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2. The Changing Nature and Role of Vocational Education and Training in Europe. Volume 5: Education and Labour Market Outcomes for Graduates from Different Types of VET System in Europe. Cedefop Research Paper. No 69
- Author
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Cedefop - European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, Department for VET Systems and Institutions (DSI)
- Abstract
This research paper is the fifth in a series produced as part of the Cedefop project The changing nature and role of VET (2016-18). Based on comparative analysis of labour force survey data from 2014, the report analyses the vocational effect on labour market and education outcomes, asking whether any advantages conferred by vocational qualifications in early career would be offset by disadvantages later in life. The report explores the functioning of the safety net and the diversion effects across countries, demonstrating how these vary considerably with the specific institutional structure of schooling and work-based training. The results indicate that VET graduates are potentially sacrificing the longer-term gains associated with further education in favour of short-term benefits. [This research was carried out by a consortium led by 3s Unternehmensberatung GmbH and including the Danish Technological Institute, the Institute of Employment Research (University of Warwick), the Institute of International and Social Studies (Tallinn University) and Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini. The Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training (BIBB) in Germany is supporting the project as a subcontractor.]
- Published
- 2018
3. European Youth Work Policy and Young People's Experience of Open Access Youth Work.
- Author
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ORD, JON, CARLETTI, MARC, MORCIANO, DANIELE, SIURALA, LASSE, DANSAC, CHRISTOPHE, COOPER, SUE, FYFE, IAN, KÖTSI, KAUR, SINISALO-JUHA, EEVA, TARU, MARTI, and ZENTNER, MANFRED
- Subjects
WORK environment ,FRIENDSHIP ,CONFIDENCE ,WORK ,GOVERNMENT policy ,EXPERIENTIAL learning ,PSYCHOLOGICAL resilience - Abstract
This article examines young people's experiences of open access youth work in settings in the UK, Finland, Estonia, Italy and France. It analyses 844 individual narratives from young people, which communicate the impact of youthwork on their lives. These accounts are then analysed in the light of the European youth work policy goals. It concludes that it is encouraging that what young people identify as the positive impact of youth work are broadly consistent with many of these goals. There are however some disparities which require attention. These include the importance young people place on the social context of youth work, such as friendship, which is largely absent in EU youth work policy; as well as the importance placed on experiential learning. The paper also highlights a tension between 'top down' policy formulation and the 'youth centric' practices of youth work. It concludes with a reminder to policy makers that for youth work to remain successful the spaces and places for young people must remain meaningful to them 'on their terms'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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4. How Sedentary are Older People? A Systematic Review of the Amount of Sedentary Behavior.
- Author
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Harvey, Juliet A., Chastin, Sebastien F.M., and Skelton, Dawn A.
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AGING ,CINAHL database ,HEALTH behavior ,LEISURE ,MEDLINE ,META-analysis ,SELF-evaluation ,TIME ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ACCELEROMETRY ,SEDENTARY lifestyles ,PHYSICAL activity ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,AMED (Information retrieval system) - Abstract
Background/objectives: Sedentary behavior (SB), defined as sitting (nonexercising), reclining, and lying down (posture), or by low energy expenditure, is a public health risk independent to physical activity. The objective of this systematic literature review was to synthesize the available evidence on amount of SB reported by and measured in older adults. Data source: Studies published between 1981 and 2014 were identified from electronic databases and manual searching. Large-scale population studies/surveys reporting the amount of SB (objective/ subjective) in older adults aged ≥ 60 years of age were included. Appraisal and synthesis was completed using MOOSE guidelines. Results: 349,698 adults aged ≥ 60 within 22 studies (10 countries and 1 EU-wide) were included. Objective measurement of SB shows that older adults spend an average of 9.4 hr a day sedentary, equating to 65-80% of their waking day. Self-report of SB is lower, with average weighted self-reports being 5.3 hr daily. Within specific domains of SB, older adults report 3.3 hr in leisure sitting time and 3.3 hr watching TV. There is an association with more time spent in SB as age advances and a trend for older men to spend more time in SB than women. Conclusion/ implications: Time spent sedentary ranges from 5.3-9.4 hr per waking day in older adults. With recent studies suggesting a link between SB, health, and well-being, independent of physical activity, this is an area important for successful aging. Limitations: Different methodologies of measurement and different reporting methods of SB made synthesis difficult. Estimated SB time from self-report is half of that measured objectively; suggesting that most self-report surveys of SB will vastly underestimate the actual time spent in SB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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5. Representations of Corruption in the British, French, and Italian Press.
