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In this paper, it is argued that the industrial revolution in eighteenth century Great Britain had its origins in the arrival of 100,000–140,000 Protestant refugees in England and Ireland in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Specifically, it is argued that their arrival prompted both Schmooklerian pull and push factors. The pull factor was the thousands of refugee merchants and ship owners/captains to England and Ireland resulting in the creation of the Protestant International (1550-1750). This increased the demand for tradables which in turn spurred invention and innovation among refugees (push factor) and their descendants as well as in the local population. These factors were self-reinforcing, leading in time to the industrial revolution. The result is a novel account of the origins of the industrial revolution, one that is consistent with competing explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advance care planning (ACP) as a process of discussing and recording wishes for future care and treatment is increasingly being promoted and discussed in the UK, reflecting recent changes in legislation. This study describes current ACP practice in care homes for older people drawing on data from a questionnaire survey (n = 213) of, and interviews (n = 15) with, care home managers. Whilst consultation about general care is taking place in the majority of homes surveyed using both formal and informal processes, the number of residents that have completed any ACP processes varies. Managers face intrinsic and extrinsic challenges related to the ascertaining of, and the implementing of wishes as they address ACP in the care home context. Until these wider contextual factors are addressed it will be difficult for staff in care homes to effectively undertake and implement ACP in care homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Re-examines impact of gold standard on foreign trade in Great Britain. Factors affecting export performance of the country; Theories on deterioration of foreign trade; Comparison on industrial power production and consumption in several countries; Role of purchasing power parity in resuming gold standard.

Explores the issues related to the development of courseware in tertiary accounting and business in Great Britain. Problems associated with accounting and business; Focus of the BITE project on the issue; Models of courseware development.

The recent establishment of the ???20 million Teaching and Learning Technology Programme by the Universities' Funding Council in the UK provides one of the largest boosts for IT and education since PLATO (in the USA) and NDPCAL (in the UK). This note describes the BITE project which is part of the above programme and highlights some of the problems that have affected both the development and evaluation of accounting courseware in the past. By using a strong interdisciplinary team of software, educational and subject specialists, the project hopes to overcome some or all of these problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the effect of electronic data interchange (EDI) on small companies in Great Britain. A questionnaire survey was used primarily to make initial contact with small businesses using EDI and also to collect background statistical data on the firms. The questionnaire was divided into the following sections: company background, computer experience, EDI experience, impact of EDI, respondent's background, comments on the questionnaire, and an invitation to participate in the research. The eight companies in the study were all small in size. Administrative staff were generally overloaded, and in most cases had to carry out more than one function. Generally, there was little change in staff levels or organizational structures following the implementation of EDI. A universal problem almost all EDI followers had on EDI implementation was how to adapt their internal systems to fit the different EDI requirements of different customers. Three companies had provided links, but not full integration, between EDI and their internal systems: Steel Shelves Manufacturer, Conservation Equipment Manufacturer, and Office Equipment Supplier.

Background: Healthcare workers are susceptible to burnout owing to the demanding nature of their profession. The sequela of this is an increased incidence of medical errors and decreased job satisfaction., Aims: This study aimed to assess the degree of burnout among physicians of different grades and specialties in a major trauma centre., Methods: This study was performed in a UK tertiary trauma centre (Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals) in which 165 doctors from four medical specialties working with acute admissions were given the Copenhagen burnout inventory questionnaire via email and responses were received anonymously. Mean scores were calculated, and a two-tailed P test was performed to assess for statistically significant difference between patient- and work-related factors., Results: The response rate was 77.57% (n = 165). General surgeons had the highest total burnout mean score of 50.00 with an SD of 12.78 followed by emergency medicine, acute medicine and finally orthopaedics. Junior doctors had an overall score of 53.42 with a standard deviation of 5.21, followed by consultants and registrars. The total burnout scores showed that 7.0% (n = 9) had low burnout scores while 56.3% (n = 72) had moderate burnout and 36.7% (n = 47) had high burnout scores. A two-tailed P test revealed a statistically significant difference between the work-related and patient-related subscales (P < 0.0001)., Conclusions: Ninety-three percent of responders demonstrated either moderate or high levels of burnout in this study. Work-related factors appeared to contribute more to occurrence of burnout rather than the patient-related or doctor-patient interactions.