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This article investigates attitudes to societal impact of research as an entry point into understanding academic identities. Conceptually, we position academic identity at the intersection of global scientific fields and national science policies. We argue that the degree of alignment or misalignment between the two can create coherent academic identities, or on the contrary, tensions in academics' identity. Empirically, we use the disciplines of philosophy and anthropology as proxies for scientific fields in the social sciences and humanities (SSH). The study is based on sixteen semi-structured interviews with mid-career philosophers and anthropologists in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and an analysis of how societal impact is positioned in the two national evaluation systems. We conclude that 'coercive' national impact policies (like the one in the UK) are less likely to be aligned with global disciplinary norms in the SSH and therefore create tensions in academic identity; these can undermine academics' agency and be counterproductive in terms of reaching policy objectives. By contrast, 'enabling' national impact policies (like the one in the Netherlands) are conducive to more coherent academic identities that are better aligned with disciplinary notions of societal impact. By discussing academic identities in a comparative context, the study highlights the struggles of reconciling disciplinary and national notions of societal impact. To realise the potential societal impact of academic research, we recommend that impact is integrated into a wider ecosystem of interactions where policy-driven notions are aligned with disciplinary norms and values.

"Pathological Demand Avoidance" is a term increasingly used by practitioners in the United Kingdom. It was coined to describe a profile of obsessive resistance to everyday demands and requests, with a tendency to resort to "socially manipulative" behaviour, including outrageous or embarrassing acts. Pathological demand avoidance is thought to share aspects of social impairment with autism spectrum disorders, but autism spectrum disorder-appropriate strategies, such as routine and repetition, are described as unhelpful. Outrageous acts and lack of concern for their effects draw parallels with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits. However, reward-based techniques, effective with conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits, seem not to work in pathological demand avoidance. Despite increasing interest and controversy over the pathological demand avoidance label, there is only one published study to date. We present the first systematic comparison of the behavioural profile of children receiving the term pathological demand avoidance (N = 25) to children with autism spectrum disorders (N = 39) or conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits (N = 28), using parent-report indices of psychopathology. The pathological demand avoidance group displayed comparable levels of autistic traits and peer problems to the autism spectrum disorders group and anti-social traits approaching those seen in the conduct problems and callous-unemotional traits group. Emotional symptoms in pathological demand avoidance exceeded both comparison groups. Findings highlight the extreme behavioural impairment associated with pathological demand avoidance and the need to explore whether behavioural overlap reflects a similar neurocognitive basis to existing groups.

Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and mathematics ability are associated, but little is known about the genetic and environmental influences underlying this association. Methods: Data came from more than 6,000 twelve-year-old twin pairs from the UK population-representative Twins Early Development Study. Parents rated each twin's behaviour using a DSM-IV-based 18-item questionnaire of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms. Mathematics tests based on the UK National Curriculum were completed by each twin. The twins also completed standardised tests of reading and general cognitive ability. Multivariate twin model fitting was applied. Results: Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms were highly heritable (67% and 73% respectively). Mathematics ability was moderately heritable (46%). Mathematics ability and inattentiveness showed a significantly greater phenotypic correlation (r[subscript p] = -0.26) and genetic correlation (r[subscript A] = -0.41) than mathematics ability and hyperactivity-impulsivity (r[subscript p] = -0.18; r[subscript A] = -0.22). The genetic correlation between inattentiveness and mathematics ability was largely independent from hyperactivity-impulsivity, and was only partially accounted for by genetic influences related to reading and general cognitive ability. Conclusions: Results revealed the novel finding that mathematics ability shows significantly stronger phenotypic and genetic associations with inattentiveness than with hyperactivity-impulsivity. Genetic associations between inattentiveness and mathematics ability could only partially be accounted for by hyperactivity-impulsivity, reading and general cognitive ability. Results suggest that mathematics ability is associated with ADHD symptoms largely because it shares genetic risk factors with inattentiveness, and provide further evidence for considering inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity separately. DNA markers for ADHD symptoms (especially inattentiveness) may also be candidate risk factors for mathematics ability and vice versa.

