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Focusing on the3million—a major organisation that was formed after the 2016 Brexit Referendum to represent EU citizens in the UK, this article explores the role of online communication in supporting civic actors' lobbying and mobilisation strategies at local, national and international levels. Apart from multi-scalar dimensions of these civic organisations' work and of the way EU citizens themselves engage, we identify different strategies of impact. These are inter-linked and performed in a nonlinear fashion and include: emotionalising; politicising; channelling; contesting. These findings elaborate on the way multinational diaspora formation and mobilisation in the 21st century should be conceptualised, and their importance for stakeholder empowerment. We argue that contextual factors—both in terms of the socio-political capital of the people engaged in mobilisation and the features and dynamics of opportunity structures in a particular country and historical moment—are important in understanding why civic actors emerge, how they mobilise and the way their status and focus of their work transforms over time. The article significantly contributes to research studying the use of digital communications and especially e-newsletters and e-mails by non-state actors for mobilising and lobbying purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely communications are important in enabling young people with long-term conditions to stay engaged with their health and manage their condition successfully. This study considers the role of digital communication in helping young people engage with services and the clinical teams providing their care. Data are drawn from 165 young people and 173 NHS staff across 20 clinical settings in the UK treating a variety of long-term conditions. Although not the focus of the main study the intersection of digital technologies and timely communication in keeping young people engaged was apparent. We drew on theories of time to understand how time was conceptualised and used in the digital communications between young people and their clinical teams. Through the lens of time we show that digital communications are valued differently by young people with long-term conditions and their clinical teams. In the current policy landscape where there is an emphasis on digital technology understanding the temporalities of different groups will help in the introduction of appropriate digital communications channels. Done well digital communications have the potential to improve young patients' autonomy but this must be balanced with the needs of clinical teams, particularly loss of control over work patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital transformation has had a profound impact on political communication. It has lowered the access barrier for actors to become publicly visible and reconfigured predominantly vertical flows of information into horizontal communication networks. Media-centric studies hold that these 'hybrid media systems' do not subvert the analogue order tout court, as the media still occupy a central role in selection and distribution processes. In contrast to this, social movement scholars interested in digital forms of mobilization show that civil society actors can directly engage their base and the wider public. Because of this focus, the status and role of the media in these connective efforts has remained largely neglected. This study extends the view of both media-centric and social movement research by asking how the media are included in civil society mobilization efforts online and what status and role they have. Analysing the online communication around the UK climate change debate over a 30-month period, we show that while the media account for a substantial amount of the actors in the networks generated by civil society actors and bloggers, they become more marginal with respect to the authority they command. Not only are they replaced by bloggers as focal points in these digital political communication ecologies, they become next to irrelevant in allocating visibility and attention to other actors. This has ambivalent consequences for democratic discourse, as online debates become more inclusive but also more fragmented, lacking common points of reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) Digital Platforms Inquiry, as a case study in the new thinking about digital platform regulation taking place in many nations. With its focus upon the impact of digital platforms on news and journalism, the ACCC Inquiry parallels other reviews, such as the Cairncross Review on the Future of Journalism in the United Kingdom. While the Inquiry had a somewhat 'accidental' history, the core issues that it raised have acquired considerable political resonance in Australia. The concept of harms provides a useful lens through which to understand the ACCC's focus, as it identified harms caused by the market dominance of Google and Facebook for traditional news media businesses, and for consumers and citizens. Responding to the ACCC Final Report will present challenges in identifying the public good dimension of journalism and who should pay for it, the scope and reach of digital platform regulation and its relationship to media policy and regulation, and the scope for small nations to effectively manage the power of global digital platform giants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the pervasiveness of digitisation communications, those that are left behind are seen as socially excluded. In both academic and policy discourses, it is assumed that digital inclusion as a route into mainstream society is a desirable solution to problems of multiple exclusion and has led to many studies of the digital inclusion/exclusion of 'hard to reach' groups. Yet, Gypsy–Travellers, among the most marginalised people in society, have received little attention. Using data from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, we assess the impact of digital communications on Gypsy–Traveller communities. This article makes a contribution in the following ways: First, we address the theories of 'fields of inclusion' to show how exclusion and inclusion work together in different ways; Second, we explore how different policy frameworks in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom shape these possibilities; Third, we document the forms of inclusion that Gypsy–Travellers experience in terms of digital communications; Fourth, we look at how Gypsy–Travellers use digital communications to recreate their own cultures as well as selectively integrate with mainstream society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how postgraduate students make course selection decisions in the digital era. An exploratory study with seven postgraduate student focus groups (UK, EU and International) gained a detailed insight into this important change. The availability of information, from an increased use of digital media had a significant impact on Higher Education postgraduate decision-making. The results found a circular decision-making approach with evidence of rational and emotional decisions where students do not always commence with a wide choice set. Online forums, Word-of-Mouth/electronic Word-of-Mouth from past/existing students, family and friends are important influencers, as students considered postgraduate study from one month to four years prior to starting a course. We identified 5 different application pattern categories, together with highlighting the importance of evaluating the students' pre-purchase experience during the application process. The research highlights the need for universities to continually engage during the decision-making process and to evaluate pre-purchase experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

