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Mental imagery manipulations are used to treat several psychological disorders, but their utility in treating cocaine use disorder (CUD) is unknown. Using prompted re‐experiences and simulations with contrasting valence, we assessed the acute impact of a deliberate mental imagery task on cocaine craving. Design A quantitative–qualitative 'mixed‐methods' analysis of data collected for a randomized controlled trial that was stopped prematurely. Setting: UK National Health Service addictions treatment clinic and outpatient clinical research facility (laboratory). Participants: Adults with CUD. The original target sample was 120. All participants enrolled at the point the original trial was stopped were included (38 enrolled, 31 completed study). Interventions: Personalized (3‐minute) cue–exposure (handling cocaine paraphernalia and watching video of drug preparation), immediately followed by a single 5‐minute, audio‐recorded, self‐guided and verbally described imagery task with random assignment to one of four conditions: two mental imagery memory re‐experiences (positive image before initiation to cocaine use or a negative image of a 'worst time' adverse cocaine use episode) or two future simulations (positive theme of recovery from CUD or negative theme of worsened CUD). Measurements Task transcripts were rated for imagery detail using five dimensions using a six‐point scale of imagery detail (ID) (total score = 0–25) and thematically coded. The outcome measure was cocaine craving using the Craving Experiences Questionnaire—strengths version (CEQ–S11; score = 0–110) reported at baseline, arrival at the laboratory, and immediately after the cue–exposure and mental imagery tasks. Findings A mixed‐effects, longitudinal, restricted linear regression, with the past‐positive imagery condition as referent, showed main effects of reduced craving after the imagery task (b = –29.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) = –45.3 to −13.1, P‐value < 0.001) and increased craving for the future‐negative task (b = 14.2, 95% CI = 0.1–28.4, P‐value 0.049). There was a future‐negative task by post‐imagery craving interaction (b = 28.1, 95% CI = 0.1–56.1, P‐value 0.049). A theory‐driven, deductive/inductive qualitative analysis of the transcripts revealed six major themes: sensory characteristics, CUD vicious cycle, self‐care, emotions and appraisals, social role and CUD recovery. Positively themed simulations included interpersonal connections and rewarding activity; negative images included personal adversity, with appraisals of self‐criticism and hopelessness. Transcripts with more imagery detail were not associated with significantly greater reductions in craving in the positive or negative imagery task (r = –0.32, 95% CI = –0.69 to 0.13 and r = 0.06, 95% CI = –0.58 to 0.53, respectively). Conclusion: In people with cocaine use disorder, after cue–exposure, a self‐guided imagery task with positive themes reduced craving, whereas mental imagery simulating worsened cocaine use disorder did not appear to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims People with opioid use disorder (OUD) in prison face an acute risk of death after release. We estimated whether prison-based opioid substitution treatment (OST) reduces this risk. Design Prospective observational cohort study using prison health care, national community drug misuse treatment and deaths registers. Setting Recruitment at 39 adult prisons in England (32 male; seven female) accounting for 95% of OST treatment in England during study planning. Participants Adult prisoners diagnosed with OUD (recruited: September 2010-August 2013; first release: September 2010; last release: October 2014; follow-up to February 2016; n = 15 141 in the risk set). Intervention and Comparator At release, participants were classified as OST exposed ( n = 8645) or OST unexposed ( n = 6496). The OST unexposed group did not receive OST, or had been withdrawn, or had a low dose. Measurements Primary outcome: all-cause mortality (ACM) in the first 4 weeks. Secondary outcomes: drug-related poisoning (DRP) deaths in the first 4 weeks; ACM and DRP mortality after 4 weeks to 1 year; admission to community drug misuse treatment in the first 4 weeks. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression models (covariates: sex, age, drug injecting, problem alcohol use, use of benzodiazepines, cocaine, prison transfer and admission to community treatment), tested difference in mortality rates and community treatment uptake. Findings During the first 4 weeks after prison release there were 24 ACM deaths: six in the OST exposed group and 18 in the OST unexposed group [mortality rate 0.93 per 100 person-years (py) versus 3.67 per 100 py; hazard ratio (HR) = 0.25; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.10-0.64]. There were 18 DRP deaths: OST exposed group mortality rate 0.47 per 100 py versus 3.06 per 100 py in the OST unexposed group (HR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.04-0.53). There was no group difference in mortality risk after the first month. The OST exposed group was more likely to enter drug misuse treatment in the first month post-release (odds ratio 2.47, 95% CI = 2.31-2.65). The OST mortality protective effect on ACM and DRP mortality risk was not attenuated by demographic, overdose risk factors, prison transfer or community treatment (fully adjusted HR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.09-0.64 and HR = 0.15; 95% CI = 0.04-0.52, respectively). Conclusions In an English national study, prison-based opioid substitution therapy was associated with a 75% reduction in all-cause mortality and an 85% reduction in fatal drug-related poisoning in the first month after release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This the first 5-year effectiveness study of publicly funded treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) in England.Methods: All adults initiating treatment in 2008/09 in all 149 local treatment systems reporting to the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System (n=54,347). Admission polydrug use sub-populations were identified by Latent Class Analysis. The treatment outcome measure was 'successful completion and no re-presentation within six months' (SCNR) analysed by multilevel, multivariable logistic regression and funnel plots to contrast outcome by treatment system.Results: SCNR was achieved by 21.9%. Heroin and crack cocaine users were significantly less likely to achieve this outcome than patients who used heroin only (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85-0.95). Older patients (AOR 1.09; CI 1.07-1.11), those employed (AOR 1.27; CI 1.18-1.37) and those enrolled for longer treatment were more likely to achieve the outcome measure. After risk adjustment, the local treatment systems that achieved substantially better outcome performance (14/149) had a lower rate of opiate prevalence in the local population at time of study initiation (incidence rate difference [IRD] 4.1; CI 4.0-4.2), fewer criminal offences per thousand (IRD 28.5; CI 28.1-28.8) and lower drug-related deaths per million (IRD 5.9; CI 5.9-5.9).Conclusions: In an English national study, one fifth of patients successful completed treatment for OUD and did not present for further treatment within six months. Longer time in treatment increases the probability of achieving and maintaining clinical benefit from treatment. After risk-adjustment, an important minority of treatment systems achieve substantially better outcome performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]