spain, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington in Great Britain, and Nicolas Jean-de-Dieu Soult in France. Despite the differences between their respective four countries in the decade from 1820 to 1830, all of them went through the same post-revolutionary phase, decisive in the consolidation of representative political systems and the formation of party structures. At this juncture, and independently of cultural or ethnic factors, some of these leaders were held up as popular champions of change, whilst others held up their swords in defence of a more reactionary stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Scottish historian and philosopher David Hume, considering the modern case against him for plagiarism for his eighteenth century work "History of England." It considers how plagiarism was considered by British society during the long eighteenth century; explores the interrelationship between literature, history, and storytelling, and considers Hume as part of the Enlightenment. The author judges whether Hume should be considered guilty or innocent of plagiarism based on evidence provided.

Richard Hakluyt’s early compilations offer compelling case studies of the ideological effects of textual form. Hakluyt the editor understood the relationship between the publication of navigational documents and nationalism. The structure of the compilation itself provides a mechanism for asserting the increasingly national ambitions and imagined preeminence of early modern England. The compilation’s seemingly compendious and authoritative reports about a wider world offered rhetorical support to particular political interests. Its orientation to knowledge is evident not only in the compiled narratives themselves, but also in the structuring and prefacing: on the page, the New World becomes eminently knowable and domesticable, despite its supposed difference and savagery. The essay demonstrates that this characterization of the New World is not simply a matter of content; rather, through their arrangements of contributing materials and textual accoutrements, compilations such as Hakluyt’s were able to stitch together the imagined possibility of English global ascendancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The First World War (1914–1918) revolutionized warfare in many ways: in addition to new technologies the old and well-known one of maps acquired a crucial role in sharing information, and understanding and controlling the battlefield. This paper advances three main arguments: first, that maps became an integral part of every aspect of warfare; second, that maps became a mindset, a language to understand, rationalize, and share any kind of information; and third, that it is necessary to rethink the concept of the mapmaker and include within it the multitude of soldiers that at any level collected information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Measured by psychologists, conceived in critical terms, popularised as satire, and exploited by politicians, meritocracy is a dilemmatic concept that has changed its meanings throughout history. Social psychologists have conceptualised and operationalised meritocracy both as an ideology that justifies inequality and as a justice principle based on equity. These two conceptualisations express opposing ideas about the merit of meritocracy and are both freighted ideologically. We document how this dilemma of meritocracy's merit developed from meritocracy's inception as a critical concept among UK sociologists in the 1950s to its operationalisation by U.S. and Canadian social psychologists at the end of the 20th century. We highlight the ways in which meritocracy was originally utilised, in part, to critique the measurement of merit via IQ tests, but ironically became a construct that, through its psychologisation, also required measurement. Through the operationalisation of meritocracy, social psychologists obscured the possibility of critiquing meritocracy and missed the opportunity to offer alternatives to a system that has been legitimised by their own work. A social psychology of meritocracy should take into consideration the ideological debate around its meaning and value and the implications of its measurement and study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale and objectives: Medical humanities are becoming increasingly recognized as positively impacting medical education and medical practice. However, the extent of medical humanities teaching in medical schools is largely unknown. We reviewed medical school curricula in Canada, the UK and the US. We also explored the relationship between medical school ranking and the inclusion of medical humanities in the curricula. Methods: We searched the curriculum websites of all accredited medical schools in Canada, the UK and the US to check which medical humanities topics were taught, and whether they were mandatory or optional. We then noted rankings both by Times Higher Education and U.S. News and World Report and calculated the average rank. We formally explored whether there was an association between average medical school ranking and medical humanities offerings using Spearman's correlation and inverse variance weighting meta‐analysis. Results: We identified 18 accredited medical school programmes in Canada, 41 in the UK, and 154 in the US. Of these, nine (56%) in Canada, 34 (73%) in the UK and 124 (80%) in the US offered at least one medical humanity that was not ethics. The most common medical humanities were medical humanities (unspecified), history, and literature (Canada); sociology and social medicine, medical humanities (unspecified), and art (UK); and medical humanities (unspecified), literature and history (US). Higher ranked medical schools appeared less likely to offer medical humanities. Conclusions: The extent and content