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It is considerably harder to generalize identity across different pictures of unfamiliar faces, compared with familiar faces. This finding hints strongly at qualitatively distinct processing of unfamiliar face stimuli--for which we have less expertise. Yet, the extent to which face selective versus generic visual processes drive outcomes during this task has yet to be determined. To explore the relative contributions of each, we contrasted performance on a version of the popular Telling Faces Together unfamiliar face matching task, implemented in both upright and inverted orientations. Furthermore, we included different age groups (132 British children ages 6 to 11 years [69.7% White], plus 37 British White adults) to investigate how participants' experience with faces "as a category" influences their selective utilization of specialized processes for unfamiliar faces. Results revealed that unfamiliar face matching is highly orientation-selective. Accuracy was higher for upright compared with inverted faces from 6 years of age, which is consistent with selective utilization of specialized processes for upright versus inverted unfamiliar faces during this task. The effect of stimulus orientation did not interact significantly with age, and there was no graded increase in the magnitude of inversion effects observed across childhood. Still, a numerically larger inversion effect in adults compared to children provides a degree of support for developmental changes in these specialized face abilities with increasing age/experience. Differences in the pattern of errors across age groups are also consistent with a qualitative shift in unfamiliar face processing that occurs some time after 11 years of age.

Most western countries face either existing or looming teacher shortages. No doubt there are many and varied reasons for this and no simple remedy. Contemporaneously, film and television can have profound, often unintended attitudinal and behavioural consequences. As reflectors and creators of societal values, axiomatically, they provide insight into the construction and management of both personal and professional identities. The portrayal of various occupations on screen is therefore of perennial importance. Indeed, several professions have struggled with the implications of their representation in popular culture. Teachers have been variously portrayed on screen. However, a consistent and significant negative shift has taken place this century. Consequently, a descriptive analysis is undertaken of teacher characters streaming on Netflix in 2019. Pattern coding reveals three equally disturbing themes: incompetence/character flaws; promiscuity; and substance abuse. Conclusions are drawn and future research directions outlined.

Background: The demands of caring for a child with a life-limiting condition can have a profound impact on parents' health and wellbeing. Currently, there is no standard procedure for identifying and addressing the support needs of these parents. Aim: To assess the suitability of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool (CSNAT (Paediatric)) for use with parents of children with a life-limiting condition. Design: Secondary qualitative content analysis of two qualitative datasets exploring the health, wellbeing and experiences of support of mothers and fathers of children with a life-limiting condition. Setting: A total of 30 mothers and 12 fathers were recruited via four UK children's hospices and social media. Results: Parental experiences of support mapped onto the existing domains of the CSNAT (Paediatric). One aspect of their experience, surrounding their child's educational needs, went beyond the existing domains of the CSNAT. An adapted version of the tool CSNAT (Paediatric) should include this domain. Conclusion: The CSNAT (Paediatric) is a relevant tool for the assessment of parental support needs. Further research should assess the acceptability and feasibility of implementation of the broader intervention: CSNAT-I (Paediatric). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: How often a child naps, during infancy, is believed to reflect both intrinsic factors, that is, the need of an immature brain to consolidate information soon after it is acquired, and environmental factors. Difficulty accounting for important environmental factors that interfere with a child's sleep needs (e.g., attending daycare) has clouded our ability to understand the role of intrinsic drivers of napping frequency. Methods: Here we investigate sleep patterns in association with two measures of cognitive ability, vocabulary size, measured with the Oxford‐Communicative Development Inventory (N = 298) and cognitive executive functions (EF), measured with the Early EF Questionnaire (N = 463), in a cohort of 8–38‐month‐olds. Importantly, because of the social distancing measures imposed during the Covid‐19 Spring 2020 lockdown, in the UK, measures of sleep were taken when children did not access daycare settings. Results: We find that children with more frequent but shorter naps than expected for their age had lower concurrent receptive vocabularies, lower cognitive EF and a slower increase in expressive vocabulary from spring to winter 2020, when age, sex, and SES were accounted for. The negative association between vocabulary and frequency of naps became stronger with age. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the structure of daytime sleep is an indicator of cognitive development and highlight the importance of considering environmental perturbations and age when investigating developmental correlates of sleep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This action research project considered whether significant improvements in child and young person behavioural and emotional mental health could be achieved using school-based play workers as opposed to qualified therapists. This was seen as being an important practice question as access to qualified play therapists was severely restricted with long waiting lists. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used as a pre- and post-intervention measure to identify any changes following non-directive play sessions with school staff. Significant improvements were found across all SDQ scales, with the most marked improvement observable in children and young people identified as having a high need for intervention. Number of play sessions attended and age group did not significantly affect SDQ scores according to teacher and child/young person ratings. Parent SDQ ratings indicated greater success of the play intervention for children aged between three and eight years compared with children aged between 11 and 15 years.