“Social sensing” is a form of crowd-sourcing that involves systematic analysis of digital communications to detect real-world events. Here we consider the use of social sensing for observing natural hazards. In particular, we present a case study that uses data from a popular social media platform (Twitter) to detect and locate flood events in the UK. In order to improve data quality we apply a number of filters (timezone, simple text filters and a naive Bayes ‘relevance’ filter) to the data. We then use place names in the user profile and message text to infer the location of the tweets. These two steps remove most of the irrelevant tweets and yield orders of magnitude more located tweets than we have by relying on geo-tagged data. We demonstrate that high resolution social sensing of floods is feasible and we can produce high-quality historical and real-time maps of floods using Twitter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The Airwave Health Monitoring Study was established to evaluate possible health risks associated with use of TETRA, a digital communication system used by police forces and other emergency services in Great Britain since 2001. The study has been broadened to investigate more generally the health of the work force. Methods From 2004, participants from each force who agreed to participate were enrolled either with an enrolment questionnaire or a comprehensive health screening performed locally. This includes questionnaire, 7-day food diaries, anthropometry, measurements of cardiovascular and cognitive function, blood chemistry, coagulation and haematology. Blood and urine samples are stored in vapour phase liquid nitrogen allowing long-term access for biochemical or genetic analysis. Access to the resource is via an access committee and a steering committee, including external scientific advisers as well as representatives of the police officers and staff. Results By the end of 2012, the study had recruited 42,112 participants, of whom 35,199 (83.6%) had attended the health screening. Almost two thirds of participants were men and 71% of them were a TETRA user. Being in lower ranks (constable/sergeant and staff) was associated with a worse cardio-metabolic risk profile compared to higher ranks (inspector or chief inspector, superintendent and above). Conclusion The Airwave Health Monitoring Study is the only large-scale cohort study of police employees worldwide. The specificities of this sample, such as its well-defined job hierarchy, make it a particularly valuable occupational cohort. Participants have consented to the use of their data and samples for future, currently unspecified, research purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last decade has been a period of unprecedented change for university libraries. The growth in numbers of students and staff has been accompanied by the move to a digital environment. Since 2009 they have had to cope with problems caused by a decreasing budget as well. They have to meet the increased demand for content on the one hand, and have to provide new digital services on the other, while keeping closer contact with their users. Among financial restrictions and personnel cuts there is a need for continuous innovation, for giving up old routines and for inter-library cooperation. Most of academic libraries are hybrid ones, holding both printed and digital content, because part of the content for researchers and students is not available in a digital form yet. Rarely used printed materials may be provided for the readers of a group of libraries, based on co-operation agreements. In the long term, providing open access may decrease costs, however, for the time being, it costs a lot to operate repositories. It is important for libraries to show that their services are closely related to the institution's success. The essay presents examples and ideas of how British academic libraries deal with this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the use of multiple digital tools for mediating communications, drawing on two recent empirical studies in which students and researchers in UK higher education worked on collaborative activities: how different tools were used and the quality of the communications and their contributions to collaborative working and knowledge construction are outlined. We draw on Pea's proposition that communications can be understood as transmissive, ritualised or transformative depending on their impact on other participants. Most of the students' communications were either transmissive or ritualistic, although there were also generative conversations offering mutual support. Researchers' conversations were more often transformative, using tools consistently, for specific purposes. Researchers matched the tool to the specific needs of the task, whereas the students chose tools based on friendship groups and lifestyles. Transformative communications were powerful in co-configuring new knowledge and resources, and the importance of the ritual communications in maintaining the social order was also essential to communications in collaborative settings. We conclude that close attention to protocols, social norms and patterns of use in digitally mediated 'conversations' is required to develop collaborative partnerships and support transformation practices amongst higher education 'workers'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a first attempt to describe and compare the adoption of e-Infrastructure across the UK, continental Europe, and the USA in the social sciences and humanities. A survey of early adopters identified three differences across these countries, each potentially affecting adoption: funding approaches, the technical configuration of projects, and research support. Our findings also suggest that the sustainable adoption of e-Infrastructure co-varies with the role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and the involvement of other people in the adoption decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Web services (WS) are the modern response of traders and online service providers to satisfying the increasing needs and demands of the digital communities. WS formation and operation is based on a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. Security is of paramount importance to WS and the ability to measure and evaluate the level of security available is key to establishing and continuing to develop the level of trust based on reputation developed by the provider of the WS. The greatest challenge in offering secure WS is to groups of people where the level of expertise of the user is low and the need for transparency of the service provision quite high, such as the case with services offered primarily to people in rural areas. Providers of such services face many challenges in balancing the requirements for performance, interoperability, and security against the cost of implementing secure systems and running profitable operations through low income generating WS. A review of services offered, of the users and the challenges in building online trust among providers and users are discussed for the case of rural areas in the United Kingdom. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research on the risks associated with children's use of the internet often aims to inform policies of risk prevention. Yet paralleling the effort to map the nature and extent of online risk is a growing unease that the goal of risk prevention tends to support an over-protective, risk-averse culture that restricts the freedom of online exploration that society encourages for children in other spheres. It is central to adolescence that teenagers learn to anticipate and cope with risk - in short, to become resilient. In this article, we inquire into children and teenagers' responses after they have experienced online content or contact risks. Pan-European findings show that especially in Northern European countries with high internet access, parental perception of likelihood of online risk to their child is negatively associated with their perceived ability to cope. A comparison of representative surveys conducted among children in three relatively 'high risk' countries (Norway, Ireland and the United Kingdom) found that although the frequency of exposure to perceived online risks, especially content risks, is fairly high, most children adopt positive (e.g. seek help from friends) or, more commonly, neutral (e.g. ignoring the experience) strategies to cope, although a minority exacerbate the risks (e.g. passing risky content on to friends). Most strategies tend to exclude adult involvement. Significant differences in both risk and coping are found by gender and age across these countries, pointing to different styles of youthful risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the development of digital radio is a revolution in audiences' consumption of the medium led by relatively recent advances in distribution technology, it is a limited one. Yet, in the United Kingdom the impact of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) has far outstripped that elsewhere in the developed world. Behind dramatic recent growth in receiver sales and listening hours lie concerted public and private sector investment, massive falls in unit pricing and a broadening of choice through the provision of additional, as opposed to simulcast, services. DAB is not having an easy ride, though, and competition from other digital media as well as doubts about the technology mean the revolution could still falter, as the commercial sector in particular struggles to maintain its investment and new services close. A brief flirtation with mobile television, once promising instant returns on that investment, ended abruptly this year, but television may again come to the rescue. The coming year will be decisive in determining whether in the UK radio does indeed have its own digital switch-over. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a research team's experience using a virtual steering group to manage a research project. The main research project was concerned with the evaluation and development of interprofessional working among health and social care staff across primary and secondary care in the United Kingdom, with a focus on older people receiving intermediate care. Intermediate care is a service aimed at preventing unnecessary hospital admission; supporting early discharge from hospital; and reducing or delaying the need for residential care in the community. Intermediate care covers multi-agency and interprofessional working across the continuum of care. We examine one aspect—the use of a virtual steering group, which is an innovative approach aimed at facilitating user and carer participation in the research in a supportive and less intimidating way. The research team includes academics, practitioners, older people and carers, and representatives from the voluntary sector—all are equal members. The team believes it is important to actively involve clients and their carers in the development and direction of research because they can provide a unique perspective ensuring that the research addresses issues of importance to them as service users. We examine and discuss the importance of preparation, support, and training to meaningfully engage in the virtual steering group and the direction of this research. The paper concludes by making recommendations about this model of involving service users in research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC) exchanges sequence data on a daily basis across its three member organizations in the USA, UK and Japan. This paper studies how this sequence database in MySQL can best take advantage of the increased transfer bandwidth of a Grid-optimized data communication protocol. Within the context of the UK Government Project Grid-oriented Storage (GOS) and the EC Project EuroAsiaGrid, GOS File System (GOS-FS) has been developed in our lab, which melds distributed file system technology with high performance data transfer techniques to meet the needs of WAN/Grid-based virtual organizations. A real-world test shows that the INSDC sequence database backing up operation, mysqldump, over the GOS-FS protocol beats those over the classic NFS protocol by 6 times over the link between Cambridge and Tokyo. Best of all, the multi-streamed GOS-FS protocol remains fully compatible with existing IF infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Britain is almost unique in giving its incumbent public service broadcaster, the BBC, a leading role in driving digital, thereby hoping to hasten digital take-up, and thus allowing analogue switch-off by 2012. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part investigates the recent historical past with respect to the making of policy, drawing on the analytical framework of policy cycles. Why has the British government given the BBC a lead role in the move towards digital transmission, and how does this decision link and interconnect with other interweaving policy debates surrounding the BBC licence fee and Charter renewal? In a media environment, increasingly driven by commercial considerations, what are the key policy motivations for entrusting a publicly funded institution with a lead role in the digital era, and what have been the main challenges and policy dilemmas in doing this? Part two considers how the BBC has responded to government policy initiatives. What are the key building blocks of its digital strategy and just how comfortably do these sit with its public service remit? For digital means much more than just broadcasting, demanding responses to changes in the way that audiences are likely to interact with content in future. Yet, in positioning itself as a content provider, whose content will be available on demand on myriad future platforms, the Corporation is increasingly impinging on what commercial operators believe is their future route to profitability. In the light of this analysis, the paper concludes by assessing the compatibility of government policy and BBC strategy given their at times diverging aims and objectives, and what this means for the continuance of a public service ethos into the digital age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to understand how, why and what citizen-focused services local authorities might consider and deliver on digital interactive television (DiTV). In trying to make interaction with local government more joined up and easier for the citizen, digital television has been employed by around 80 local authorities in the UK to determine what is best offered via this emerging channel, how efficiencies in service delivery can be achieved and to encourage participation and democracy. Design/methodology/approach - The project was run by offering a stable, centrally-hosted, centrally-funded, multi-platform technology to local government to investigate and manage their services. Alongside just "getting involved" a large research project involving 300 homes in West London was run with accompanying qualitative and quantitative research. Findings - The evidence indicates that the public is interested in using simple transactional and informational services at this point in time, as long as they are given the "directions" to find services. There are high expectations regarding the use of a wide range of services as the medium beds in and becomes more widely available. A large percentage of citizens expect to use DiTV to contact and communicate with the local government organisations just as they use the telephone today. Research limitations/implications - The research derives from pre-structured polls conducted through closed questioning and responses from the public were therefore inevitably limited by the reference frame provided by researchers. Originality/value - This paper provides a detailed view of how citizens use DiTV and expectations of use for the future. Analysis of usage data is supplemented by a DigiTV specified research project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Parliaments, as representative institutions, serve as communication channels between the public and the process of governance. The purpose of this paper is to consider the way in which this relationship has been conceptualised and various predictions about how it might change in the age of digital interactivity. Design/methodology/approach - Findings from a survey of officials from 44 European parliamentary chambers are presented, together with findings from surveys of participants in several UK online parliamentary consultations. Findings - The survey of European parliamentary officials suggests that digital information/communication technologies are being used widely, but that there is limited use of interactive features which allow citizens to comment and deliberate on policy issues. The surveys of participants in online consultations run by the British Parliament suggest that they might increase citizens' efficacy, although this might only be a short-term effect. Research limitations/implications - The European parliamentary survey was conducted in 2003, since when some parliamentary web sites and information systems have been developed. Practical implications - The paper considers the consequences of digital interactivity for parliamentary representation, combining conceptual and empirical perspectives. Originality/value - The survey of European parliamentary officials gathered data from 44 parliamentary chambers, making it one of the most extensive European surveys of its kind. The surveys conducted before and after participants took part in UK parliamentary consultations were the first ever to explore the experience and attitudes of such a group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor quality CCTV evidence requires a witness to make an identification of the suspect. Good quality CCTV images are often left to the jury, who are unfamiliar with the face. Psychological research has demonstrated that identification procedures for both known and previously unknown suspects should be very different. A visual comparison of high quality imagery may suggest that a more reliable decision regarding identity will be made. However, studies indicate that when an assailant is unknown, identification is poor even when the image is of high quality, regardless of format. As such, research has demonstrated that recognizing or matching unfamiliar faces even in optimal conditions is an extremely error prone process. This paper examines the current legal framework for identification from imagery in the light of psychological research. Incorrect identifications may not necessarily be safeguarded against in some situations, although further research is needed to elucidate reliable identification methods for criminal prosecutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the impact of the fusion of high-speed data networks and digital video content on broadcasting in the Great Britain. The latest Ofcom figures, released on September 15, 2005, estimate that digital television penetration has reached 63 percent of households. According to Graham Lovelace, one of the authors of the IPTV report, that the pull of broadband network television will replace the push of traditional broadcast television. With new digital technologies, telephone carriers and broadband service providers will be able to offer video services in competition with traditional cable and satellite providers.