of medical humanities offerings at accredited medical schools in Canada, the UK and the US varies, and there appears to be an inverse relationship between medical school quality and medical humanities offerings. Our analysis was limited by the data provided on the Universities' websites. Given the potential for medical humanities to improve medical education and medical practice, opportunities to reduce this variation should be exploited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines questions of retributive justice and conflict resolution in early modern England. In particular, it focuses on Protestant demands for anti-Catholic vengeance in the aftermath of the Marian persecution. Following the accession of Elizabeth I in 1558, some godly critics called for the execution of the Marian leadership, whom they blamed for the deaths of the Protestant martyrs. The Elizabethan government, however, was reluctant to launch a full-scale religious persecution, and so the surviving Roman Catholic dignitaries were imprisoned, remanded to house arrest, or released. The perception that the Marian leadership had gone unpunished would become a lingering point of resentment, especially as members of the godly community were themselves increasingly targeted for prosecution by the English church and state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the efforts made to protect prisoners of war (POWs) in German hands at the end of the Second World War. Challenging contemporary and historical judgments, it argues that Allied plans were reasonable, realistic, and reflected a widespread belief in the importance of protecting the lives and well-being of Allied POWs. Although only two operations were ultimately mounted, the process of raising and equipping specialized recovery units provided a valuable learning experience for Allied planners, which later went on inform recovery operations in the Pacific, and set a precedent that arguably extends to influence attitudes towards POW recovery today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reexamines the intellectual and religious inclinations of Elizabeth Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, or "Bess of Hardwick." Popular accounts emphasize her wealth, strong-willed character, staunch Protestantism, and dynastic ambitions. This study revises common assumptions about her character using evidence from a set of embroidered wall hangings Bess owned and designed. Their iconography reveals that she studied Boccaccio's Famous Women, and linked it to other texts in formal comparisons. Bess's textile furnishings reveal that she was prepared to weigh in on such topics as female virtue and soteriology in ways that were empowering for her as a woman, a scholar, and a Christian. These objects demonstrate Bess's notational habits, preparatory methods for dialogue, and sophisticated understanding of iconography. Bess was a product of the same Christian humanist culture as many of her elite contemporaries, and it was her sharp intellect--not her marital pedigree--that helped her win their praise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1576 Martin Frobisher captured an Inuk man off the coast of Baffin Island using several bells. These sounding objects were viewed in two fundamentally different ways. The Inuk considered them to be soul-filled gifts; all things, and especially sounding things, were said by the Inuit to have a guardian spirit. For Frobisher, however, as for most European merchant adventurers from the late 1400s onwards, bells had a specific function within the early capitalist enterprise. They were trinkets that helped get commodities by securing the trust of native peoples. For this reason, Frobisher brought along with him over three hundred bells on his first journey into the Arctic. Not yet considered a commodity in the classic economic sense, bells in the late sixteenth century were called "trinkets," trinkets that were indispensable to making contact with indigenous Americans and to getting at the many commodities the Americas had to offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thomas Swalwell, OSB (d. 1539), monk of Durham, left significant marginalia in his many books. Well educated and reform minded, Swalwell's notes indicate his high expectations for the clergy. In addition, these notes suggest how he might have preached on this topic, using both the homily and the scholastic sermon style. Prelates and curates were to be engaged with those in their charge, not abuse their power, and live up to their callings. Swalwell held traditional views of the sacraments, but was aware of the contemporary challenges launched against transubstantiation and penitential good works. Preaching emerges as a central task for clergy, a vehicle for sharing the preacher's learning, engaging his audience, and counteracting heresy, especially as Luther's ideas begin to circulate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dutch prisoners from the sea battles of the First Anglo-Dutch War of 1652-1654 were held in England under generally inhumane conditions. It has recently become accepted that ideological differences, as much as commercial, led to the deterioration in relations that led to the conflict. English public opinion had been inflamed by a vicious anti-Dutch propaganda campaign, suggesting that ideological demonization could provide the explanation for the dire treatment to which the prisoners were subjected. It is concluded, however, that logistical problems associated with their reception, plus the chronic lack of money of Cromwell's regime, provide a sufficient explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Paediatric surgery is the surgical specialty with the highest representation of women. This study aims to explore the fascinating history, current role and future prospects of female paediatric surgeons in the UK. Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in google and pubmed, national statistic reports and personal correspondence to gather information on the history and current status of female paediatric surgeons in the UK. Results: Women with an interest in paediatric surgery have been recorded in historical reports from ancient and medieval times. During the early decades of the establishment of paediatric surgery in key female figures overcame prejudice, won the respect of their peers and blazed the trail for future generations. Among those legendary individuals were Gertrude Herferz, Isabella Forshall, Helen Noblett, Leela Kapila, Caroline Doig, Vanessa Wright and Su-Anna Boddy. Recent decades saw a worldwide rise in the proportion of female paediatric surgeons with women representing 27.3% of consultants and 47.1% of registrars in England in 2017. Female authorship has also increased. However, women are still significantly outnumbered in leadership positions in major paediatric surgery committees. Discussion and Conclusion: Charismatic women have influenced paediatric surgery and paved the path for future generations. Despite the rise in percentage of women entering paediatric surgery in recent decades, women continue to be under-represented in clinical and academic leadership positions. Female mentoring schemes such as those provided by Women in Surgery, and an updated view of leadership development opportunities are likely to help address these concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article engages a long-established paradigm within urban studies: that of the transition from managerialism to entrepreneurialism in late 20th-century urban governance and the associated process of neoliberalisation. It begins from a fundamental intellectual problem; although we are well served with studies of urban entrepreneurialism and neoliberalism, we know surprisingly little of the detailed workings of the 'pre-neoliberal', managerial era from the 1940s to the 1970s. In the absence of sustained investigation of this period, many chronologies and critiques of urban transformation rest upon a set of assumptions which – as this article shows – are not always accurate. The article focuses upon Britain, tracing the installation of a modern planning regime in the 1940s and surveying some key features of the UK urban redevelopment regime as it evolved over the ensuing decades. It shows that much of what is held to be paradigmatic of neoliberal urbanism (public–private partnerships, urban entrepreneurialism, financialisation) was already powerfully present within British urbanism in the earlier, managerial era. I highlight in particular the dramatic post-war rise of the UK property development industry, and the new urban forms and norms it generated, as a key product of the era of urban managerialism in Britain. I relate these surprising findings to Britain's distinctive history and political economy but I also advance arguments that are of wider relevance; around the nature and aims of governance from the 1940s to the 1970s, and how we should best conceptualise and explain processes of neoliberalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgery has a rich history, and in order to understand the various training pathways for aspiring surgeons one must have an appreciation of the evolution of surgery. This manuscript aims to deliver a brief review of the history of surgery, and explore the historical moments that have shaped the training pathway of surgeons in the United Kingdom (UK), and in doing so disseminate the latest information about surgical training in the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It was in twentieth-century Britain that the two distinct surgical disciplines, otology and laryngology, became united under the title oto-laryngology. Aural departments were established in general hospitals in the hands of specialists long before throat departments. The development and politics of the specialty occurred in London, while provincial services commenced in the early eighteenth century, with ophthalmologists, setting up a clinic or dispensary, progressing onto a hospital. Methods: The following resources were used: the Nottinghamshire Archives; Manuscripts and Special Collections at the University of Nottingham Libraries and The Local Studies Library, Nottingham Central Library. Results: The Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose was established in 1886, staffed by part-time general practitioners. The Nottingham Children's Hospital appointed two qualified surgeons in the 1910s and subsequently the General Nottingham Hospital appointed them as honorary assistant surgeons. Both hospitals provided access to beds, not available to the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose. Following The Education Act of 1907, Nottingham created a School Health Services. By the 1920s, Nottingham had four institutions providing clinical and surgical ENT services. The National Hospitals Survey conducted in 1945 recommended that the Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Hospital for Diseases of the Throat, Ear and Nose be closed and amalgamated with The General Hospital Nottingham. Conclusion: The General Hospital Nottingham was slow to create a service for the diagnosis and treatment of ENT diseases and disorders, but established a Departmental Service by 1927. The surgical staffing was common to all four of the ENT services from mid-1930. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of revising publications in the academic field of history, focusing on practices in Great Britain during the Victorian Era. It looks at how historians and authors of that period simultaneously revised prior works while authoring new material. The author goes on to discuss revising as a constitutive scholarly practice.