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Mancini, Paolo, Mazzoni, Marco, Marchetti, Rita, and Cornia, Alessio
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FREEDOM of the press ,POLITICAL corruption ,PRESS & politics ,PARTISANSHIP - Abstract
As part of a larger European Union (EU)-funded project, this paper investigates the coverage of corruption and related topics in three European democracies: France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Based on Freedom House data, these countries are characterized by different levels of press freedom. A large corpus of newspaper articles (107,248 articles) from the period 2004 to 2013 were analyzed using dedicated software. We demonstrate that freedom of press is not the only dimension that affects the ability to and the way in which news media report on corruption. Because of its political partisanship, the Italian press tends to emphasize and dramatize corruption cases involving domestic public administrators and, in particular, politicians. The British coverage is affected mainly by market factors, and the press pays more attention to cases occurring abroad and in sport. The French coverage shares specific features with both the British and the Italian coverage: Newspapers mainly focus on corruption involving business companies and foreign actors, but they also cover cases involving domestic politicians. Media market segmentation, political parallelism, and media instrumentalization determine different representations preventing the establishment of unanimously shared indignation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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6. European Law Made Local: a case of the Roma in France and the UK.
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Squatrito, Theresa
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LEGAL status of minorities , *JUSTICE administration , *GOVERNMENT policy , *CIVIL society ,EUROPEAN law - Abstract
European legal institutions have recognized legal protections for minority groups across Europe. These legal protections and other transnational legal norms increasingly define and shape domestic legal systems. Equally important to this dynamic, is the growing number and strength of civil society organizations that utilize international courts and law to bring domestic policy reforms. This process of internalization, by which international law becomes integrated, enforceable and meaningful within the domestic legal order, is increasingly determined by a dynamic interaction between international courts and civil society organizations. While many scholars have focused on the growing legalization of world politics, few have focused on the domestic effects of this process. Further, the role of civil society in the domestic internalization of international law remains virtually ignored. In this paper, I examine the conditions under which international law becomes institutionalized in domestic politics. In particular, if, how and why domestic politics and civil society shape the degree to which international law becomes integrated, enforceable and meaningful within domestic legal and political systems. To carry out this analysis, I explore the linkages between civil society, transnational law and its integration into domestic politics, focusing on anti-discrimination law of the European Union and the Council of Europe. I examine the process of internalization in the context of Roma housing rights in France and the UK. The three conditions that I explore are institutional fit, activism of state actors and civil society. I argue that the degree to which European law becomes internal to domestic law is driven by European-minded social actors who mobilize European legal norms and lead state actors to provide "surveillance" over the application of European law. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
7. Framing post-pandemic preparedness: Comparing eight European plans.
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Holmberg, Martin and Lundgren, Britta
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EMERGENCY management ,HEALTH policy ,EPIDEMICS ,RESEARCH funding ,RISK management in business ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Framing has previously been studied in the field of pandemic preparedness and global health governance and influenza pandemics have usually been framed in terms of security and evidence-based medicine on a global scale. This paper is based on the pandemic preparedness plans, published after 2009, from eight European countries. We study how pandemic preparedness is framed and how pandemic influenza in general is narrated in the plans. All plans contain references to ‘uncertainty’, ‘pandemic phases’, ‘risk management’, ‘vulnerability’ and ‘surveillance’. These themes were all framed differently in the studied plans. The preparedness plans in the member states diverge in ways that will challenge the ambition of the European Union to make the pandemic preparedness plans interoperable and to co-ordinate the member states during future pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
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- 2018
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8. Vattel, Britain and Peace in Europe.