This article focuses on the role digital television is playing in increased functionality of electronic services and on its implications for communication policy in Great Britain. Digital broadcasting delivers a range of new applications, including interactive services and online connectivity, to the home. Currently, there is a rapid development in fields of digital broadcasting and e-governance. There has been an agreement among media scholars that, in order to foster participation in common life, and in the interests of avoiding social exclusion, a broadcasting system should offer audiences shared and adequate access to a diverse and well-balanced menu of services that reflect, and provide for, the information and communication needs of society. The paradigm of Western European inheritance of public service broadcasting as regulated, free-to-air provision of generalist programme schedules has been conditioned by technology. Analogue transmission limited the effective spectrum, restricting terrestrial television carriage to a small number of channels. In September 1999 the British government announced its intention to terminate all analogue broadcast transmissions and switch over to an all-digital communications environment by the year 2010. In December 2001 the Digital Television Action Plan was launched selling out a series of actions to promote the take-up of digital television and ensure the switch-over to digital television is implemented by 2010.

Focuses on the deployment of asynchronous digital subscriber line 2 (ADSL2) broadband connectivity standard in Great Britain. Data rates supported by ADSL2 2; Advantages of ADSL2; Bandwidth provided by ADSL2 to users for upstream-intensive services.

Focuses on the operating systems of mobile phones in Great Britain. Integration of pocket computers into advanced mobile phones; Characteristics that make mobile phones unique and result in the need for a specifically designed operating system; Diversity of mobile phones that can be created with Symbian Operating Systems.

Recent years have seen a frenetic public debate in Great Britain concerning the desirability, feasibility and timing of the introduction of digital television. The debate has occurred in the context of impending convergence between television, computer and telecommunications technologies, auguring radical changes in the media ecology, and the numerous uncertainties - economic, technological, regulatory and cultural - that accompany such shifts. Some writers, observing these unstable conditions, argue that public service broadcasting (PSB) faces new threats. Others argue that PSB bears new responsibilities. Little empirical light has been shed on how the public service broadcasters are responding to digitalization and convergence. This article, based on recent research, analyses the response of one of Great Britain's two main public service broadcasters, Channel Four. By late 2001 about 35 percent of British households had one of the three available platforms, and of digital households 65 percent had subscribed to Sky's digital satellite service, the dominant platform.

Examines the digital radio market in Great Britain. Factors that hinder the acceptance of digital radio; Promotion of digital radio; Licenses awarded to broadcasters.