Outlines features of constructivism and collaborative learning as they underpin a proposed model of ICT (Information and Communications Technology) support for learning. Evaluates the model in three projects involving ICT in primary, secondary, and higher education learning environments in the United Kingdom and considers the effectiveness of student learning. (Author/LRW)

The article focuses on the 50th anniversary of the British unfair dismissal law. It mentions that since 1972, the fundamental framework of the law has stayed consistent, however, there have been worries about the breadth of the entitlement, the level of respect given to employers, the sufficiency of redress, and the efficacy of the employment tribunal system. It also guides policymakers and researchers to enhance safeguards for employees and evaluate the takeaways from other sources.

Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) are economically important pests of potato plants worldwide that can result in yield losses exceeding 80%, with an estimated cost of £50 million annually in the United Kingdom alone. The life cycle of PCN, and in particular the hatching of eggs and development and survival of juveniles, is sensitive to temperatures in the soil. Despite this fact, relatively little is known about temperatures inside potato drills and how these may differ to temperatures in the surrounding soil. We monitored the temperature inside potato drills at 19 sites across the United Kingdom and used a published temperature‐driven process‐based PCN life cycle model to compare predictions of PCN population dynamics driven by these temperatures to predictions based on modelled soil temperatures derived from the HadUK‐Grid climate. We found that mean soil temperatures derived from the climate model were lower than those observed inside potato drills; thus, using temperatures measured directly in potato drills resulted in increased estimates of population growth and shorter estimated generation times than when using modelled soil temperatures. This finding suggests that greater understanding of the temperature inside potato drills is required if we are to make accurate predictions about the effects of temperature on PCN populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance given to minimising health issues and promoting natural behaviours is a polarising issue within farm animal welfare. It is predominantly thought that members of the public prioritise animals being able to behave naturally over other aspects of farm animal welfare, such as addressing health issues. However, public perspectives may be more multi-dimensional than is generally thought, with the importance given to these different elements of welfare dependent on the situation and state of the animals in question. To examine this, a factorial survey using vignettes, which experimentally manipulated the different levels of health (high health vs. low health) and natural behaviour provision (high behaviour vs. low behaviour), was completed by a sample (n = 810) representative of the UK population (on age, gender, ethnicity). Contrary to the predominant view, this study found animal health had the greatest effect on participants' judgements, explaining more of the variance in their assessments of animal welfare than any other factor. However, findings also indicated that participants considered animal welfare to be most positive when both health issues are minimised and natural behaviours are promoted. Attitudes to natural behaviours also varied more between participants, with females, individuals who do not (regularly) eat meat and those with a greater belief in animal mind giving greater priority to natural behaviours. In the context of public and private welfare standards seeking to meet public expectations, this study provides important insights into how public perspectives of animal welfare are more nuanced than previously thought, influenced by the context of the animal, the aspect of welfare in question and personal characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ageing population has led to a substantial increase in the prevalence of visual impairments, which can compromise lifestyle, health and general physical and psychological well-being. Age-related cataracts can have a negative effect on older people's quality of life but can be corrected by surgery. It is imperative that older people have access to cataract surgery and, given government