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and reading disability commonly co-occur because of shared genetic risk factors. However, the stability and change of these genetic influences and the predictive relationships underlying this association longitudinally remain unclear. Methods: ADHD symptoms and reading were assessed as continuous dimensions in a UK general population sample of approximately 7,000 twin pairs. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms and teacher ratings of reading were obtained at two ages: middle childhood (ages 7-8 years) and early adolescence (ages 11-12 years). Cross-lagged quantitative genetic analyses were applied. Results: ADHD symptoms and reading significantly predicted each other over time. However, ADHD symptoms were a significantly stronger predictor of reading than vice versa. Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms of ADHD both contributed to the prediction of reading, but inattentiveness was a significantly stronger predictor. Furthermore, ADHD symptoms and reading were highly heritable, and their association was primarily attributable to shared genetic influences. Despite notable genetic innovation for each trait, genetic factors involved in the association of ADHD symptoms and reading over time were highly stable. Conclusions: ADHD symptoms may put children at increased risk for reading problems and vice versa. Moreover, enduring genetic mechanisms appear to be important in the association of ADHD symptoms and reading over time.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop knowledge about the nature of student assessment practice in entrepreneurship education. Design/methodology/approach: This paper introduces general assessment practice issues and highlights key considerations. It explains prior research on assessment practice in entrepreneurship education and argues that there is too little empirical research on the subject. Finally, it outlines a typology of entrepreneurship education that highlights variation between different: forms; learning outcomes; subjects; and, possible methods of assessment practice. The methodology for the study gathers data from course outlines (syllabi) and explains how these were collected and analysed. Findings: The results show that educational practice in entrepreneurship education continues to be dominated by the "About" form and highlight that there are different cultures of assessment practice in the UK and the USA. The paper finds compelling evidence that different forms are using assessment in different ways. Research limitations/implications: This paper identifies that there have been few studies exploring assessment practice in entrepreneurship education and argues that further research is required in this area. It also highlights a need for a focus on assessment practice in disciplines beyond the business school. The work demonstrates that further research could explore other stakeholders in the assessment process and seek to understand how these external assessors affect student learning. Practical implications: In conclusion, the paper highlights that assessment generally needs to become more innovative, more reflective in nature and include more stakeholders in the process. Originality/value: Understanding is enhanced because the paper explores what entrepreneurship educators actually "do" when they assess entrepreneurship education and, therefore, the research moves beyond prescriptive accounts and provides a detailed understanding of actual practice. (Contains 3 figures and 6 tables.)

A previous paper in this journal revealed substantial genetic overlap between the ADHD dimensions of hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness in a sample of 8-year old twins drawn from a UK-representative population sample. Four years later, when the twins were 12 years old, more than 5,500 pairs drawn from the same sample were rated again on the DSM-IV based Revised Conners' Parent Rating Scale to assess symptoms on both ADHD dimensions. Heritabilities were high (around 70%) for both hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness and evidence for etiological sex differences was absent. The critical finding was a genetic correlation of 0.55, indicating that hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattentiveness are substantially influenced by the same genes but that the two dimensions also show large and significant unique genetic effects. These results in early adolescence confirm our findings in middle childhood, providing evidence for substantial genetic overlap as well as genetic heterogeneity of the ADHD dimensions. Future genetic studies should investigate the ADHD dimensions separately.

Three UK studies on the relationship between a purpose-built instrument to assess the importance and development of 15 "soft skills" are reported. "Study 1" (N = 444) identified strong latent components underlying these soft skills, such that differences "between-skills" were over-shadowed by differences "between-students". Importance and improving ratings on these skills predicted academic performance and accounted for the effects of personality on academic performance. "Study 2" replicated the structure of the soft skills inventory and associations with academic performance in a larger sample (N = 1309). Examination of mean differences across faculties (humanities, life sciences, hard sciences) revealed higher soft skills ratings in "softer" courses. "Study 3" (N = 87) incorporated an IQ measure, which was found to be negatively related to importance ratings on soft skills. Results highlight the cohesive structure of beliefs concerning various non-academic skills and their significant links to educationally relevant individual differences. Theoretical, methodological and applied implications are considered. (Contains 7 tables, 4 figures and 1 note.)

This paper examines the longitudinal causal relationship between self-perceived abilities (SPA) and academic achievement (Ach) while controlling for cognitive ability (CA). In all, 5957 UK school children were assessed on SPA, Ach and CA at ages 9 and 12. Results indicated that SPA and Ach at age 9 independently affected both SPA and Ach at age 12, even when CA was considered. Moreover the effects of previous Ach on subsequent SPA were of similar magnitude to the effects of prior SPA on subsequent Ach, suggesting that the link between SPA and Ach independent of CA is reflective of both "insight" (children's accounts of their previous performance) and self-efficacy (the self-fulfilling or motivational effects of self-beliefs). Practical and theoretical implications for the study of SPA are discussed. (Contains 2 tables and 3 figures.)