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Whatmore, Richard
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POLITICAL community ,POLITICAL doctrines ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,MONARCHY ,SOVEREIGNTY - Abstract
This paper underlines Vattel's commitment to maintaining the sovereignty of Europe's small states by enunciating the duties he deemed incumbent upon all political communities. Vattel took seriously the threat to Europe from a renascent France, willing to foster an equally aggressive Catholic imperialism justified by the need for religious unity. Preventing a French version of universal monarchy, Vattel recognised, entailed more than speculating about a Europe imagined as a single republic. Rather, Vattel believed that Britain had to be relied upon to prevent excessive French ambition, and to underwrite the independence of the continent's smaller sovereignties. Against those who saw Britain as another candidate for the domination of Europe, Vattel argued that Britain's commercial interests explained why it was a different kind of state to the great empires of the past. The paper goes on to consider the reception of Vattel's ideas after the Seven Years War. Although further research is required into readings of Vattel, especially in the smaller states of Europe in the later eighteenth century, the paper concludes that by the 1790s Vattel was being used to justify war to defeat the gargantuan imperialist projects of newly republican France, in order to maintain Europe itself, and the smaller states within it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2010
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9. SOCIAL EXCLUSION, CHILDREN AND EDUCATION: Implications of a rights-based approach.
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Klasen, Stephan
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EMPLOYMENT ,POVERTY ,SOCIAL policy ,WELFARE economics ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
In this paper, I am applying a rights-based approach to childhood social exclusion that, following Sen's capability approach as one formulation of such a rights-based approach, sees social exclusion as the failure of people to have access to critical capabilities relating to their integration into society. The implications of this approach will then be applied to the relation between education and social exclusion, where it is shown that education has a critical impact on mitigating or reinforcing social exclusion. Taking such a capabilities-based approach implies a shift away from a concentration on average achievement generated by an education system to the low end of the achievement distribution and the ability of the education system to raise the performance and integrate the most disadvantaged students. The paper investigates how education systems in Europe and other industrialized countries are achieving this goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2001
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10. Therapeutic index for local infections score (TILI): a new diagnostic tool.
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Dissemond, Joachim and Gerber, Veronika
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ALLIED health personnel ,BACTERICIDES ,PREVENTION of communicable diseases ,CONSENSUS (Social sciences) ,DERMATOLOGISTS ,EXPERIMENTAL design ,HEALTH care teams ,RESEARCH methodology ,SURGEONS ,SURGICAL site infections ,WOUND healing ,WOUND infections ,WOUND care ,DECISION making in clinical medicine ,EARLY diagnosis ,SYMPTOMS - Abstract
Objective: Local wound infections are a major challenge for patients and health professionals. Various diagnostic and therapeutic options are available. However, a generally accepted standard is still lacking in Europe. The aim was to develop an easy-to-use clinical score for the early detection of local wound infections, as a basis for decisionmaking on antiseptic therapy or decolonisation. Method: An interdisciplinary and interprofessional panel of experts from seven European countries was brought together to discuss the various aspects of diagnosing local wound infections. Results: The result was the adoption of the Therapeutic Index for Local Infections (TILI) score, developed in Germany by Initiative Chronische Wunden e.V., specifically for health professionals not specialised in wound care. Available in six European languages, the TILI score could also be adapted for different European countries, depending on their specific national healthcare requirements. The six clinical criteria for local wound infection are erythema to surrounding skin; heat; oedema, induration or swelling; spontaneous pain or pressure pain; stalled wound healing; and increase and/or change in colour or smell of exudate. Meeting all criteria indicates that antiseptic wound therapy could be started. Regardless of these unspecific clinical signs, there are also health conditions for the clinical situation which are a direct indication for antimicrobial wound therapy. These include the presence of wound pathogens, such as meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, septic surgical wound or the presence of free pus. Conclusion: The development of the new internationally adapted TILI score, which could also be used by any caregiver in daily practice to diagnose local infections in acute and hard-to-heal wounds, is the result of expert consensus. However, the score system has to be validated through a clinical evaluation. This is to be performed in expert centres throughout Europe. Declaration of interest: JD has received research support, lecture fees and travel-cost reimbursements from 4M, Coloplast, Convatec, Draco, Engelhardt, Paul Hartmann, KCI, Lohmann&Rauscher, Mölnlycke, SastoMed and Urgo. RL has received research support, lecture fees and travel-cost reimbursements from Mölnlycke and Urgo. AK has received research support, lecture fees and travel-cost reimbursements from 3M, B. Braun Melsungen, Bode/Paul Hartmann, Ethicon, Lohmann&Rauscher, Mundipharma, Oculus, SastoMed Schülke&Mayr, SERAG-WIESSNER and Urgo. JVS has received research support, lecture fees and travel-cost reimbursements from Mundipharma, Histocell, Quesper and Urgo. This work was supported by an unlimited grant from Urgo Medical. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of Urgo Medical. The company had no direct influence on the content of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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11. The timing of introduction of pharmaceutical innovations in seven European countries.