Naval power projection operations were an important tool in Victorian Britain's strategic arsenal. From the 1860s technological change in the form of mines presented a major threat to the Royal Navy's strategy of coastal assault. In order to continue to operate in this environment the Royal Navy proactively engaged with mining technology. Through this process it shaped the new technology to suit its particular strategic and cultural requirements. The war scares with Russia in 1878 and 1885 provided the impetus to operationalise these developments and highlighted how the Royal Navy and its coastal assault strategy remained an important facilitator of British policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In medieval England, religious crimes were prosecuted in the ecclesiastical courts by way of inquisitorial procedure, whereas secular crimes were dealt with in the royal courts with common-law methods. This separation between the two jurisdictions was fairly well maintained until the king was recognized in 1534 as the Supreme Head of the English Church. From this time forward, there were various attempts by statutory and other means to "improve" canonical procedures by adding or combining common-law practices. Some of these changes can be observed in practice in London under Bishop Edmund Bonner during the last years of Henry's reign (1540-47), notably in the trials of Anne Askew in 1545 and 1546. Further alterations during the reign of Edward VI (1547-53) are detailed, when Bonner himself was deposed from his episcopal see by royal commissioners (1549). The article concludes with a brief look at Elizabeth's reign, before and after Bonner's demise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Roud Index at the Vaughan Williams Memorial Library in London contains over 19,000 folk songs about wars waged by Britain and its allies, there are comparatively few composed specifically about World War One. This article explores the musical heritage of the Great War in the songs about the conflict that have been composed, or rearranged, by singers in the early twenty-first century. By studying folk songs sung during the war itself, we can learn how new folk songs draw on historical elements to create a new World War One folk canon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines how, in both early modern Spain and England, antitheatrical polemicists responded to the increased popularity and visibility of playhouses by attacking them as pernicious, diabolical, and effeminizing. Antitheatrical tracts and sermons drew upon the authority of ancients and propagated understandings of the body politic as an organism that could be diagnosed with a corrupting and womanish disease. These arguments resonated during moments of political and social crisis. A historical analysis, however, demonstrates the different trajectories and impacts of antitheatrical writing in these kingdoms. By surveying antitheatrical polemics and legislation passed against the playhouses during long-term bans on public performance, this article contends that although there was more printed antitheatrical sentiment in Spain than in England, this opposition had a limited effect because of the charitable functions of Spanish playhouses that worked to care for the real bodies of members of the body politic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prioritization of strategic bombing over trade defense by the British Air Ministry, Bomber Command, and Winston Churchill did not delay the acquisition of Very Long Range aircraft to close the Atlantic "air gap" until May 1943. The Royal Air Force's Coastal Command possessed enough aircraft to provide air cover in the mid-Atlantic sooner than it did. The Admiralty and Coastal Command were slow to identify the need for land-based air cover in the mid-Atlantic because the U-boat threat did not develop there until mid-1942, because they expected escort carriers to provide a solution, and for technical and doctrinal reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]