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This article analyses the authority of store managers for the stocking and merchandising of British supermarkets in the period between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s. Using oral history and business archive data, the article assesses the case of two broadly similar retail chains. It identifies variations between the firms in relation to the extent of centralised versus decentralised control at the start of the study period. It then shows how the firms came to operate an essentially similar approach by its conclusion. Explanations for the changes identified are drawn from an assessment of the retail environment, and differences between the firms in terms of corporate culture. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The period between 1950 and 1975 marked a dramatic shift in food retailing in Britain with the introduction of self-service stores and supermarkets. It also witnessed a significant rise in shoplifting, which many contemporary observers blamed on the introduction of self-service retailing. Using material from the retail trade press, newspaper reports, contemporary academic and marketing studies, and the publications of consumer associations, this article reflects on the fractured nature of the public discourse surrounding shoplifting in the early post-war period and looks at the factors that made self-service food retailing such a potentially problematic innovation. We argue that an ambivalence arose because shoplifting was regarded as a 'housewives' crime', and because of some of the specific characteristics of the self-service innovation. The introduction of self-service retailing not only fundamentally altered the relationship between consumers and retailers, and between consumers and goods, but had the effect of throwing into question existing definitions and perceptions of consumer crime. This article will show that there was considerable public debate and disagreement over who was to blame for the sudden surge in the crime, over what could be done to prevent it, and over how to treat those accused and convicted of shoplifting. Some of the ambiguities in public responses to shoplifting evident in our period were witnessed in the earlier experiences of the nineteenth-century department store. Then, as in the 1950s, public debate on the causes of shoplifting occurred within the context of broader critiques of consumerism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of self-service and supermarket retailing marked a significant departure from the counter-service format that had dominated food shopping in - Britain until the 1950s. But reactions of shoppers to this new mode of shopping are poorly understood. The Reconstructing Consumer Landscapes Project was designed to cast light on the complexities of consumer reaction to changes in food shopping between 1945 and 1975 through a large-scale survey combined with one hundred and twenty-two semi-structured oral history interviews. This article introduces approaches to understanding consumers, and looks, in particular at the ways in which academic scholars have characterised the reactions of consumers to the rise of self-service and supermarket shopping. The article then highlights some of the strengths we observed in our use of oral history interviewing in reconstructing the experiences of shoppers in early supermarkets. We also discuss our use of a content analysis approach to analyse material from the interviews and what this has revealed about consumer reactions as seen in interviewees' accounts of their first experiences of supermarket shopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that students of retail history need to give more attention to the idea of the retail format. Employing a conceptualisation of the format recently presented in contemporary retail studies, it reveals the importance of so-called 'offering' and 'know-how' components to a fuller understanding of the development of the supermarket format in post-war Britain. Supermarket development is shown to be affected by, and itself impact on, a complex interplay of factors. Arguments presented in the article are supported by a detailed examination of supermarket development at the London Co-operative Society between 1960 and 1965. The paper thus also contributes to our knowledge of the history of co-operative retailing in the post-war period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews the literature that explores the relationship between ethnic identities and food consumption, with particular reference to business management studies. It focuses on the food shopping practices of south Asians in Britain in the period 1947 to 1975, to illustrate the need for more historically contextualized studies that can provide a more nuanced exploration of any interconnections between ethnic identity and shopping behaviour. The article draws on a reasonably long-standing interest in ethnicity and consumption in marketing studies, and explores the conceptual use of acculturation within this literature. The arguments put forward are framed by recent interdisciplinary studies of the broader relationship between consumption and identity, which stress the importance of contextualizing any influence of ethnic identifications through a wider consideration of other factors including societal status, gender and age, rather than giving it singular treatment. The article uses a body of empirical research drawn from recent oral histories, to explore how theses factors informed everyday shopping practices among south Asians in Britain. It examines some of the shopping and wider food provisioning strategies adopted by early immigrants on arrival in Britain. IT considers the interaction between the south Asian population and the changing retail structure, in the context of the development of self-service and the supermarket. Finally, it demonstrates how age, gender and socioeconomic status interacted with ethnic identities to produce variations in shopping patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the early stages of the self-service and supermarket innovations in post-war Britain. It does so in the context of co-operative retailers and in particular investigates both why such organizations were pre-eminent in the adoption of self-service as well as how they interpreted the innovation. These ideas are framed within a more general discussion of the 'models' of retail innovation and especially the notion of format innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the importance of interlocking directorates in knowledge transfer within the retail sector. In doing so it provides a discussion of the types of knowledge and more especially the importance of tacit knowledge. Such ideas are set against a more detailed review of the changing perspectives on the role of interlocking directorships. These discussions serve as a conceptual framework to a major case study of knowledge transfer between North America and British food retailers in terms of the innovation of self-service and the development of supermarkets in post-war Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notion of innovation underpins many studies of change within the literatures of retail management and the new retail geography. However, conceptualisation of the innovation process within retailing has remained surprisingly partial, with insufficient attention being given to the processes of knowledge management and learning within the firm. The authors illustrate the importance of such themes by reference to the key organisational and technological changes surrounding the development of self-service and supermarket retailing in Britain during the postwar years 1945 - 65. A conceptual framework derived from a reading of the business-management and economic geography literatures is employed to analyse the innovation transfer and related knowledge-management processes that influenced retail change during this critical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the impact that developments in American retailing had on food retailing in Great Britain. Of course, this is a fairly well rehearsed theme, but what is less well known is how such ideas were transmitted in totality, especially within the retail sector. The detailed analysis of the trade press has exposed the mechanisms which involved a high degree of propaganda from a range of government and trade organizations alongside the personal experiences of individual retailers. Such forces were almost unrelenting in the pressure they applied to British grocery retailing in the immediate post-war period. These pressures resulted in two distinct periods of development within post-war British food retailing. The first was represented by a time of experimentation from a whole range of organizations, including early developments from cooperative retail societies. Developments were restricted by government controls relating to food rationing and building materials until 1954. Such artificial conditions somewhat limited the use of American experiences in Britain. From the mid-1950s onwards, self-service became more widely established and supermarkets were developed, again following American ideas. The propaganda surrounding the development of self-service techniques was more intense than in the late 1940s, as a number of pressure groups promoted the benefits of new retailing methods. The impact of such pressures and propaganda in the retail system was clearly represented in the rapid increase in supermarkets in the late 1950s.