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Westerling, Ragnar, Westin, Marcus, McKee, Martin, Hoffmann, Rasmus, Plug, Iris, Rey, Grégoire, Jougla, Eric, Lang, Katrin, Pärna, Kersti, Alfonso, José L., and Mackenbach, Johan P.
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BREAST tumor treatment ,ULCER treatment ,PEPTIC ulcer ,TAMOXIFEN ,TESTIS tumors ,MEDICAL care ,CIMETIDINE ,CISPLATIN ,DIFFUSION of innovations ,CLINICAL drug trials ,MEDICAL practice ,PATIENTS ,DATA analysis ,TUMOR treatment - Abstract
Rationale, aims and objectives Differences in the performance of medical care may be due to variation in the introduction and diffusion of medical innovations. The objective of this paper is to compare seven European countries ( United Kingdom, the Netherlands, West Germany, France, Spain, Estonia and Sweden) with regard to the year of introduction of six specific pharmaceutical innovations (antiretroviral drugs, cimetidine, tamoxifen, cisplatin, oxalaplatin and cyclosporin) that may have had important population health impacts. Methods We collected information on introduction and further diffusion of drugs using searches in the national and international literature, and questionnaires to national informants. We combined various sources of information, both official years of registration and other indicators of introduction (clinical trials, guidelines, evaluation reports, sales statistics). Results and conclusions The total length of the period between first and last introduction varied between 8 years for antiretroviral drugs and 22 years for cisplatin. Introduction in Estonia was generally delayed until the 1990s. The average time lags were smallest in France (2.2 years), United Kingdom (2.8 years) and the Netherlands (3.5 years). Similar rank orders were seen for year of registration suggesting that introduction lags are not only explained by differences in the process of registration. We discuss possible reasons for these between-country differences and implications for the evaluation of medical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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12. 2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: Developed by the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). With the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC.
