Search

Experts in different fields have claimed that the UK has experienced a process of growing economic inequality since the 1970s. Following Fairclough's dialectal-relational approach, this paper presents a detailed, systematic analysis of the representation of homeless people and homelessness in "The Guardian" and "Daily Mail" from 2000 to 2018, in order to explore how these have been discursively represented over time. Therefore, our study addresses two specific research questions: How have homelessness and homeless people been represented in the UK press? Are there any discoursal changes in representation with the passing of time? The analysis, which has employed mostly qualitative but also quantitative (statistical) methods drawing on corpus-assisted discourse analysis, is informed by the theory of TRANSITIVITY within Systemic Functional Linguistics. Results indicate that, within an overall negative representation of homeless people and homelessness in this period, there have been some significant discoursal changes over time. As such, this paper contributes to critical discourse studies and transitivity research on a relevant social problem, that of growing economic inequality in the UK.

This research focuses on how members of the UK Parliament engaged with evidence in relation to the policy decision leading to the Selective Schools Expansion Fund, a policy designed to enable the existing 163 English grammar schools to apply for additional funds to expand their intake. Although a small case study, the narrow focus provides a fertile setting for analysis of the relationship between research evidence, parliamentary debates and policy decisions. The article provides contextual background in relation to the dominant political parties' (Conservative and Labour) education policy manifesto statements and a discussion on the nature and understanding of evidence. Particular attention is given to how evidence can be used to support claims and the importance of justified warrants. Using NVivo software, we identified the thematic content of 11 parliamentary debates and analysed the findings using descriptive statistics, which we tested with a playful, carnivalesque extrapolation of the data. Argumentative analysis shows that within the debates a number of rhetorical tools are used to avoid empirical evidence, including the deployment of a 'moral sidestep' which discourse analysis reveals in this case to be the repeated communication that grammar schools are 'good'. In this way, Ofsted ratings are conflated with moral goodness, leading to a disproportionate diversion of school funding in their favour. This case study exposes strengths and weaknesses of parliamentary debate, which might be relevant to educational researchers who focus on evidence-based policy and to the policy makers and other stakeholders who engage with the evidence such researchers offer.

A detailed analysis of "Hansard" transcripts was undertaken to explore the dialogue used in parliamentary debates and committee meetings where reference was made to grammar schools between October 2015 to March 2019. During this period, the first new grammar school for fifty years had been approved, along with the establishment of the £50 million selective school expansion fund. Detailed qualitative analysis highlighted the widely disproportionate use of the term 'good' in relation to grammar schools. It is argued that 'good' instead of 'outstanding' or 'excellent' is chosen in relation to grammar schools as 'good' has moral overtones that go beyond reported educational standards. Proportionately, the number of comprehensive schools rated good or outstanding would need to be referred to in conjunction with 'good' 6698 times, not the forty-nine times this actually happened. Campaigners for comprehensive education need to reclaim the discourse of 'goodness' for all schools.

This article addresses the performance of labour in participatory arts projects and considers the implications of such activity on perceptions of the unemployed in the UK. Utilising a combination of biopolitical and necropolitical understandings of governance and drawing on two examples of theatre practice, Tangled Feet's "One Million" (2013) and Helix Arts' "MindFULL" (2013), I propose that participatory performance deploys bodily strategies to disrupt the construction of the unemployed in political rhetoric. As such, in a context of austerity, I argue this arts practice can function to support the agency of participants in challenging policy and seeking to re-establish the status of subjecthood to their precarious bodies. Additionally, I posit that specificities of the unemployed as a participant group illuminate broader complexities around value exchange within participatory arts practice.

There has been recent criticism of the lack of care in the UK economy, especially during the COVID‐19 pandemic, which has exacerbated inequality and disadvantage faced by those most vulnerable in society. This article focuses on the importance of care in the practices of Clean Break—an internationally recognized theater, education, and advocacy organization that puts the stories of women with experience of the criminal justice system center stage. Drawing centrally on the work of Joan Tronto and Berenice Fisher, we argue that Clean Break's pandemic activities, that is in crisis, have a deep connection to the central place of care within its practices since its inception. We extend the care ethic concept to specifically include art as a form of care. Using textual analysis of the play, Shower Scene, developed in the Clean Break 2 Metres Apart pandemic‐response program, we argue that Clean Break offers an example of what care can and does entail in practice, with positive impacts for its stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift is the property of Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brighton People's Theatre and Slung Low are at the forefront of the contemporary people's theatre movement in the United Kingdom. I examine these companies and the broader utility of a people's theatre, historically concerned with working class representation and/or performances of civic unity, in the context of economic austerity and inequality. I assert that ideologies and practices of people's theatres have the capacity to generate networks of solidarity and realise resilience as a mode of care and resistance. I explore how these practices directly intervene in urban governance reaffirming the potential of community-led economic, cultural, and social practices of resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Twenty four-hour postural care that includes the use of night-time positioning equipment (NTPE) is being increasingly recommended. However, because most of the published studies focus on children, there is a lack of evidence on the use of NTPE in adults. Aim: The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effect of NTPE use in UK care home residents with complex health conditions and postural asymmetry. Methods: Ten care home residents trialled NTPE over a 12-week period. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected before and after each trial using standardised assessment tools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants and relatives after each trial. Staff's views were elicited via two focus groups at the end of the study. Results: There were notable benefits of NTPE use in terms of participants' pain levels, sleep quality, risk of pressure ulcers, risk of choking, and weight. There was also evidence of improvements in participants' function, ability to undertake activities of daily living and quality of life. However, some equipment was abandoned during the trials because participants found it too hot or restrictive. Conclusion: This pilot study increases the evidence base for a personalised approach to 24-hour postural care that can support older people's health and well-being. Further empirical studies are required to determine how NTPE can be used to improve older people's quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses how applied performance interventions might destabilise rigid distinctions of value attributed to paid and unpaid labour and reconstitute notions of work in socially constructive ways. Topics covered include the work of women-only feminist organisation in Great Britain, Clean Break Theatre Company; how the contemporary British welfare system continues to gender citizens; and how Clean Break's "Spent" can be understood as socially reproductive.