objectives of NHS efficiency gains, advanced level nurse practitioners have the potential to increase capacity for and access to cataract surgery. This article outlines the aetiology of cataracts, developments in ophthalmic nursing and the broadened scope of practice of advanced ophthalmic nurse practitioners (AONPs). It explores how the AONP is well-placed to provide high quality care to the older person who requires cataract surgery. Professional drivers for role development are explored in relation to older people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding which factors influence the ability of individuals to respond to changing temperatures is fundamental to species conservation under climate change.We investigated how a community of butterflies responded to fine‐scale changes in air temperature, and whether species‐specific responses were predicted by ecological or morphological traits.Using data collected across a UK reserve network, we investigated the ability of 29 butterfly species to buffer thoracic temperature against changes in air temperature. First, we tested whether differences were attributable to taxonomic family, morphology or habitat association. We then investigated the relative importance of two buffering mechanisms: behavioural thermoregulation versus fine‐scale microclimate selection. Finally, we tested whether species' responses to changing temperatures predicted their population trends from a UK‐wide dataset.We found significant interspecific variation in buffering ability, which varied between families and increased with wing length. We also found interspecific differences in the relative importance of the two buffering mechanisms, with species relying on microclimate selection suffering larger population declines over the last 40 years than those that could alter their temperature behaviourally.Our results highlight the importance of understanding how different species respond to fine‐scale temperature variation, and the value of taking microclimate into account in conservation management to ensure favourable conditions are maintained for temperature‐sensitive species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge of species' ecological requirements is key for designing effective conservation management. In butterflies, the needs of larval stages are often the most specialised part of the life-cycle, but for many species information on this is lacking. The Mountain Ringlet Erebia epiphron is a cold-adapted butterfly found in alpine grasslands in mountainous regions of Europe. Efforts to devise conservation strategies for this climate change-threatened species are hampered due to its basic ecology being poorly understood. Here, we describe a study on the autecology of Mountain Ringlets at sites across its British distribution, focusing on the habitat preferences of egg-laying females as a proxy for larval preferences. Female Mountain Ringlets placed their eggs predominantly on Nardus stricta and Festuca ovina, but also on several other host plant species, suggesting larvae may be more broadly polyphagous than previously realised. Sites chosen for eggs had higher abundance of larval host plants, intermediate leaf litter cover, and lower cover of grass tussocks than random locations, as well as a shorter and sparser grass sward. Although the main host plant is ubiquitous in upland areas of Britain, our findings suggest that this butterfly's egg and larval stages have specialised ecological requirements, requiring specific microhabitat features characterised by a narrow range of vegetation composition and structural characteristics. Many habitat associations are liable to be explicable as adaptations to ensure placement of eggs and larvae in sites within optimal (warm or buffered) microclimates. We tentatively suggest that the distribution of Mountain Ringlets in the landscape is thermally-constrained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses the various topics within the issue, including United Kingdom's (UK) role as champion of global free trade, economic partnership agreements (EPA), and the UK's Global Britain strategy.

The article focuses on impact of post-Brexit architecture on labour law in Great Britain. Topics dicussed include its impact on the bilateral free trade agreements; its impact on poor quality employment, income inequality and employment rights; and role of Court of Justice of the European Union in providing legal sovereignty.