- Author
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McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, Gardner RS, Baumbach A, Böhm M, Burri H, Butler J, Čelutkienė J, Chioncel O, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, Crespo-Leiro MG, Farmakis D, Gilard M, Heymans S, Hoes AW, Jaarsma T, Jankowska EA, Lainscak M, Lam CSP, Lyon AR, McMurray JJV, Mebazaa A, Mindham R, Muneretto C, Francesco Piepoli M, Price S, Rosano GMC, Ruschitzka F, and Kathrine Skibelund A
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- Bayes Theorem, Chronic Disease, Europe, France, Germany, Humans, Italy, United Kingdom, United States, Cardiology, Heart Failure diagnosis, Heart Failure therapy
- Abstract
Document Reviewers: Rudolf A. de Boer (CPG Review Coordinator) (Netherlands), P. Christian Schulze (CPG Review Coordinator) (Germany), Magdy Abdelhamid (Egypt), Victor Aboyans (France), Stamatis Adamopoulos (Greece), Stefan D. Anker (Germany), Elena Arbelo (Spain), Riccardo Asteggiano (Italy), Johann Bauersachs (Germany), Antoni Bayes-Genis (Spain), Michael A. Borger (Germany), Werner Budts (Belgium), Maja Cikes (Croatia), Kevin Damman (Netherlands), Victoria Delgado (Netherlands), Paul Dendale (Belgium), Polychronis Dilaveris (Greece), Heinz Drexel (Austria), Justin Ezekowitz (Canada), Volkmar Falk (Germany), Laurent Fauchier (France), Gerasimos Filippatos (Greece), Alan Fraser (United Kingdom), Norbert Frey (Germany), Chris P. Gale (United Kingdom), Finn Gustafsson (Denmark), Julie Harris (United Kingdom), Bernard Iung (France), Stefan Janssens (Belgium), Mariell Jessup (United States of America), Aleksandra Konradi (Russia), Dipak Kotecha (United Kingdom), Ekaterini Lambrinou (Cyprus), Patrizio Lancellotti (Belgium), Ulf Landmesser (Germany), Christophe Leclercq (France), Basil S. Lewis (Israel), Francisco Leyva (United Kingdom), AleVs Linhart (Czech Republic), Maja-Lisa Løchen (Norway), Lars H. Lund (Sweden), Donna Mancini (United States of America), Josep Masip (Spain), Davor Milicic (Croatia), Christian Mueller (Switzerland), Holger Nef (Germany), Jens-Cosedis Nielsen (Denmark), Lis Neubeck (United Kingdom), Michel Noutsias (Germany), Steffen E. Petersen (United Kingdom), Anna Sonia Petronio (Italy), Piotr Ponikowski (Poland), Eva Prescott (Denmark), Amina Rakisheva (Kazakhstan), Dimitrios J. Richter (Greece), Evgeny Schlyakhto (Russia), Petar Seferovic (Serbia), Michele Senni (Italy), Marta Sitges (Spain), Miguel Sousa-Uva (Portugal), Carlo G. Tocchetti (Italy), Rhian M. Touyz (United Kingdom), Carsten Tschoepe (Germany), Johannes Waltenberger (Germany/Switzerland) All experts involved in the development of these guidelines have submitted declarations of interest. These have been compiled in a report and published in a supplementary document simultaneously to the guidelines. The report is also available on the ESC website www.escardio.org/guidelines For the Supplementary Data which include background information and detailed discussion of the data that have provided the basis for the guidelines see European Heart Journal online., (© 2022 European Society of Cardiology This article has been co-published with permission in European Heart Journal (published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Cardiology) and European Journal of Heart Failure (published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology).)
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- 2022
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13. Gleanings from the Whirl.
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Caraway, Beatrice L.
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CATALOGING standards ,PUBLISHING ,PUBLIC libraries ,RESEARCH ,ARCHIVES ,AWARDS ,BAR codes ,BIBLIOMETRICS ,COOPERATIVE cataloging databases ,COLLECTION development in libraries ,COMPUTER input-output equipment ,COMPUTER software ,CONFERENCES & conventions ,MERGERS & acquisitions ,CURRICULUM ,ELECTRONIC publishing ,HTML (Document markup language) ,INFORMATION resources management ,INFORMATION services ,SCHOLARLY method ,LIBRARY cooperation ,NEGOTIATION ,OPHTHALMOLOGY ,RARE books ,STATISTICS ,SCIENCE ,USER interfaces ,WIRELESS communications ,ACCESS to information ,DATA security - Abstract
The article notes international serials and electronic resource management news for July 1, 2012. The Association for Library Collections & Technical Services' Continuing Resources Section presented the Ulrich’s Serials Librarianship Award to Valerie Bross. The North American Serials Interest Group's newly elected officers include Joyce Tenney, Shana McDonald, and Chris Brady. The Library of Congress' Bibliographic Framework Initiative General Plan is on its website at http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/pdf/bibframework-10312011.pdf.
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- 2012
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14. Education is a key determinant of health in Europe: a comparative analysis of 11 countries.
- Author
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Albert, Cecilia and Davia, María A.