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present a knowledge transfer method that capitalizes on both research and teaching dimensions of academic work. It also aims to propose a framework for evaluating the impact of such a method on the involved stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach: The case study outlines and evaluates the six-stage process of addressing a business-driven problem through translating it into a research question addressable by students in their learning context. The stakeholders involved in this process are: an academic who is also the process coordinator; her students who are involved in a Master by Research programme; and a small size enterprise (SAME). Findings: This approach to knowledge transfer offers clear benefits for all its stakeholders. It provides the company with research solutions that can be used to improve the profitability and increase the company competence base. The academic benefits from leading students' research and enabling a better teaching/learning process, while students benefit from learning by doing which involves applying research knowledge and skills in an industrial project. Apart form these benefits the paper also highlights the lessons learned and the understanding gained into how this approach can be successfully replicated. Research limitations/implications: The case study approach undertaken for this exploratory research cannot ensure the generalization of the study findings. Originality/value: Traditionally, knowledge transfer has exploited the research component of academic work while neglecting the potential of its teaching component. By exploring the synergy between research and teaching, the proposed method not only enables research knowledge transfer, but it also leads to better quality of the teaching process. (Contains 1 table.)

Information systems (IS) are increasingly used in social care agencies. This scoping review examined the research literature to identity practical knowledge relevant to social care agencies introducing IS. Selected studies documented elements of practical knowledge, though this was not the direct focus of any individual article. A synthesis of the 50 selected studies into a themed matrix highlighted the practical knowledge gap for social care agencies, and community service agencies in particular. This review identified two features critical to generating relevant practical knowledge: the participatory role of the researcher-designer, and the active role of IS participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal impact of academic research has become a central concern of contemporary science policies. As key players in the higher education sector, universities play a crucial role in translating policy into organizational strategies, which then have the potential to shape academics' practices. This article investigates the influence that universities may have on academics' impact practices. We employ an analytical framework that combines a novel method for studying university impact strategies, sense-making theory, and insights from literature on impact. Our data consist of interviews with sixteen philosophers and anthropologists working across four universities in the Netherlands and the UK. We find that, in response to organizational goals and Human Resource Management policies, academics report changing their impact practices. We call for universities to use their influence responsibly in order to enable a broad range of impact practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To understand the important aspects of competency frameworks for nurses • To learn about a project to develop and evaluate a gerontological competency framework for early career nurses • To recognise the potential benefits of competency frameworks in supporting post-registration nurse education Background: Within gerontological nursing as a postgraduate nursing specialty, there is a lack of consensus regarding the standardised competencies and education development required, particularly in the UK. Aim: To develop and evaluate a competency framework for early career nurses undertaking post-registration education in a UK university in care for older people living with frailty. Method: The competency framework was developed as part of a broader gerontological education-career pathway intervention to improve competence and retention among early career nurses. A four-step process was used to develop the framework guided by a consensus building approach. A mixed-methods approach to the evaluation was adopted, with an online survey, one-to-one interviews and focus group interviews with students and organisational stakeholders. Findings: A total of 33 students completed the competency framework as part of an academic module, 30 of whom took part in the evaluation. There was consensus among interviewees that the competencies confirmed 'what they knew already' and identified areas they needed to develop. Survey respondents reported that the competency framework was a useful part of the education-career pathway. Conclusion: The competency framework was acceptable to students and feasible to complete. It also enabled students to appreciate the unique knowledge and skills that underpin gerontological nursing and to evidence their expertise using a structured approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of obesity among the UK's child population has become a serious public health issue. Looked after children (LAC) have been highlighted as a vulnerable group, with increased health needs compared to other children and young people from comparable socio-economic backgrounds. Among the risks of serious complications related to obesity in children and young adults are cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, lipid abnormalities, sleep apnoea and musculoskeletal disorders. This health note summarises findings from a recent cross-sectional study of 14 children in five residential care homes in one UK local authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents differ in their degree of Environmental Sensitivity, that is, the ability to perceive and process information about their environment. The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Highly Sensitive Child scale (HSC), a self-report measure of Environmental Sensitivity, in two Belgian and UK samples with a total of 3056 adolescents. First, the factor structure, internal consistency, dimensionality, and construct validity of the HSC scale were examined. Second, measurement invariance of the HSC scale across developmental stage, gender, and country was tested. Results supported a bifactor model with a general sensitivity factor and three group factors: Ease of Excitation (EOE), Low Sensory Threshold (LST), and Aesthetic Sensitivity (AES). Cronbach's alpha and McDonalds's (hierarchical) omega indicated that the HSC scale is a reliable measure of Environmental Sensitivity, except for AES. Furthermore, AES was associated with different personality traits than EOE and LST. Second, the HSC scale was partially measurement invariant across developmental stage, gender, and country. The results provide important insights in the psychometrics of a first measurement of Environmental Sensitivity in early to late adolescents. Implications for further research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we aim to study in what way the Strength of motivation of the Romanian medical students has been influenced by harsh economic conditions that led to a massive migration. We conducted a cross-sectional study on a sample size of N=1516. We applied The Strength of Motivation for Medical School-Revised (SMMS) questionnaire and a questionnaire that examines the opinion of the students about migration. The mean value of motivation was 48 (maximum score is 75), 85% of the students have the intention to migrate. The determining factor of studying medicine abroad that correlates significantly with the Strength of motivation is represented by the better work conditions. Students studying in the South of the country want to practice primary in France, students in the North West and in the Center choose to practice medicine in Germany, and students from the East would like to go to Great Britain. The students with a high Strength of motivation are driven by the desire of the students to practice medicine abroad. Higher salaries don't represent the principal factor for leaving the country. The percent of 85% of the students aiming to practice medicine abroad, represent a concerning result for all of us because it took the form of brain drain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article compares the needs and background characteristics of children who became looked after by an English local authority between April and July in 2019 and the same three months in 2020, with the aim of identifying any impact of the Covid-19 pandemic which broke out in March 2020 and continued for some months thereafter. It scrutinises the two cohorts, comparing children's age, gender, ethnicity, entry to care with siblings and reasons for admission. Differences attributable to the pandemic were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the experience and influence of place amongst transnational social workers. The concept of 'place' may be perceived as quietly existing in the background of everyday social work practice. Yet, transnational social workers in this study tell a different story about what happens to the role of place when social workers become globally mobile. The social work profession is embedded in place; qualifications and applications of social work are located within local and national context. Professional migration inevitably entails being separated from the construction of social work as it was known in the country of origin, which leads to an intersection between the context of social work, the role of place and redefining a professional home in an unfamiliar practice environment. This qualitative study explored the role of place for thirteen transnational social workers who relocated from the UK and Ireland to practice in Australia's child protection system. Participants were interviewed twice over a three-year period to allow a deep understanding of the role of place and experience of 'self' over time. Findings highlight place-related change as a multidimensional experience that has a profound impact on transnational social workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To get additional insight into the phenotype of attentional problems, we examined to what extent genetic and environmental factors explain covariation between lack of dispositional mindfulness and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) traits in youth, and explored the incremental validity of these constructs in predicting life satisfaction. We used data from a UK population-representative sample of adolescent twins (N = 1092 pairs) on lack of dispositional mindfulness [Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)], ADHD traits [Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (CPRS-R): inattentive (INATT) and hyperactivity/impulsivity (HYP/IMP) symptom dimensions] and life satisfaction (Students' Life Satisfaction Scale). Twin model fitting analyses were conducted. Phenotypic correlations (rp) between MAAS and CPRS-R (INATT: rp = 0.18, HYP/IMP: rp = 0.13) were small, but significant and largely explained by shared genes for INATT (% rp INATT–MAAS due to genes: 93%, genetic correlation rA = 0.37) and HYP/IMP (% rp HYP/IMP–MAAS due to genes: 81%; genetic correlation rA = 0.21) with no significant contribution of environmental factors. MAAS, INATT and HYP/IMP significantly and independently predicted life satisfaction. Lack of dispositional mindfulness, assessed as self-reported perceived lapses of attention (MAAS), taps into an aspect of attentional functioning that is phenotypically and genetically distinct from parent-rated ADHD traits. The clinically relevant incremental validity of both scales implicates that MAAS could be used to explore the underlying mechanisms of an aspect of attentional functioning that uniquely affects life satisfaction and is not captured by DSM-based ADHD scales. Further future research could identify if lack of dispositional mindfulness and high ADHD traits can be targeted by different therapeutic approaches resulting in different effects on life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Regulatory networks are increasingly important actors in multi-level systems of human rights governance. Yet we know little about the role that domestic networks play as intermediaries or about the strategies they use to integrate sub-national human rights institutions to ensure compliance at the local level. We draw on the theoretical literature on orchestration to conceptualise network governance and propose a new intermediary for the human rights governance, the multi-level network, which operates inside one country. We apply this theoretical model to the case of a multi-level network operating at the domestic level in the United Kingdom – Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, Equality and Human Rights Commission, and Scottish Human Rights Commission. We discuss how the three commissions use the tools of managerial stewardship to facilitate intra-network collaboration and how they engage in hierarchical stewardship to gain access to international networks and take on a leadership