The author describes the extent to which digital television has penetrated the UK, claimed to be Europe's leading digital television market. He argues that digitalisation of television is driven by two high level Government objectives, efficiency in radio spectrum use and promotion of online connectivity. Reference to survey research suggests considerable delay in achieving the Government's target of digital switchover by 2010. The author considers the role of the BBC, the Government's principal instrument for achieving its digital policies, and argues that there is evidence to suggest the effect of the BBC's digital services is to reduce competition and diversity. This argument is supported by data drawn from interviews with executives of competing digital channels. The author concludes by considering the likely effect of the Government's Draft Communications Bill 2002 on the digital television market and the BBC in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses characteristics of interactive digital media and explores the challenges faced by the 'Digital Synergies' program in Great Britain. Overview of the program; Necessity for a Content Management System in the media production process; Views on the gap between theory and practice of the program; Outlook for multi-platform production process.

• Algorithms affect practices of reading and writing as well as broader patterns of language use, communication and consumption. • This paper describes a participatory project, in which university students explored their 'folk beliefs' about algorithms. • The participants articulated six metaphors through which they and their classmates understand how algorithms work • Engaging learners in 'folk beliefs' about algorithms can contribute to critical online reading practices. Most accounts of the way digital technologies have changed practices of reading and writing have focused on surface aspects of digital texts (such as hypertextuality, multimodality and the development of new registers). There are, however, less visible aspects of digital communication environments that have had an equally profound effect on reading and writing – namely the algorithms that lie behind texts that monitor the actions of readers and writers and alter the form and content of the texts they are exposed to. Algorithms have the potential to affect not just local communication practices, but also broader social practices, as they work to encourage and reinforce patterns of language use, communication and consumption. This paper describes the results of a two-year long participatory project, in which university students in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom explored the communication and inference forming practices they engage in when interacting with algorithms. The participants articulated six primary metaphors through which they and their classmates understand how algorithms work: (1) Algorithm as agent; (2) Algorithm as authority; (3) Algorithm as adversary; (4) Algorithm as communicative resource; (5) Algorithm as audience; and (6) Algorithm as oracle. Engaging learners in articulating the 'folk beliefs' that govern people's interaction with algorithms, it is argued, can contribute to the development of the kinds of digital literacies they will need to better understand the ways algorithms affect the kinds of information they are exposed to, the kinds of inferences they form about this information, and the ways their own acts of reading and writing can be used by algorithms to manipulate them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on how the introduction of digital television has changed media and communications policy, with emphasis on the United Kingdom. Why the introduction of digital television in the UK is unique; Benefits of digital communication; Challenges which the convergence of telecommunications pose for a regulatory regime.

Abstract: The final Digital Britain report was published in June as to set out the Government''s final proposals and updating an interim version that has been published in January this year. This article builds upon an earlier article in [2009] 25 CLSR 263, which analysed the interim report in depth. The intention is not to repeat that earlier analysis, but rather update it and draw the reader''s attention to those key areas of change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the author's views about the impacts that online (digital) communications and opinions involving social media are having on the transformation of medical care in Great Britain as of 2017, and it mentions the British Care Opinion Ltd. non-profit organization which built an Internet-based platform which allows individuals to share their experiences with health and care services. The health care-related attitudes of patients are assessed.

The article focuses on the digital logic operations of small-scale superconducting devices in Great Britain. In a superconductor, current is carried by electron pairs that are all described by a single wave function with a coherent phase. Receiver systems for radar and cellular phone networks are examples of the digital applications of the devices. Devices fabricated entirely from high-temperature superconductors can be made by creating neighboring regions in a film where the a and b axes are rotated, without recourse. The analog and digital applications of small-scale superconducting devices, and understanding how it work provides insight into some basic quantum-mechanical principles.

The article reports on the possible interplay between computer games, television and films in Great Britain. The first steps towards convergence have begun with the introduction of digital television. Cost however will be an issue in the said convergence. More and more people are beginning to believe that the risks are worth taking.

Presents briefs regarding various scientific issues. Prediction for a rise of carbon dioxide levels in the United Kingdom as a result of the conversion to digital television among residents; Decrease in the winter exploration season in Alaska's North Slope region from 200 to 100 days in the last three decades; Consideration of how fossil fuels make up four-fifths of the global energy supply; Others.