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AGE distribution ,COMPARATIVE studies ,STATISTICAL correlation ,HEALTH promotion ,HEALTH status indicators ,INCOME ,HEALTH policy ,PANEL analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,SELF-evaluation ,SEX distribution ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,SECONDARY analysis ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
This paper has contributed to confirming the link between education and health in developed countries. The analysis is based on 11 European Union countries. We estimate country-specific health functions, where the dependent variable is self-reported health status and the education attainment is one of the main inputs. All eight waves (1994–2001) of the European Community Household Panel are deployed. A random effects ordered probit is estimated in order to control, to a given extent, for unobserved heterogeneity. Explanatory variables are both time invariant (education attainment and gender) and time varying (gross wages, hours of work, age and living alone). Results confirm the positive impact of secondary education on health in most cases and tertiary education in all cases, even after controlling for other inputs in the health function and taking unobserved heterogeneity into account. Secondary education has an impact on health in all countries in the sample except for The Netherlands and UK. The effect does not differ between secondary and tertiary education in France, Ireland and Greece. The correlation between education and health is interpreted in different but complementary ways by diverse approaches and we may not disentangle the precise mechanism that connects health with education from our results. Anyway, it seems clear that better coordination is needed between education and health policies to effectively improve health literacy. Other relevant results from our study are that women register poorer health than men, age contributes to worsening health status and wages contribute positively to health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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15. The Licensing of Older Drivers in Europe— A Case Study.
- Author
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(KIT) Mitchell, C.G. B.
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DRIVERS' licenses ,OLDER people ,AUTOMOBILE drivers ,AUTOMOBILE driving ,TRAFFIC safety - Abstract
Objective. European countries practice a wide range of car driving license renewal procedures. These range from issuing lifelong licenses without subsequent medical checks, to issuing a license to age 70 and for 3- or 5-year periods thereafter based on self-declarations of medical fitness, to requiring medical examinations for renewal, to renewal every 5 years from the age of 45. This paper presents a case study of the different older driver licensing procedures in seven European countries and addresses the association between these procedures and older driver safety. Method. The seven countries studied consist of France, The Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. The first-mentioned three countries have the most relaxed license renewal procedures and least demanding medical examination requirements. Results. There is no evidence that any license renewal procedure or requirement for a medical examination has an effect on the overall road safety of drivers aged 65+, though undoubtedly there are individual drivers who should no longer be driving who might be detected by stringent renewal procedures. Considering the three countries with the most relaxed licensing procedures, The Netherlands and United Kingdom have the lowest fatality rate for car drivers aged 65+, and the rate for France is falling rapidly. Conclusions. There is also evidence that stringent renewal procedures and demanding medical examinations at renewal reduce the level of car driving licenses among older people. France, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom have the highest level of driving license holding by people aged 65+, which has direct implications for the independent mobility of older people. Reduced mobility also has safety implications: in about half the European countries for which road accident fatality data have been analyzed, people aged 65+ are at greater risk of death as a pedestrian than as a car driver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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16. Religious Institutions, Church-State History and Muslim Mobilisation in Britain, France and Germany.
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Soper, J. Christopher and Fetzer, JoelS.
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ISLAM & state ,ISLAM ,MUSLIMS in non-Islamic countries ,RELIGIOUS tolerance ,CHURCH & state ,SOCIAL policy ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
With more than 10 million Muslims living in Western Europe, states are struggling to accommodate the religious needs of Muslims in state-supported institutions. Such issues include whether to fund separate Islamic schools and how or whether to teach Islam in state-supported schools. Despite these common concerns, national governments vary widely in their response to the religious needs and practices of Muslim citizens and permanent residents. This paper looks at how Britain, France and Germany have resolved these issues. We explore how pre-existing Church-State practices and institutional arrangements structured the politics of state accommodation of Muslims' religious needs in each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2007
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17. Multiple Origins of Accounting? An Early Italian Example of the Development of Accounting for Managerial Purposes.