role globally and regionally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many physical education (PE) teachers have been challenged by the shift from teaching in primarily ethnic homogenous contexts to multi-ethnic (ME) classes. Teachers in secondary schools often experience difficulty in class management in such classes. This difficulty may limit their ability to create a positive student–teacher relationship and may result in practices of inclusion, exclusion and marginalisation. The purpose of this paper was to explore how Dutch PE teachers construct their relationship with their students and manage differences in ME classes. Using video stimulation, we interviewed 11 Dutch secondary school PE teachers about their teaching and managing of ME classes. Findings showed that these teachers tended to target a specific group of boys in their teaching and class management. In addition, their class management seemed to be based on an invisible norm about appropriate student behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationally, child welfare services experience chronic workforce shortages and high rates of staff turnover. One strategy adopted to fill critical workforce gaps is the international recruitment of social workers. Child welfare employers in Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom have a shared tradition of recruiting transnational social workers to address ongoing labour shortages in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. This raises questions about the impact of this practice for those migrating social workers and about practice with indigenous populations. This paper scoped publications to identify emerging themes about social work movement between these countries, with a focus on knowledge that can prepare transnational social workers for the unique Australian context, including working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. The review found that international recruitment to statutory child welfare in Australia is not well researched, with limited evidence about the profile of recruits, the effectiveness of this strategy and retention rates. The demographics and experiences of overseas qualified social workers in child welfare over the past 40 years in the various Australian jurisdictions remain relatively unknown. There are major gaps in knowledge about the ways international recruitment affects outcomes for children, and their families, in Australia's statutory child welfare services delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Increasing emphasis is being placed on insulin use among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Basal-bolus (BB) therapy is regarded as the gold standard, but a high frequency of injections and the general complexity of this therapy are seen as barriers in real-world practice. Here we describe the characteristics and treatment patterns of patients with T2DM receiving BB in the UK, with specific focus on those switching to a simplified regimen of premixed insulin. Methods: Patients with T2DM receiving BB from 1 January 2005 were identified from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Characteristics were described at treatment initiation or on 1 January 2005, and treatment patterns were assessed at 12 months of follow-up. Clinical factors were compared in two groups of patients who while receiving BB had one haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measurement of ≥53 mmol/mol (7.0%) and remained either on BB or switched to a premixed insulin regimen. Results: Study criteria were met by 12,060 subjects (mean age 59 years; duration diabetes 12.4 years). The mean HbA1c concentration was 76 mmol/mol (9.1% of patients), and 84.0% of patients were overweight. At 12 months of follow-up, 74.5% of the patients who had started BB remained on it. While on BB, 8835 patients had a HbA1c measurement of ≥53 mmol/mol (7.0% of all patients); of these, 95.9% remained on BB and 4.1% switched to premixed insulin. Mean HbA1c levels were consistently higher for patients who switched to premixed insulin than for those who remained on BB, but the levels remained relatively unchanged over time. Conclusion: A large proportion of patients receiving insulin did not achieve good glycaemic control in clinical practice. A small subset with higher comorbidities and HbA1c levels switched to a simplified regimen. Little evidence was found that type of insulin therapy was associated with meaningful changes in key clinical factors over time. Funding: Eli Lilly and company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide healthcare systems are facing immense changes in the demand of care with vast cost explosions caused by aging populations and the increase in chronic and mental diseases. The move towards patient-centered healthcare seems to be an ideal approach to meet future challenges but still clashes with reality. Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS) in the UK is one of the unique examples of patient empowerment to influence changes in healthcare systems like the National Health Service (NHS). The purpose of this paper is to look at user-driven organizational change management in PALS in retrospect to learn from its 'best' and 'worst' practices. In conclusion, patient-centered healthcare becomes more realistic if healthcare users and workers are empowered at the same time. The vision of patient, public, and staff involvement in the move towards patient-centered health needs to be backed up by adequate and secure resources as well as consistent organizational leadership and change management. Organizational change processes in general should be seen as biological continuous cycles with unpredictable evolutionary turning points rather than linear progressions. This helps to stay optimistic and embrace change as challenging, exciting, and difficult all the way through the change process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) symptoms and mathematics ability are associated, but little is known about the genetic and environmental influences underlying this association. Methods Data came from more than 6,000 twelve-year-old twin pairs from the UK population-representative Twins Early Development Study. Parents rated each twin's behaviour using a DSM- IV-based 18-item questionnaire of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms. Mathematics tests based on the UK National Curriculum were completed by each twin. The twins also completed standardised tests of reading and general cognitive ability. Multivariate twin model fitting was applied. Results Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive ADHD symptoms were highly heritable (67% and 73% respectively). Mathematics ability was moderately heritable (46%). Mathematics ability and inattentiveness showed a significantly greater phenotypic correlation ( rp = −.26) and genetic correlation ( rA = −.41) than mathematics ability and hyperactivity-impulsivity ( rp = −.18; rA = −.22). The genetic correlation between inattentiveness and mathematics ability was largely independent from hyperactivity-impulsivity, and was only partially accounted for by genetic influences related to reading and general cognitive ability. Conclusions Results revealed the novel finding that mathematics ability shows significantly stronger phenotypic and genetic associations with inattentiveness than with hyperactivity-impulsivity. Genetic associations between inattentiveness and mathematics ability could only partially be accounted for by hyperactivity-impulsivity, reading and general cognitive ability. Results suggest that mathematics ability is associated with ADHD symptoms largely because it shares genetic risk factors with inattentiveness, and provide further evidence for considering inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity separately. DNA markers for ADHD symptoms (especially inattentiveness) may also be candidate risk factors for mathematics ability and vice versa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of ideas compared with other factors that shape social processes was a subject of controversial debate over the history of social thought. This article will focus on the influence of previous ideas towards new ideas, the influence of ideas on actions and the ideational content of electoral debates. There are many ideational strategies that can be addressed in a public debate aimed at audience persuasion, but this study will focus only on the partisan and thematic strategies. The distinction between partisan and thematic ideation is based on the addressability criterion. The main question is to what extent voters' own perceptions and their perceptions regarding party's positions on certain issues are influenced by the pre-existence of partisan orientations. The major research finding of this article that used the final British electoral debate from 2010 between D. Cameron, G. Brown and N. Clegg as a case study is that where there are clear ideological positions, candidates will rely on the path dependency of voters and will resort to partisan ideation, instead of concentrating on issue voters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex aetiology. The identification of candidate intermediate phenotypes that are both heritable and genetically linked to ADHD may facilitate the detection of susceptibility genes and elucidate aetiological pathways. Very low-frequency (VLF; <0.5 Hz) electroencephalographic (EEG) activity represents a promising indicator of risk for ADHD, but it currently remains unclear as to whether it is heritable or genetically linked to the disorder. Methods: Direct-current (DC)-EEG was recorded during a cognitive activation condition in 30 monozygotic and dizygotic adolescent twin pairs concordant or discordant for high ADHD symptom scores, and 37 monozygotic and dizygotic matched-control twin pairs with low ADHD symptom scores. Structural equation modelling was used to quantify the genetic and environmental contributions to the phenotypic covariance between ADHD and VLF activity. Results: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was significantly associated with reduced VLF power during cognitive activation, which suggests reduced synchronization of widespread neuronal activity. Very low-frequency power demonstrated modest heritability (0.31), and the genetic correlation (−0.80) indicated a substantial degree of overlap in genetic influences on ADHD and VLF activity. Conclusions: Altered VLF activity is a potential candidate intermediate phenotype of ADHD, which warrants further investigation of underlying neurobiological and genetic mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DSM-IV distinguishes two symptom domains of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity. The present study examines the aetiologies and developmental relations underlying the associations between inattentiveness and hyperactivity-impulsivity over time, based on a representative population sample from the United Kingdom of approximately 7,000 twin pairs. ADHD symptoms were assessed as continuous dimensions using the DSM-IV items from the Conners' Parent Rating Scale at two ages: middle childhood (age 1) and early adolescence (age 2). Quantitative genetic cross-lagged analyses showed that the association of the ADHD dimensions over time is influenced by stable as well as newly developing genetic factors. Moreover the longitudinal relationship between the ADHD dimensions appears to be unidirectional, with hyperactivity-impulsivity in middle childhood predicting the presence of inattentiveness in early adolescence, but not vice versa. Thus, hyperactivity-impulsivity may serve to exacerbate inattentiveness over time. Findings are discussed in the context of developmental changes in ADHD symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite their increasing use in the creation of environmental policy, the routine public consultations in the UK are little studied. The public consultation to the Climate Change Act 2008 was examined in order to identify the rationales which key actors such as government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and individual citizens use to justify citizen participation in climate policy. The interactions between these rationales and the consultation design were also considered. Rationales for participation were based on Stirling's (2005) distinction between normative, instrumental and substantive rationales. It was found that the government's rationale for citizen participation was both normative and instrumental. Different NGOs justified it, to varying degrees, primarily in instrumental and normative terms, although there was also evidence for a substantive rationale. Most individual interviewees thought of their participation in normative terms, while also striving to make substantial contributions. However, many were also sceptical as to their potential influence and thus justified their engagement in instrumental terms. Consultation design mainly engaged those stakeholders already involved in the policy process, and substantive citizen participation largely required the help of NGOs. A closer match is needed between the government's normative rationale, citizen's substantive intent and the consultation design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Area deprivation is a known determinant of health. It is also known that area deprivation is associated with lower impact health promotion. It is less well