A large body of literature has shown marked differences in the average levels of resources and child well-being across different family structures. Studies have examined cognitive, educational and behavioural outcomes; less is known about differentials in physical health, and about dynamics in early childhood. Furthermore, up to the present time, less emphasis has been placed on describing the underlying mechanisms relating childhood experiences of family structure to health. In this paper, we hypothesize that socio-economic characteristics and family structure trajectories will affect every-day, more proximal processes (material, behavioural and family stress pathways) directly experienced by the child, which will in turn affect child health. Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative cohort of over 19 000 children born in 2001 and living in the UK shortly thereafter, we employ Graphical Chain Models to map the processes linking family structure trajectories to three physical health outcomes at age 5: overweight/obesity, respiratory health, and accidental injury. We construct family trajectories to highlight two components: status (distinguishing between married, cohabiting and single parents), and (in)stability. We show that both status, the (in)stability of that status, and their interplay, are important components of family structure trajectories which correlate to children's early physical health. Analyses highlight the relative importance of distinct pathways across different health outcomes. As well as some outcome-specific paths, we find that "family stress" variables appeared to underscore the relationship between family structure and child physical health, pointing to the importance of such variables in understanding how family structure relates to early child health. • Family structure trajectories are correlated to early child physical health. • Both status (married, cohabiting, single) and instability were important features. • We know little about the mechanisms relating family structure to early child health. • Family stress appeared to be an important mechanisms across all family trajectories. • Housing quality was important for cohabitors; daily routines for separating parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate interventions for assisting transnational social workers (TSWs), nurses and teachers in their transition into the receiving country are significant for enabling competent and safe professional practice. These professionals form a significant part of the professional workforce of many countries as globalisation and liberal migration policies encourage many to cross borders for professional practice. Engaging in employment overseas, however, is a challenging process for them as it entails relocating to a new country and working in unfamiliar sociocultural and practice contexts. While some form of profession-wide assistance is found in nursing and teaching, social workers rarely receive any such interventions. This article discusses existing support offered to transnational nurses and teachers in English-speaking countries such as the UK, US, New Zealand, Australia and Canada and suggests how a similar approach to social workers can assist their transitioning into the receiving country. It draws on the findings of a thematic review of the literature addressing support for transnational nurses, teachers and social workers. The imperative of interventions to assist transition of TSWs into host countries is explored and the article concludes with recommendations for some intervention strategies and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthelmintic resistance is a major problem for the control of parasitic nematodes of livestock and of growing concern for human parasite control. However, there is little understanding of how resistance arises and spreads or of the "genetic signature" of selection for this group of important pathogens. We have investigated these questions in the system for which anthelmintic resistance is most advanced; benzimidazole resistance in the sheep parasites Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta. Population genetic analysis with neutral microsatellite markers reveals that T. circumcincta has higher genetic diversity but lower genetic differentiation between farms than H. contortus in the UK. We propose that this is due to epidemiological differences between the two parasites resulting in greater seasonal bottlenecking of H. contortus. There is a remarkably high level of resistance haplotype diversity in both parasites compared with drug resistance studies in other eukaryotic systems. Our analysis suggests a minimum of four independent origins of resistance mutations on just seven farms for H. contortus, and even more for T. circumincta. Both hard and soft selective sweeps have occurred with striking differences between individual farms. The sweeps are generally softer for T. circumcincta than H. contortus, consistent with its higher level of genetic diversity and consequent greater availability of new mutations. We propose a model in which multiple independent resistance mutations recurrently arise and spread by migration to explain the widespread occurrence of resistance in these parasites. Finally, in spite of the complex haplotypic diversity, we show that selection can be detected at the target locus using simple measures of genetic diversity and departures from neutrality. This work has important implications for the application of genome-wide approaches to identify new anthelmintic resistance loci and the likelihood of anthelmintic resistance emerging as selection pressure is increased in human soil-transmitted nematodes by community wide treatment programs. Author Summary: Parasitic nematodes (roundworms) are major causes of disease in both domestic animals and humans. Strategic treatments with anthelmintic drugs have been used to control livestock parasites for several decades resulting in widespread drug resistance. Drug treatments have, until recently, been applied at a relatively low level to control human parasites. However, in recent years community wide treatment programs have been massively increased for the 1–2 billion people infected with roundworms. Hence, for both human and animal health, there is an urgent need to understand how resistance emerges and spreads and how we can detect resistance mutations in this important group of pathogens. In this study, we investigated how drug resistance mutations appear and spread in the two livestock parasites for which resistance is most widespread. We have found that resistance appears repeatedly and frequently in parasite populations, and propose a model to explain the high capacity of these pathogens to develop drug resistance. Our work suggests that anthelmintic resistance is likely to occur when repeated drug treatment is relied upon to control this group of pathogens. Our results also suggest that resistance mutations should be detectable when modern genome-wide approaches are used to scan the genomes of resistant parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on intimate partner violence's (IPV) screening in a London, England, HIV clinic and characteristics of those screening positive. Topics discussed include demographics of 348 screened patients, high lifetime risk for IPV and warrant in HIV patients and finding evidence of differences when comparing men who screened positive for IPV according to risk group.