Predators are frequently victims of wildlife crime due to conflicts with human interests. Where predators are protected, killing may occur covertly and novel methods, including satellite tracking, are often required to assess population consequences. Wildlife crime persists in the British uplands, where raptors are illegally killed on moorland managed for Red Grouse Lagopus lagopus scotica shooting. To understand impacts on one such species, the Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus , we analysed data from 148 individuals tracked across Britain between 2014 and 2021. Using remotely sensed land-use data and continuous-time survival methods, we quantified survival rates, contributions of natural causes and illegal killing to mortality, and spatial and temporal associations between mortality and land managed for grouse shooting. Annual survival was low, especially among first-year birds (males: 14 %; females: 30 %), with illegal killing accounting for 27–43 % and 75 % of mortality in first-year and subadult (1-2 years) harriers respectively. Illegal killing is likely attributable to grouse moor management because i) a 10 % increase in grouse moor use resulted in a 43 % increase in mortality risk; ii) a strong overlap existed between mortality and grouse moor extent in 20 km squares, identifying hotspots of illegal killing in northern England and northeast Scotland; iii) death due to natural causes showed different spatial and temporal patterns; and iv) timing of mortality peaked around the shooting season and during breeding territory establishment. Governments have failed to reduce illegal killing of Hen Harriers and other raptors in Britain and our results emphasise that further legislative reform is needed to tackle this enduring criminality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the constitutional implications of Labour Party's return to social democracy and the repudiation of neo-liberalism in Great Britain. Topics discussed include laws governing elections in the country; interpretation of election law under British constitution; and right to free elections under Human Rights Act 1998.

The article examines consequences of Brexit, Great Britain's decision to leave the membership of European Union (EU), on British Constitution, as of December 2016. Topics discussed include the British High Court's decision in the case "Miller v Secretary of State for Exiting the EU;" post-Brexit settlement; different types of possible effect upon the practice and substance of British Constitution; and constitutional referendum made in relation to the June 2016 Brexit poll.

The Trade Union Bill raised major concerns about freedom of association in particular and its compatibility with a number of treaty obligations, including notably, the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 11. Complaints were made to the International Labour Organisation, and the Parliamentary Joint Committee on Human Rights considered the Bill. This paper seeks to assess the extent to which such human rights considerations influenced the final text which became the Act. Our view is that, although the government made a number of notable concessions, these were informed more by political than by legal considerations. Despite the concessions, human rights concerns still remain. Our secondary aim in this paper is to consider some factors relevant to the possibility of a successful legal challenge based on those concerns. We think such a challenge unlikely for two reasons. Firstly, the concessions removed many of the substantive provisions most susceptible to a human rights challenge. Secondly, whilst the domestic courts have been reluctant to embrace Convention rights in trade union cases, the Strasbourg Court has recently been notably sympathetic to the British Government in Article 11 cases, carving out for this country an apparently protected position on freedom of association issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors offer insights on the Trade Union Bill in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the underlying purpose of the bill according to Vince Cable, the three features of the bill, a reduction in the proportion of workers covered by collective agreements as a result of changes to the law on industrial action, the right to organize in the public sector under the bill, and measures restricting the freedom of labor unions to organize industrial action.

The authors offer insights on the Trade Union Bill in Great Britain. Topics discussed include the underlying purpose of the bill according to Vince Cable, the three features of the bill, a reduction in the proportion of workers covered by collective agreements as a result of changes to the law on industrial action, the right to organize in the public sector under the bill, and measures restricting the freedom of labor unions to organize industrial action.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses several reports published within issue on topics related to constitutional law in Japan and Great Britain.