Presents information on a study which investigated the reasons for retailers' involvement in town center management (TCM) schemes in Great Britain. Differences between independents and multiples in TCM; Motivation for the participation of retailers in TCM; Reasons for retailers' non-involvement; Conclusion.

Presents information on a study which focused on the extent and nature of the financial assistance that retailers give to town centre management (TCM) schemes in the United Kingdom. Details on the growth of TCM concept; Methodology; Results; Conclusion.

This paper considers aspects of the competition between multiple and independent retailers in 1930s Britain. In particular, it explores how multiple retailers used spatial competition for economic advantage, and how the independent retailers reacted. The paper argues that multiple retailers contested and reshaped retail space in three critical and interrelated areas: locational space, store space and perceptual space. Evidence of this contestation and reshaping is drawn from a detailed reading of the trade press. The paper concludes that the spatial competition of the multiple retailers in this period was disruptive in nature, and that the optimistic nature of the arguments and the rhetoric put forward by the trade journals acting for the independents cannot disguise a deep-seated despair at how to react to this type of competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the underlying reasons that contribute to the occurrence of riots and demonstrations in Great Britain. It has been claimed that the riots were the consequence of unemployment, alienation, and police brutality against the blacks and browns. It adds that the situation has worsen due to the incorrect information being spread by newspaper editors, program producers and politicians.

The article highlights the structural and spatial trends in retailing in Great Britain within the period of 1850-1939. It investigates the relationship between structural and spatial trends in retail evolution. This structural-spatial nexus is significant in determining the nature of retail change at two inter-related levels; that of inter-type competition, and at the firm level. Three main issues are raised in this article. First, discussion focuses on the fragmented nature of existing literature on retail change and in particular the increasing bias towards North America. This serves to underpin the second theme, which describes the methodology of a new research project aimed at examining the growth of British multiples prior to 1939. Particular emphasis is given to the issue of competition and its impact on retail location. The third part of the article explores some early ideas from the research project by considering the spatial strategies adopted by variety store multiples operating in south-west Great Britain.

The authors discuss evidences that confirm the association of mental health problems and poorer health in deaf people. They relate a survey in Great Britain which found that 77% of British Sign Language (BSL) users hardly communicate with hospital staff, and the main cause is the poor deaf awareness of the staff. They also say that the health of the members of deaf community should receive equal treatment same with other groups, mainly with healthcare services.

Importance: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children, and predicting functional outcome after TBI is challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is frequently conducted after severe TBI; however, the predictive value of MRI remains uncertain., Objectives: To identify early MRI measures that predict long-term outcome after severe TBI in children and to assess the added predictive value of MRI measures over well-validated clinical predictors., Design, Setting, and Participants: This preplanned prognostic study used data from the Approaches and Decisions in Acute Pediatric TBI (ADAPT) prospective observational comparative effectiveness study. The ADAPT study enrolled 1000 consecutive children (aged <18 years) with severe TBI between February 1, 2014, and September 30, 2017. Participants had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 8 or less and received intracranial pressure monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging scans performed as part of standard clinical care within 30 days of injury were collected at 24 participating sites in the US, UK, and Australia. Summary imaging measures were correlated with the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended for Pediatrics (GOSE-Peds), and the predictive value of MRI measures was compared with the International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in TBI (IMPACT) core clinical predictors. Data collection, image analysis, and data analyses were completed in July 2023., Exposures: Pediatric severe TBI with an MRI scan performed as part of clinical care., Main Outcomes and Measures: All measures were selected a priori. Magnetic resonance imaging measures included contusion, ischemia, diffuse axonal injury, intracerebral hemorrhage, and brainstem injury. Clinical predictors included the IMPACT core measures (GCS motor score and pupil reactivity). All models adjusted for age and sex. Outcome measures included the GOSE-Peds score obtained at 3, 6, and 12 months after injury., Results: This study included 233 children with severe TBI who were enrolled at participating sites and had an MRI scan and preselected clinical predictors available. Their median age was 6.9 (IQR, 3.0-13.3) years, and more than half of participants (134 [57.5%]) were male. In a multivariable model including MRI measures and IMPACT core clinical variables, contusion volume (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% CI, 1.02-1.26), brain ischemia (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.58-2.81), brainstem lesions (OR, 5.40; 95% CI, 1.90-15.35), and pupil reactivity were each independently associated with GOSE-Peds score. Adding MRI measures to the IMPACT clinical predictors significantly improved model fit and discrimination between favorable and unfavorable outcomes compared with IMPACT predictors alone (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.72-0.85 vs 0.67; 95% CI, 0.61-0.76 for GOSE-Peds score >3 at 6 months after injury)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this prognostic study of children with severe TBI, the addition of MRI measures significantly improved outcome prediction over well-established and validated clinical predictors. Magnetic resonance imaging should be considered in children with severe TBI to inform prognosis and may also promote stratification of patients in future clinical trials.