Background. The assessment of intervention integrity is essential in psychotherapeutic intervention outcome research and psychotherapist training. There has been little attention given to it in mindfulness-based interventions research, training programs, and practice. Aims. To address this, the Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Teaching Assessment Criteria (MBI:TAC) was developed. This article describes the MBI:TAC and its development and presents initial data on reliability and validity. Method. Sixteen assessors from three centers evaluated teaching integrity of 43 teachers using the MBI:TAC. Results. Internal consistency (α = .94) and interrater reliability (overall intraclass correlation coefficient = .81; range = .60-.81) were high. Face and content validity were established through the MBI:TAC development process. Data on construct validity were acceptable. Conclusions. Initial data indicate that the MBI:TAC is a reliable and valid tool. It can be used in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction/Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy outcome evaluation research, training and pragmatic practice settings, and in research to assess the impact of teaching integrity on participant outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Background The objective of this study was to establish the direction of causality in the relationship between labour market status and psychological well-being by investigating how transitions between secure employment, insecure employment, unemployment, permanent sickness and other economic inactivity predict changes in psychological well-being over a 16-year period. Method This study used data from the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2007). Psychological well-being was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Fixed effects models were utilised to investigate how transitions between labour market statuses predicted GHQ-12 score, adjusting for current labour market status and a range of covariates. Results After taking account of the contemporaneous effects of joblessness on psychological well-being, and the impact of a range of confounding factors, experiencing a transition from employment to joblessness was significantly predictive of poorer psychological well-being. Transitions into employment were not found to have equal and opposite effects: the positive effects of moving into work from unemployment were not as large as the negative effects of job loss. Transitions between secure and insecure employment did not independently predict changes in psychological wellbeing. Conclusions A causal relationship between labour market status and psychological well-being is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the association between breast feeding and intergenerational social mobility and the possible mediating role of neurological and stress mechanisms. Design Secondary analysis of data from the 1958 and the 1970 British Cohort Studies. Setting Longitudinal study of individuals born in Britain during 1 week in 1958 and 1970. Participants 17 419 individuals participated in the 1958 cohort and 16 771 in the 1970 cohort. The effect of breast feeding on intergenerational social mobility from age 10/11 to age 33/34 was analysed after multiple imputations to fill in missing data and propensity score matching on a wide range of confounders measured in childhood (1958 cohort N=16 039-16 154; 1970 cohort N=16 255-16 361). Main outcome measures Own Registrar General's Social Class (RGSC) at 33/34 years adjusted for father's RGSC at 10/11 years, gender and their interaction. Results Breastfed individuals were more likely to be upwardly mobile (1958 cohort: OR 1.24 95% CI 1.12 to 1.38; 1970 cohort: OR 1.24 95% CI 1.12 to 1.37) and less likely to be downwardly mobile (1958 cohort: OR 0.81 95% CI 0.73 to 0.90; 1970 cohort: OR 0.79 95% CI 0.71 to 0.88). In an ordinal regression model, markers of neurological development (cognitive test scores) and stress (emotional stress scores) accounted for approximately 36% of the relationship between breast feeding and social mobility. Conclusions Breast feeding increased the odds of upward social mobility and decreased the odds of downward mobility. Consistent with a causal explanation, the findings were robust to matching on a large number of observable variables and effect sizes were alike for two cohorts with different social distributions of breast feeding. The effect was mediated in part through neurological and stress mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To analyse whether Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) are associated with an increased risk of cancer. Methods: The National child development study (NCDS) is a prospective birth cohort study with data collected over 50 years. The NCDS included all live births during one week in 1958 (n = 18558) in Great Britain. Self-reported cancer incidence was based on 444 participants reporting having had cancer at some point and 5694 reporting never having cancer. ACE was measured using reports of: 1) child in care, 2) physical neglect, 3) child's or family's contact with the prison service, 4) parental separation due to divorce, death or other, 5) family experience of mental illness & 6) family experience of substance abuse. The resulting variable had three categories, no ACEs/ one ACE/ 2 + ACEs and was used to test for a relationship with cancer. Information on socioeconomic characteristics, pregnancy and birth were extracted as potential confounders. Information on adult health behaviours, socioeconomic environment, psychological state and age at first pregnancy were added to the models. Multivariate models were run using multiply-imputed data to account for missing data in the cohort. Results: The odds of having a cancer before 50 y among women increased twofold for those who had 2+ ACEs versus those with no ACEs, after adjusting for adult factors and early life confounders (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.42-3.21, p < 0.001). Conclusion: These findings suggest that cancer risk may be influenced by exposure to stressful conditions and events early on in life. This is potentially important in furthering our understanding of cancer aetiology, and consequently in redirecting scientific research and developing appropriate prevention policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers insights into the intricacies of black leadership development. It explores the personal and professional development of ‘self’ in relation to black leadership within white British social, educational and employment contexts. It provides illustrations of self discovery to support black leaders operating closer to who they are. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: Samples of brain and other tissues were collected from 99 ferrets (Mustela furo), 83 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 70 European polecats (Mustela putorius), 65 American mink (Neovison vison), 64 Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and 9 stoats (Mustela erminea), from around Great Britain. DNA was extracted from approximately 1g of tissue and tested by specific nested ITS1 PCR for Neospora caninum. The results from the PCR demonstrated that Neospora specific DNA was detected in all species of wild carnivorans with the exception of the stoats (0/9). Neospora DNA positive samples were detected in: polecats 18.6% (13/70), badgers 10.9% (7/64), ferrets 10.1% (10/99), foxes 4.8% (4/83) and mink 4.6% (3/65). In the badgers N. caninum DNA positive samples were found in brain (n =2), liver (n =2) and neck muscle (n =3). Selected positive ITS1 DNA sequences were submitted to Genbank. Sequence UKwildlife1 (accession number JX857862) was found in two badgers, whilst UKwildlife2 and UKwildlife3 (accession numbers JX857863 and JX857864 respectively) were found in ferrets, all three sequences demonstrated point mutations at a single base, while sequence UKwildlife4 (accession number JX857865) was found in all the species that tested positive and showed complete identity when compared against published reference sequences for: N. caninum (Nc Liverpool isolate, EU564166). Our data shows that almost all the wild carnivoran mammal species tested are intermediate hosts for N. caninum and are therefore capable of acting as reservoirs of infection for other species. These species could also act as useful sentinel species, demonstrating the presence of the parasite in particular geographical and environmental locations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: People with larger social networks are known to have better well-being; however, little is known about (1) the association with socio-demographic factors that may predict the size and composition of social networks and (2) whether the association with well-being is independent of pre-existing psychological health or socio-demographic factors. Methods: The authors used information collected from 3169 men and 3512 women who were born in Great Britain in 1958. First, age on leaving full-time education, partnership and employment status at age 42 were used to predict the size and composition of cohort members' social networks at age 45 using ordered logistic regression. Second, using multiple linear regression, the associations between social network size by composition (relatives and friends) and psychological well-being at age 50 were assessed, adjusting for socio-demographic factors and psychological health at age 42. Results: Not having a partner and staying in full-time education after age 16 was associated with a smaller kinship network in adults. Having a smaller friendship network at age 45 was associated with poorer psychological well-being among adults at age 50, over and above socio-demographic factors and previous psychological health. Additionally, having a smaller kinship network was associated with poorer psychological well-being among men. Conclusions: Having a well-integrated friendship network is a source of psychological well-being among middle-aged adults, while kinship networks appear to be more important for men's well-being than for women's. These relationships are independent of education, material status and prior psychological health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A survey of sheep farms from across the UK was conducted to establish information on farming practices, the trichostrongylid nematode species present and anthelmintic usage. Questionnaires and faecal samples were returned from 118 farms. First stage larvae (L1) were cultured from faecal samples and used for PCR analysis to determine the presence/absence of selected trichostrongylid species. Teladorsagia circumcincta was the only species present on 100% of farms. Haemonchus contortus was found on ∼50% of farms and was widespread throughout the UK. The most common Trichostrongylus spp. was T. vitrinus, found on 95% of farms. Determining the anthelmintic dose rate based on the weight of the heaviest animal in the flock to avoid under dosing was carried out on 58% of farms and was associated with a significantly lower mean epg (p <0.001) in lambs. However, the weight of animals was only estimated (as opposed to animals weighed) on 32% of farms. Macrocyclic lactones (ML) were the most commonly used anthelmintic class for ewes, whilst benzimidazoles (BZ) were the most widely used in lambs. Twenty-two of the surveyed farms had confirmed anthelmintic resistance, of these, 18 had BZ resistance, one had levamisole (LEV) resistance and 3 had resistance to both BZ and LEV. No farms in this survey reported resistance to ML. Location had a significant effect on the incidence of anthelmintic resistance on the farms in this survey (p =0.002). There was evidence of a lower risk of anthelmintic resistance occurring on farms from Scotland compared to those in England (p f =0.047) and Wales (p f =0.012). Farm type, flock type and open or closed status did not have any significant effect on the incidence of anthelmintic resistance when all other factors were taken into consideration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Little is known about whether the positive effect of breastfeeding on child health extends to adult psychological adjustment. We hypothesized that breastfed babies would have higher psychological