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Purpose: Professional sports teams and leagues operate in a crowded market, thus, occasionally change league structures to remain competitive in the marketplace. However, the implications of such changes on strategic marketing planning is seldom explored. Design: Semi-structured interviews with 11 second-tier Rugby Football League (RFL) club executives and 1 national governing body executive. Findings: Very few clubs had a marketing strategy, therefore, engaged in very little strategic marketing planning. Furthermore, the main barriers were resource and skills, and, organisation and leadership. Practical Implications: The RFL need to concentrate on making sustainable shared resources which develop capabilities. For example, developing a standardised yet mouldable strategic marketing package would reduce the financial and knowledge resource barriers. Research Contribution: d This paper makes theoretical contribution to sport management, specifically barriers to strategic marketing practices within professional sports organisations. It also brings lower-tier professional sport clubs into focus, which are often overlooked. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New professional sports stadia have been widely advanced as flagship developments that can generate jobs and wealth, support place branding and culture-led strategies, and host mega-events. Public funding for new stadia has been secured on these bases but also challenged as stadia costs are under-estimated and the benefits, particularly for lower income communities, exaggerated. Emerging in this context, community stadia are an intriguing phenomenon as they offer the potential for professional sports stadia to deliver on community aims alongside their sporting, commercial and economic development aims. Public funding has followed with a number of community stadia built or planned in the UK, yet with limited critical analysis of the stadium type and its impact. This paper helps to fill the literature gap by learning from two community stadia case studies: The Keepmoat Stadium, Doncaster and The Falkirk Stadium, Falkirk. It finds that community stadia have the potential to deliver across the four aims, with stadia's association with the world of professional sport facilitating engagement with multiple, diverse and 'hard to reach' communities. However, they are also complex phenomena leading the paper to construct a 12-feature conceptualisation of community stadia that can advance practitioner and academic understanding of the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author reflects on threats to multiple heritages in Africa and calls for the strengthening of rescue archaeology in the region. According to the author, the destruction of the tangible and intangible heritage in Africa has implications for the whole human species. To study the present African heritage, he points out a need to renew links with historians, linguists and ethnologists. He contends that the success of the All-Party Parliamentary Archaeological Group in Great Britain should serve as a model for African governments.

the evidence base for the management of severe or life-threathening exacerbations of asthma is not as strong as that for mild or moderate exacerbations. Despite this information deficit, intravenous (IV) salbutamol has become an accepted treatment option for children not responding to inhaled bronchodilator and corticosteroid therapy. Studies have shown that it is used in many centres in the UK replacing IV aminophylline, however, there is wide variation in dosing regimens and inconsistencies in practice. The authors audited their own prescribing practice and developed an algorithm-based approach to the use of IV salbutamol that includes patient selection and all aspects of prescribing, preparation, administration, monitoring and the requirements of the environment where care is delivered. It includes details of the IV salbutamol bolus and the infusion process, incorporating all available evidence. The algorithm provides guidance on IV salbutamol usage in children up to and including 18 years. The authors hope it will promote standardised practice, limit the opportunity for prescribing errors and highlight the need for a national paediatric study comparing IV salbutamol and IV aminophylline. It may also stimulate discussion on the IV salbutamol dosage used in adult practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]