known, however, whether deprived areas are less responsive to health promotion, or whether they are less exposed. Using data from a national, school-based campaign to promote vaccination against the human papilloma virus (HPV), the relationship between area deprivation and exposure was examined. Methods: Taking advantage of a health promotion campaign to provide information to schools about HPV vaccination, a cross sectional study was conducted to examine the relationship between area level, social deprivation, and take-up of (i.e., exposure to) available health promotion material. The sample was 4,750 schools across England, including government maintained and independent schools. The relationship between area deprivation and exposure was examined using bi- and multivariate logistic regression. Results: It was found that schools in the least deprived quintile had 1.32 times the odds of requesting health promotion materials than schools in the most deprived areas (p = .01). This effect was independent of the school size, the type of school, and the geographic region. Conclusion: The relationship between area deprivation and the impact of health promotion may be due, at least in part, to differential levels of exposure. The study was limited in scope, pointing to the need for more research, but also points to potentially important policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: To identify independent factors associated with early (30-day) mortality and in surviving patients, identify factors for late (1-year) mortality following primary coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery and to test the interaction with age. Methods: An analysis of a single centre''s data contribution to the Society for Cardiothoracic Surgery in Great Britain and Ireland database was performed. Data on consecutive patients aged ≥75 years (n =659) and aged 60–74 years (n =3024) undergoing primary CABG surgery (1999–2005) were analysed. One-year mortality data were collected using the Office of National Statistics (ONS) tracking system. Factors associated with early and late mortality were identified using Cox regression; hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented. Results: The proportion of patients aged ≥75 years increased by 10% over 5 years (2000–2005). One-year mortality in the elderly showed a significant linear decrease from 15% to 7% (p =0.01) while mortality in the younger cohort remained static at 2–4%. Early mortality in the elderly group was 5% compared to 1.8% in the younger group (p <0.001), while late mortality was 4.1% vs 1.8%, respectively (p <0.001). Factors independently associated with early mortality were age ≥75 years, HR 2.0 (95% CI 1.28, 3.11); female gender; angina (CSS III–IV); and cardiopulmonary bypass duration >97minutes. Arrhythmia and renal impairment were risk factors common in both early and late mortality models. Risk factors for late mortality also included ventricular ejection fraction <30%, non-elective surgery and arteriopathy. Age was not an independent risk factor for late mortality. Conclusion: Mortality in elderly patients showed a substantial improvement, but remained over twice that of younger patients. The difference in factors associated with early and 1-year morality suggests the need for effective short- and long-term strategies, particularly in the management of chronic diseases such as heart and renal failure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper "Communication Management or Public Relations" mainly aims at identifying the accents of communication in the public relations. For such purpose, we pursue at achieving the hermeneutics of the "communication management" term, by which J.E. Grunig and T. Hunt defined this area. First, the communicational model of Roman Jakobson will be illustrated (which we view as paradigmatic for the said expression), and then the particular mobility aspects will be emphasized referring to each of the intrinsic parts of the communication act, so that to allow us to speak of "efficiency" as regards the communication between an organization and its public. The final part is aimed as a plea in favour of harmonizing this consecrated definition ("the management of communication between the organization and its publics") with its complementary term, often used in the Great Britain of "management reputation". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortality from cardiac disease is decreasing, yet the prevalence of ischemic heart disease, diabetes and hypertension is increasing. This, combined with an aging population, effects the characteristics of the surgical population. Survival in this subgroup of the non-cardiac surgical population has not been studied in a UK setting. This study aimed to determine the mortality rate at 1, 6 and 24 months for patients with underlying cardiac risk factors undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery, and to identify independent risk factors associated with 1-year mortality (death within 365 days of original operation date). Following ethical approval, 1622 patients were included in the study. Demographic, pre-, peri- and postoperative variables were collected from medical and nursing notes. Follow-up was completed using the National Office of Statistics tracking system. Copies of death certificates were obtained on all patients who had died within 12 months of surgery. Risk factors for 1-year mortality were identified using multiple regression modelling. Survival at 12 months was 89%. The majority of cardiac-related deaths occurred within the first 6 months of surgery. Independent risk factors associated with 1-year mortality were advanced age, preoperative angina, odds ratio = 1.59 (1.02-2.47), surgery type, perioperative blood transfusion and a prolonged hospital stay. A significant portion of the non-cardiac surgical population who have underlying cardiac disease risk factors are at risk of a cardiac-related death within 1 year of surgery. Patients with angina had nearly a 60% greater risk of death compared with asymptomatic patients. In the hospital setting, nurses with the appropriate pre-assessment and critical care competencies are pivotal to the successful management of this group of patients. In the long-term, careful follow-up by the primary care team can help modify cardiac risk factors and potentially reduce cardiac-related mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses topics related to midwifery in Great Britain as of December 2019. Topics covered include the need for choice and access for all women in every area, the establishment of Women's and Children's Services Partnership Boards, and the appointment of England's first Chief Midwifery Officer Professor Jacqueline Dunkley-Bent.