well-being in adulthood in relation to the pathway of childhood psychosocial adjustment. Methods: We used the available cases with normal birthweight from the National Child Development Study (NCDS, N = 7304, born in 1958) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70, N = 6205, born in 1970). Childhood psychosocial adjustment was assessed by the child's teacher, using the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides for the NCDS and the Rutter Behaviour Scale for the BCS70. Adult psychological well-being was defined in terms of measures of emotional distress and self-efficacy. In this study, we controlled the effects of socio-demographic factors at birth: maternal age and educational status, two-parenthood and being a first-born child. We used path analysis to test life-course pathways between breastfeeding and adult psychological well-being independent of socio-demographic factors at birth and the role childhood psychosocial adjustment. Results: After accounting for the effects of the socio-demographic factors at birth, being breastfed indirectly contributed to adult psychological well-being among women through the pathway from childhood psychosocial adjustment. Moreover, this was directly associated with better psychological well-being in adulthood among women from the BCS70. Being breastfed was not associated with psychological outcomes amongst men in either cohort. Conclusions: Being breastfed contributed to psychological outcomes in women, especially from the later born cohort. Our findings suggest that being breastfed can be important for women's psychological well-being throughout the lifecourse. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: The inhibition of Teladorsagia and other nematode genera at the early fourth-stage is a biological process that allows the parasites to survive in their host in a dormant state when prevailing conditions may otherwise kill them or prevent their progeny from surviving in the external environment. A study was conducted in Scotland to evaluate the efficacy of monepantel, an amino-acetonitrile derivative, against natural infections of inhibited fourth-stage Teladorsagia spp. larvae. At necropsy it was determined that the untreated control sheep were additionally infected with developing fourth-stage Teladorsagia spp. larvae and this is the first published evidence on the efficacy of monepantel against natural infections of this parasite and stage. The study sheep, which had grazed on naturally contaminated pastures since birth, were transferred to indoor housing after a subset of animals was examined to confirm the presence of inhibited larvae within the study population prior to the experiment. After 14 days of housing, monepantel was orally administered at 2.5mg/kg to half of the animals. The sheep were necropsied seven days later and their parasite burdens recovered for the determination of efficacy, which was 99.7% for the inhibited stages and 99.3% for the developing fourth-stages. In conclusion, monepantel dosed orally at 2.5mg/kg is a highly effective treatment against naturally acquired infections of inhibited and developing fourth-stage larvae of Teladorsagia spp. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Data from the 1958 National Child Development Study (1958–2004) were used in a prospective study of the relation of financial adversity in childhood to lung function in midlife. It was hypothesized that such a relation would be found and would be mediated partly by early housing deprivation, partly by continuities in social disadvantage, and partly by smoking. These hypotheses were confirmed. The mediating variables explained nearly two-thirds of the observed relation. The strongest individual pathway from early financial hardship to adult lung function was through poor housing in childhood. Poor housing increased the risk of educational failure, which in turn was strongly related to less-advantaged social class. Lack of educational qualifications and less-advantaged social class independently increased the risk of higher levels of smoking. Mediating variables therefore acted in part as indicators of environmental exposures and in part through their links to adult smoking. Early financial adversity is associated with adult lung function partly through poor housing and partly through pathways involving continuities in social disadvantage and the associated environmental exposures and behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Childhood socio-economic position (SEP) is associated with adult smoking status. Previous studies have investigated mediation by educational attainment. The aim of this study is to examine whether childhood psychosocial factors (cognitive ability, psychosocial adjustment and parental involvement) are important in the association between childhood SEP and adult smoking status over and above educational attainment in a large prospective birth cohort study. Methods: Data on 7709 participants from the National Child Development Study birth cohort from Great Britain were used in this study. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the associations of childhood SEP and childhood psychosocial factors with adult smoking status, both bivariate and mutually adjusted, and then additionally adjusted for confounders and participant’s educational attainment. Analyses were conducted separately for men and women. Results: Childhood SEP is an important determinant of adult smoking status, even after adjustment for childhood psychosocial factors and educational attainment. Parental involvement, cognitive ability and psychosocial adjustment were all associated with adult smoking status for both men and women. Also parental involvement for men, and both parental involvement and psychosocial adjustment for women, remain important determinants of adult smoking status over and above childhood SEP, other childhood psychosocial factors and educational attainment. Conclusions: These findings add to the evidence base that childhood disadvantage is associated with adult smoking behaviours and highlights the importance of the early childhood social environment for the development of