Introduction The paediatric workforce has grown substantially in recent years. Roles have changed considerably with the introduction of working time legislation and a move towards a trained doctor solution. By gaining a better understanding of paediatric trainees' career intentions, this study aims to assess whether the right workforce is being trained to meet the future demand for paediatric services in the UK. Method A survey was sent to paediatric specialist trainees, when they were expected to have completed their 1st year of Specialty Training or Fixed Term Specialty Training Appointments, in 2009 (part 1). A second survey was sent to the same cohort when they were expected to have completed their 3rd year in 2011 (part 2). Results In part 1 of the survey, the response rate was 79.1%. In part 2 the response rate was 80.5%. Of those who had responded to part 1, 87.4% also responded to part 2. The attrition rate of trainees leaving the paediatric training scheme between the 1st year and 3rd year of training was 15%. Of those still training in paediatrics after the 3rd year, 38.7% intended to be subspecialty paediatricians, 25.7% general paediatricians, 5.4% community paediatricians and 3.5% academic paediatricians. 26% were undecided and 0.6% did not intend to follow a career in paediatrics at all. The proportion of trainees who were undecided about their career intentions had risen substantially from 7.7% after the 1st year. There was a decrease in trainees' confidence in obtaining a consultant post between the 1st year and the 3rd year. Conclusions Workforce planning is a complex task and this study shows that trainees will change their career plans while progressing through their run-through programmes. A better understanding of these factors will enable the Royal College of Paediatrics and Chld Health to deliver the right workforce for the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on a study which explore the role of District Nurse (DN) in stating the patient's transition towards the dying phase. It mentions that qualitative focus group methodology was used to examine the perspectives of DNs. It shows that proper timing of conversation is the most significant preparation for a good death.

It is well known that the elaborate notice provisions and the ban on secondary action in UK strike law have been the subject of consistent and long-standing criticism by authoritative international bodies, and regarded as a violation of international human rights law under the norms of the European Social Charter and the International Labour Organisation. The recent decision of the European Court of Human Rights in RMT v United Kingdom considered these domestic legal provisions against the standards set by Article 11 of the European Convention of Human Rights. In an ambivalent judgment, the Court appeared to give with one hand and take back with another. While affirming that the right to strike is ‘clearly protected’ under Article 11, a legal conclusion with important ramifications in the domestic legal context, the trade union’s complaint was not upheld. The complaint concerning the pre-strike notice provisions was rejected as inadmissible, and while secondary action was protected as an ‘accessory’ freedom under Article 11(1), the UK’s complete ban on secondary action was regarded as justified under Article 11(2) on the basis of a wide margin of appreciation accorded to the State. The article contends that this reasoning is deeply flawed and the likely product of political pressures that are compromising the effective functioning of a human rights court. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses present findings of a multi-perspective study that explored how district nurse early support visits are both described and carried out. It also discusses design and provides results drawn from the study. It was concluded that a multi-perspective approach provided new insights into district nurse support visits.

Background: Following implementation of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC) in the UK, potential radiology trainees must decide on their career and apply sooner than ever before. We aimed to determine whether current trainees were sufficiently informed to make an earlier career decision by comparing the early radiology experiences of Traditional and Foundation Trainees. Methods: 344 radiology trainees were appointed through MMC in 2007/08. This cohort was surveyed online. Results: Response rate was 174/344 (51%). Traditional Trainees made their career decision 2.6 years after graduation compared with 1.2 years for Foundation Trainees (57/167, 34%). Nearly half of responders (79/169, 47%) experienced no formal radiology teaching as undergraduates. Most trainees regularly attended radiology meetings, spent time in a radiology department and/or performed radiology research. Many trainees received no career advice specific to radiology (69/163, 42%) at any point prior to entering the specialty; this includes both formal and informal advice. Junior doctor experiences were more frequently cited as influencing career choice (98/164, 60%). An earlier career decision was associated with; undergraduate radiology projects (-0.72 years, p = 0.018), career advice (-0.63 years, p = 0.009) and regular attendance at radiology meetings (-0.65 years, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Early experience of radiology enables trainees to make an earlier career decision, however current radiology trainees were not always afforded relevant experiences prior to entering training. Radiologists need to be more proactive in encouraging the next generation of trainees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The government’s announcement of the extension of the qualifying period for claiming unfair dismissal from one to two years and its proposal to introduce a fee regime for employment tribunal claims is considered against the latest published statistics for employment tribunal outcomes (for the year 2010–11). The latter are considered to show that the rationale for the changes is questionable and the impact of the fees regime likely to be disproportionate and unfair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There has been a steady expansion of hospital-based palliative care in the United Kingdom but limited published research on health professionals'' views of hospital multidisciplinary specialist palliative care services (SPCS). The aim of the study was to describe referrer (SPCS user) and provider (SPCS staff) perspectives on delivery of specialist palliative care in hospital. Interviews were conducted with referrers, including five junior doctors, 13 consultants, and six clinical nurse specialists, to investigate the reasons for referral, beneficial aspects, and barriers to use. Focus groups were conducted with providers, six medical and five nursing, to identify their perspective on delivering the specialist service in hospital. Discussions were tape recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed thematically using a framework analysis approach. The study found large areas of agreement between referrers and providers on what hospital palliative care teams should be providing for patients, that is, expertise in managing difficult symptoms and complex psychosocial problems, and this was being achieved locally. Access to the specialist team was also important: visibility on the wards, informal routes of access to advice and a timely response by specialists. However, discordance in views of providing palliative care was also identified; in particular, whether specialists should be providing generalist palliative care (such as basic psychological support) neglected by ward teams and implementation of specialist advice by referrers. Such perspectives on the interface of generalist and specialist provision provide insights into improving care for palliative patients in the acute hospital setting. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the highlights of the case ASLEF v United Kingdom, wherein the European Court of Human Rights ruled that trade unions must be free under the European Convention on Human Rights, article 11 to expel members of the British National Party. The British government responded to the ASLEF decision by stating that Section 174 of the Employment Act 2008 should be amended to ensure there is no explicit reference to a special category of conduct relating to political party membership or activities.