Spontaneous hemoperitoneum in pregnancy (SHP) is an uncommon, but very critical complication when present in pregnancy, leading to important morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus. The etiology includes a large spectrum of causes, not taking into consideration trauma or other pathologies not pregnancy related. One of the most frequent triggers is the rupture of the varicose veins around the uterus that can occur either spontaneously or during labor, that can be associated with the unfortunate event of delivery of a stillborn baby. Endometriosis has been suspected to be also implicated in the apparition of spontaneous hemoperitoneum in pregnant women due to the fragility of the tissues associated with endometriosis chronic inflammation (ruptured endometrioma, intraabdominal adhesions, decidualization at the site of endometriotic implants). Even the operative vaginal delivery can conduct to this complication, but the cases described in the literature were also associated with lesion of endometriosis at the bleeding site. Moreover, assisted reproductive procedures (IVF-ET) is incriminated as one of the possible etiologies. The improvements in the resuscitation, operative and anesthetic management of these cases have lowered the maternal mortality, but perinatal mortality still has a high value (31%). Symptoms as acute or subacute abdominal pain, that can be associated or not with hypovolemic shock and signs of fetal affliction, identified as heart decelerations, should raise a question mark regarding the possibility of a hemoperitoneum. Electronic research for subject related reviews and articles has been made, using PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Data Base and also the current international guidelines regarding the management of hemoperitoneum in pregnancy, recommended by Obstetrics and Gynecology Societies in United States and United Kingdom. Adequate case management as hematologic analysis, abdominal ultrasound, CT scan or MRI should reveal free intrabdominal fluid and estimate the blood loss, which can then be confirmed by paracentesis or by direct urgent laparotomy or laparoscopy. The aim of the current review is to raise awareness of this rare, but potentially fatal, complication in pregnancy and its most appropriate management, according to the current information presented in the medical literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the British Royal College of Nursing (RCN) acknowledged the potential impact of the lack of school nurses on the child mental health crisis in Great Britain.

Significant variation in disability-related social security benefits receipt might highlight sub-populations and groups with unmet needs and also have implications for areal indicators of disadvantage that are largely derived from uptake of benefits. In this paper we examine Disability Living Allowance (DLA), a non means-tested contribution towards disability-related living costs for disabled people aged less than sixty-five. ology: Three census-based measures of self-reported health (number of chronic physical disabilities; activity limitation (a little; a lot); and chronic poor mental health) were linked to contemporaneous DLA records. The 2011 Census returns provided individual demographic, socio-economic, social and area-level characteristics. DLA uptake was modelled using logistic regression, stratified into 0–15 and 16–64 year old age groups. Overall, 118329 (8.4%) of this population received DLA. Poor health outcomes were the main determinants for uptake, which was higher amongst females, those non-married and those of lower socio-economic status: for example those with no qualifications compared against third level education (OR ad = 1.80: 95%CI = 1.75–1.85); and those social renting compared against those in more expensive owner occupation (OR adj = 1.92: 1.83–2.02). Uptake was lower amongst Protestants than Catholics (OR adj = 0.75: 0.74–0.77) and amongst immigrants (OR adj = 0.36: 0.34–0.39) and slightly lower in rural communities. Poor health is the predominant determinant of disability benefits uptake but other social and socioeconomic factors have influence. These findings may assist in the reshaping of outreach programmes leading to better targeting of benefits, and therefore a more indirect influence on the derivation of area deprivation measures in the United Kingdom. • Uptake of disability-related benefits is high in Northern Ireland; with. • Mobility-related disability more likely to attract benefits than poor mental health. • Social and socio-economic factors may partly determine benefit uptake; and. • This social patterning may indicate areas of unmet need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]