these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background In recent decades, labour market participation has fallen in men, with large amounts of this decline accounted for by increases in permanent sickness. There is speculation that the rising numbers of permanently sick incorporate more people with less severe conditions than was previously the case. This paper examines the relationship between labour market position and subsequent mortality around State Pension Age. Methods Using linked census and death records in the ONS Longitudinal Study, samples of men aged 55-69 and women aged 50-64 were selected from each decennial census, 1971-2001 and their health followed up. Differences between the employed, unemployed and economically inactive in age-specific death rates, Standardised Mortality Ratios and odds of reporting limiting long-term illness were examined. Results Labour market activity in late middle age has changed since 1971. For example, the proportion of men employed at ages 60-64 years has fallen by 39%, and the proportion permanently sick has more than doubled. Despite this change, there has been stability in the RR of mortality between labour market positions. Working people have the lowest risk of premature death, while, relative to working people, the permanently sick continue to have mortalities around three times higher among men and four to five times higher among women. Conclusion The evidence does not support the notion that the permanently sick are becoming less seriously ill. The persistence of the group's raised mortality suggests that measures aimed at encouraging later life employment should ensure provision of work environments suitable for people with chronic illnesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. We reviewed literature on comparative social policy and life course research and compared associations between health and socioeconomic circumstances during an 11-year period in the United States and the United Kingdom. Methods. We obtained data from the US Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the British Household Panel Survey (1990-2002). We used latent transition analysis to examine change in self-rated health from one discrete state to another; these health trajectories were then associated with socioeconomic measures at the beginning and at the end of the study period. Results. We identified good and poor latent health states, which remained relatively stable over time. When change occurred, decline rather than improvement was more likely. UK populations were in better health compared with US populations and were more likely to improve over time. Labor market participation was more strongly associated with good health in the United Kingdom than in the United States. Conclusions. National policies and practices may be keeping more US workers than UK workers who are in poor health employed, but British policies may give UK workers the chance to return to better health and to the labor force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study are used to investigate the effect of mobility between occupationally defined social classes between 1991 and 2001 on health inequality in men and women. Logistic regression models related movement into more or less advantaged employment conditions to limiting long-term illness in 2001, controlling for social class in 1991 and 2001. When class in 1991 was controlled (‘class of origin’) those who moved into more advantaged social classes were least likely and those moving into less advantaged classes most likely to report a limiting illness. However, when social class in 2001 (‘class of destination’) was controlled, those moving from less to more advantaged positions were most likely to report limiting illness. The same patterns were seen in women. This means that social mobility did not increase the extent of health inequality over the time period that was observed, but rather served to constrain or dilute it. The results are interpreted in terms of an accumulation model of health inequality, and the policy implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study how social inequalities change as people age, this paper presents a growth curve model of self assessed health, which accommodates changes in occupational class and individual health with age. Design: Nationally representative interview based longitudinal survey of adults in Great Britain. Setting: Representative members of private households of Great Britain in 1991. Participants: Survey respondents (n=6705), aged 21-59 years in 1991 and followed up annually until 2001. Main outcome measure: Self assessed health. Results: On average, self assessed health declines slowly from early adulthood to retirement age. No significant class differences in health were observed at age 21. Health inequalities emerged later in life with the gap between mean levels of self assessed health of those in managerial and professional occupations and routine occupations widening approaching retirement. Individual variability in health trajectories increased between ages 40 and 59 years so that this widening of mean differences between occupational classes was not significant. When the analysis is confined to people whose occupational class remained constant over time, a far greater difference in health trajectories between occupational classes was seen. Conclusions: The understanding of social inequalities in health at the population level is enriched by an analysis of individual variation in age related declines by social position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of an orbital block using an ultrashort, wide-bore blunt metal cannula to inject local anesthetic agents into the anterior sub-Tenon''s space.Setting: Department of Ophthalmology, North Riding Infirmary, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom.Methods: Fifty-nine consecutive patients having routine phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation were studied. Five milliliters of lidocaine 2% with adrenaline 1:200000 and hyaluronidase 150 units was injected into the anterior sub-Tenon''s space in the inferonasal quadrant via a 16-gauge, short (0.6 cm), blunt