Virtual Scanning incorporates novel uses of colored light into its system of health assessment and therapy. Independent investigations of its effectiveness in Russia and the UK have revealed unique abilities to correct incipient and fully developed chronic conditions. As such it forms an important new addition to the field of Chromotherapy. It differs from most others, in that its development depended on discoveries the neuroscience by its inventor, and subsequent application of new models in computational neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Offers an overview of some reading and language arts computer projects in the United Kingdom, including language teaching and intelligent knowledge-based systems, assessment of written style by computer, and desktop publishing in the primary school. (ARH)

The Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, section 174, bars trade unions from (amongst other things) excluding or expelling individuals on grounds of their membership of a political party. An issue has arisen about whether trade unions can exclude or expel individuals who are members of the British National Party (BNP). This article questions whether the current restrictions are consistent with international treaties ratified by the UK, and considers the human rights claims of the trade union and the ‘unwanted’ individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on information and consultation of employees regulations in Great Britain. Call for legislative support for the participation of workers in decisionmaking in the enterprise; Voluntarist orientation of the Regulations.

Trade unions have a number of functions, some of which have been more prominent than others at different periods in history. But over the course of time trade unions have developed five principal functions. These are respectively: a service function; a representation function; a regulatory function; a government function; and a public administration function. This paper examines these different functions and argues that the balance is shifting, with more emphasis being placed on service, governmental and public administration functions. We are witnessing the emergence of a new ‘supply side trade unionism’ with a corresponding dilution of their representative and regulatory functions. These developments—engineered by governments of both parties in recent years—are assessed in the context of the Warwick agreement in 2004 where the trade unions and the Labour Party concluded a deal on the shape of a possible third term Labour government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the UK, researchers' access to study populations and control over selection of participants is becoming increasingly constrained by data protection and research governance legislation. Intervening stages placed between researchers and the population they wish to study can have serious effects on recruitment and ultimately on the validity of studies. In this paper we describe our experiences of gaining access to patients for a study of palliative care in primary care. Despite considerable time and resources dedicated to recruitment, a smaller than anticipated study sample was achieved. We found that gatekeeping by ethics committees and practitioner control over sample selection were significant hurdles in accessing patients for the study. Gatekeeping responsibilities represent considerable challenges for researchers seeking to obtain a representative study sample, not just in palliative care, but for research in general in health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examines the Phillips curve price adjustment mechanism allowing for the conditional variance of inflation to be time varying. Specifically, we estimate ARCH and GARCH models of inflation for Canada, Japan, and the U.K. The results suggest that an increase in the conditional variability of inflation leads to higher levels of inflation. In addition, inclusion of inflation variability in the Phillips curve model results in a higher weight being attributed to the output gap than in traditional models. (JEF E24) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delivering what is promised has been defined in the service quality literature as the dimension of reliability. It has also been identified as the single most important dimension of service quality. The 1990s have witnessed extensive work in the marketing literature on the construct of market orientation, which has been defined as the degree to which the marketing concept is implemented. There is also considerable evidence to support a link between market orientation and performance. If service reliability is salient to customers, and customer orientation