metal cannula. Horizontal and vertical movements were assessed before injection and 2, 4, and 6 minutes after injection (also at 8 and 10 minutes if akinesia was inadequate). The movements were scored from 0 (no movement) to 3 (full movement). Incyclotorsion and lid movements were assessed at the same intervals. In the first 15 patients, B-scan ultrasonography was performed before, during, and 2 minutes after the injection. If the aggregate akinesia score was higher than 4 at 6 minutes, a supplementary injection was given. Pain during the injection and surgery was assessed using a 10-point verbal rating score. The incidence, severity, and quadrant of chemosis and conjunctival hemorrhage were noted.Results: Forty-eight patients (81.35%) had an aggregate akinesia score lower than 4 at 2 minutes and 58 (98.30%) at 4 minutes. One patient had an akinesia score higher than 4 at 6 minutes and required supplementary injection. Incyclotorsion was present in 42 patients (72.88%) at 2 minutes and in 19 (32.20%) at 4 minutes. Lid opening (levator function) was present in 33 patients (55.93%) at 2 minutes and in 19 (32.20%) at 4 minutes. Lid closure (orbicularis function) was present in 34 patients (57.62%) at 2 minutes and in 18 (30.50%) at 4 minutes. One patient required a supplementary injection at 10 minutes. Ultrasonography showed the injection caused rapid opening of sub-Tenon''s space, with fluid spreading around the optic nerve. No pain on injection occurred in 67.79% of patients; 17 (28.81%) had a verbal rating score of 1, 1 (1.69%) had a score of 3, and 1 had a score of 5. No patient reported pain during surgery. A minor degree of chemosis and conjunctival hemorrhage occurred in 43 patients and 37 patients, respectively. Moderate chemosis occurred in 15 cases and severe chemosis in 1 case.Conclusions: Effective and predictable ocular anesthesia can be achieved using a blunt, ultrashort cannula for sub-Tenon''s block. The technique greatly reduces the risks for globe perforation, muscle damage, and other serious complications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background In health inequalities research there is a growing impetus to examine the development of inequalities in health over time. However, many of the sources of longitudinal data in Britain are not designed specifically for health research. Typically, health status is assessed by self‐reported problems and the use of symptom checklists. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study examines inequality during late childhood in children's access to special needs help in mainstream primary schools using data from two British cohorts: the National Child Development Study (NCDS) and the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70). It explores the source of any biases in the provision of special help using measures of individual gender, attainment and psychosocial adjustment; family social class; school composition; and education regions. Pervasive gender bias was found both in the identification of children with special needs and in the provision of help to children with special needs. There were more children from manual homes receiving help in school than children from professional homes, but when reading, mathematics and psychosocial adjustment scores were taken into account, the gradient reversed, so that children from professional homes were more likely to be getting help. The influence of the school's composition showed the same reversal. Once test scores were considered, schools with a greater proportion of above average children were more likely to be able to provide help for those with special needs than schools with a greater proportion of children with problems. Regional variation suggests that areas in southeast England are better funded than average, while areas of deprivation are not provided with sufficient resources to meet their children's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an opportune moment to be producing an issue on the sociology of health inequalities. Almost 20 years after the Black Report, the classic document which was commissioned by the last Labour administration in the UK in the late 1970s and shelved by the Conservative successors in 1980, a new Labour administration has commissioned the Independent Inquiry into Health Inequality. In the interim, many nations have followed the Great Britain in turning away from social democratic corporatism towards a greater emphasis on free market economics. These changes took place through the ballot box, and were widely thought to signal public disenchantment with redistributive social policies. At the same time, some commentators have pronounced the death of social class as a force in economy, society and human biology. Those who continued to do research on social inequality in health were therefore under a heavy obligation of rigour in their work. It was a lonely time to be doing such work in many ways, but also a highly challenging one, in which all assumptions were questioned and sometimes tested to destruction. Two of the assumptions to come under attack were that health inequalities existed at all and that there was any causal relation between social conditions and health.

Focuses on the Black report on socioeconomic inequities in health in Great Britain. Disapproval of the government on the report; Impact of accidents and violence to class inequalities on mortality rate; Comparison of mortality rate between Great Britain and other European countries.

Examines the association between birth weight and socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood and adolescence in Great Britain. Financial difficulties between birth and age; Indicators of low birth weight; Distribution of birth weight. INSET: Key messages.

Examines the British social class differences in mortality in terms of years of potential life lost in Great Britain. Inequalities of years of potential life lost; Health trends among the social classes; Causes of death among the manual classes.

Presents a study that examined the relationship between unemployment, substance abuse and body mass index in British men. Methodology; Results and discussion.

• First confirmed case of benzimidazole resistant Ostertagia ostertagi in UK cattle. • Applied and molecular tools used to confirm fenbendazole resistant Ostertagia. • Clinical disease associated with fenbendazole resistance. • Zero percentage fenbendazole efficacy based on worm burden assessment. • F200Y and F167Y mutations associated with resistance. The prevalence of anthelmintic resistance in the bovine nematode Cooperia oncophora has been well documented globally but lack of efficacy against the more pathogenic nematode species Ostertagia ostertagi is less common. The sensitivity of an O. ostertagi isolate to the benzimidazole class of anthelmintic was investigated using classical parasitological techniques following apparent clinical failure of controlled release fenbendazole capsule administration in first season grazers at pasture. A controlled efficacy test (CET) was conducted in conjunction with sequencing of the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene of larvae pre- and post-fenbendazole administration. Twelve helminth-naïve calves were infected experimentally with 20,000 third stage larvae; six received oral fenbendazole (7.5 mg/kg bodyweight) 28 days post infection. Total abomasal nematode burdens were compared between treatment and control groups to determine efficacy. Fenbendazole resistance in O. ostertagi was confirmed with a total treatment failure in reducing worm burden: efficacy of 0%. Sequence analysis of the β-tubulin isotype-1 gene from forty-five infective larvae from both control and treated groups was performed. The three commonest single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with benzimidazole resistance, namely F167Y, E198A and F200Y, were examined. The predominant resistance-associated SNPs were F200Y (78 % control and 79 % treated groups) and F167Y (remaining genotypes) and emphasises the importance of these SNPs in clinical disease in this isolate. The development of diagnostic molecular tools based on a characterised field-derived isolate of benzimidazole-resistant Ostertagia will enable future prevalence surveys to be undertaken to assess the possible risk posed by resistance in this economically important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Social class is frequently used as a means of ranking the population to expose inequalities in health, but less often as a means of understanding the social processes of causation. We explored how effectively different social class mechanisms could be measured by longitudinal cohort data and whether those measures were able to explain health outcomes. Methods: Using a theoretically informed approach, we sought to map variables within the National Child Development Study (NCDS) to five different social class mechanisms: social background and early life circumstances; habitus and distinction; exploitation and domination; location within market relations; and power relations. Associations between the SF-36 physical, emotional and general health outcomes at age 50 years and the social class measures within NCDS were then assessed through separate multiple linear regression models. R2 values were used to quantify the proportion of variance in outcomes explained by the independent variables. Results: We were able to map the NCDS variables to the each of the social class mechanisms except 'Power relations'. However, the success of the mapping varied across mechanisms. Furthermore, although relevant associations between exposures and outcomes were observed, the mapped NCDS variables explained little of the variation in health outcomes: for example, for physical functioning, the R2 values ranged from 0.04 to 0.10 across the four mechanisms we could map. Conclusions: This study has demonstrated both the potential and the limitations of available cohort studies in measuring aspects of social class theory. The relatively small amount of variation explained in the outcome variables in this study suggests that these are imperfect measures of the different social class mechanisms. However, the study lays an important foundation for further research to understand the complex interactions, at various life stages, between different aspects of social class and subsequent health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nematodirus battus, unlike most other gastrointestinal nematodes, undergoes maturation to an infective larva within the egg. Historically, eggs were considered to require a period of chilling over winter followed by a period of temperature above 10 °C for synchronous hatching to occur (generally in spring). Anecdotal reports of Nematodirus infection out-with spring in veterinary journals and the farming press suggest that the concentrated pasture abundance of N. battus infective larvae may be changing. In order for control practices to be adapted, and unexpected disease outbreaks to be avoided, it is important to quantify how parasite epidemiology is changing and research the drivers behind it. Method: The present study investigated the in vitro hatching response to temperature experiences (with and without a period of chilling) for egg samples of 90 N. battus populations obtained from 73 commercial sheep farms. Six aliquots of larvated eggs were prepared per population, three aliquots were placed at 4 °C for 6 weeks to provide a chill stimulus then incubated at the optimal hatching temperature for the species. The remaining three aliquots of eggs were incubated at the hatching temperature without a prior chill stimulus and the number of hatched larvae was compared between treatments. Results: Median hatch rate across all populations with chilling was 45% (95% CI: 42–48%) and without chilling was 4% (95% CI: 2–6%). Inter-population variation in hatching ranged from 0 to 87% of eggs able to hatch in the absence of a chill stimulus, mean non-chill hatching was 13 ± 2% of eggs (mean ± SE). Non-chill hatching rates were greater than chilled hatching rates in seven of the 90 populations tested. Conclusions: Clearly, the variation in hatching responses to temperature experience is very large and therefore the seasonality of the parasite may vary not only between regions but also at farm level. In contrast to what previous work has suggested, there was a geographical trend towards higher non-chill hatching in the Northern parts of the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on the development of Advanced Nurse Practitioner role to provide sole resident cover for level three patients and its impact on the cost, outcomes and work patterns in cardiac surgery programme in Great Britain and Ireland. She explores the national benchmarking survey on the future policy for workforce development in the Society of Cardiothoracic Surgery (SCTS). She says that practitioners should have knowledge, experience and decision-making skills to provide expert care.

Opinion. Comments on the public health implications of obesity among women in Great Britain. Association of obesity with social class; Cross-sectional study to establish the relationship of obesity with employment; Difficulty to rule out the possibility of residual confounding.

Examines the health costs of social injustice in Great Britain. Effects of unregulated markets on growth and inequality; Factor influencing the improvement of health of the population; Recommendations for the reduction of inequality.