is crucial in the application of the marketing concept, then it seems logical to assume a relationship between service reliability, market orientation and performance. Surely, the market-oriented firm devotes greater attention to service reliability, and being reliable pays off? Surprisingly, these links have not been demonstrated empirically. This article seeks to address that shortfall. Specifically, we consider the role of service reliability on the market orientation-performance relationship. We begin by discussing market orientation and performance, before reviewing relevant theory on service reliability and building a model describing the interaction among the constructs. Next, we describe an empirical study of service firms in the UK, wherein we investigate the effects of service reliability on the relationship between market orientation and performance. We conclude with a discussion of the results and consider their implications for theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the Wilson and Palmer case has far‐reaching implications for British labour law. It is also the most significant decision so far on the scope of Article 11 of the ECHR. This article considers the changes to domestic labour law which will be required to give effect to the decision, and assesses its implications for labour law in the light of the Human Rights Act 1998. These relate in particular to the legal protection against discrimination for trade union membership and the right to be represented by a trade union in dealing with an employer. Questions are also raised about new rights for trade unions in addition to those of their members, as well as about the implications of the decision for the statutory recognition procedure. A particularly important feature of the case is the weight given by the Court to ILO Conventions and the European Social Charter in its deliberations. As a result the decision may have implications which extend well beyond its immediate facts. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article deals with the 15th cycle of supervision of the Social Charter of 18 October 1961 which revealed the non-compliance of Great Britain with the human rights charter. It provides an overview of the scope of the Social Charter and the human rights protected under the Social Charter, including the right to work, the right to organise and the right to bargain collectively. It reveals that Great Britain has violated 14 of the 42 obligations examined under the 15th cycle of supervision.

The article discusses the implications of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendum Act 2000 (PPER Act 2000) for trade unions in Great Britain. It discusses the provisions of the Act. According to the article, the Act will promote greater transparency to the public and to trade union members about the nature of the relationship between the Labour Party and the affiliated unions. The Act is also expected to change the nature of the relationship between the unions and the Labour Party.

The article discusses laws in trade union recognition and staff associations in Great Britain that violate international labour standards. Under the Employment Relations Act 1999, a trade union needs a certificate of independence in order to apply for recognition. Also discussed are the new Charter for the News International Staff Associations and the Staff Associations Executive Committee.

The authors challenge the view that the UK Conservative governments during the 1980s achieved important advances in industrial performance through the abandonment of corporatist policies that allowed management to regain the initiative and push through changes in work organization. The article takes issue with the idea that collective labour institutions necessarily impair economic efficiency, and it points up important connections between Thatcher's offensive against organized labour and the enduring weaknesses in human capital and technology. The article has three sections: the first examines labour markets and industrial relations; the second analyses government regulation; and the third assesses trends and prospects for the future, with emphasis on employment flexibility and labour productivity. The authors conclude with some comments on future prospects in the context of Britain's fuller integration in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to consider the origins and aims of this jurisdiction and to examine whether these aims have been sustained by current practice. The article also sets out to review the practice and procedure of a tribunal which has attracted rather less attention that its potentially important work deserves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]