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Antonelli, Valerio, Boyns, Trevor, and Cerbioni, Fabrizio
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MANAGERIAL accounting ,COST ,INDUSTRIAL management ,MANUFACTURED products ,BOOKKEEPING ,ORGANIZATIONAL change ,ACCOUNTING methods - Abstract
Utilising archival materials relating to an Italian pottery manufacturer, Manifattura Ginori, this paper examines the development of the company's accounting system during the 19th century. By the early 1800s, Manifattura Ginori is shown to have developed a double-entry bookkeeping system and to have carried out cost calculations. Deficiencies in the archive unfortunately do not enable us to determine precisely the nature of the links between the cost calculations and the financial accounting system during the early decades of the 19th century. However, as the century wore on, and the business moved from being an artisanal based manufacturer of high quality porcelain to a large-scale, industrial producer of utilitarian wares, Manifattura Ginori developed its system of accounting to reflect organisational changes and managerial needs. The Ginori archives therefore not only provide us with a rare glimpse of accounting in an early industrial context in Italy, but also of the use of accounting as a mechanism for business management and control in a non-Anglo-Saxon context. In particular it allows us to examine the role of accountants, to throw light on factors causing accounting change, and the relevance of alternative theoretical paradigms in interpreting such changes. By placing the experiences of Manifattura Ginori in a context of developments elsewhere in Europe, especially Britain and France, some implications can be drawn regarding the possibility of multiple origins of accounting ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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18. Migration Policies and Political Cultures in Europe: A Changing Trend*.
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Melotti, Umberto
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EMIGRATION & immigration ,POLITICAL culture ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper discusses the relationships between the migratory policies of the EU countries with more experience of immigration and their national political cultures. It focuses on France, Germany and the United Kingdom. It then looks at Italy, a relatively new country of immigration, which, with 3,000,000 legal immigrants, has become the fourth country of immigration in Europe and the first in the Mediterranean basin. In its final part it highlights the incipient process of 'communitarisation' of the immigration policies of EU countries in the last decade. This process, which has already entailed a significant convergence of their migratory policies, is expected to continue after the recent enlargement of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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19. Formadores y usuarios frente al doble vínculo de la formación para la empleabilidad.
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Darmon, Isabelle, Frade, Carlos, Demazière, Didier, and Hass, Isabelle
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UNEMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,LABOR supply ,EMPLOYMENT ,FIELD research ,RIGHT to work (Human rights) - Abstract
Copyright of Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2006
20. Urban Power, International Networks and Competition: The Example of Cross-border Cooperation.
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Church, Andrew and Reid, Peter
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LOCAL government ,BRITISH foreign relations ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The involvement of urban and regional governments in transnational cooperative arrangements and policy networks has led to considerable debate regarding the political and theoretical implications. This paper examines networking and cooperation between urban areas and regions in the UK and France with a shared sea border. Such cross-border cooperation involving local authorities in Europe is a growing phenomenon and has certain implications for the analysis of local and urban politics. Three study areas are examined in detail: the Transmanche region involving Kent County Council and the French region Nord-Pas-de-Calais; the Transmanche Metropole which includes Southampton, Portsmouth, Bournemouth and Poole in Britain and Caen, Rouen and Le Havre in France; the cooperative initiative between the English county of East Sussex and the French de partements of Somme and Seine-Maritime. In all three case studies, the development of cooperation has been influenced by the availability of funds from the European Union Interreg programme which supports transfrontier networking. A number of political consequences of cross-border cooperation are identified. The implications of these policy initiatives for theories of urban politics are considered, including a discussion of the political and economic construction of competition and cooperation between cities and regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1996
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21. Designing and Implementing Virtual Exchange -- A Collection of Case Studies
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Research-publishing.net (France), Helm, Francesca, Beaven, Ana, Helm, Francesca, Beaven, Ana, and Research-publishing.net (France)
- Abstract
Virtual exchange is gaining popularity in formal and non-formal education, partly as a means to internationalise the curriculum, and also to offer more sustainable and inclusive international and intercultural experiences to young people around the world. This volume brings together 19 case studies (17 in higher education and two in youth work) of virtual exchange projects in Europe and the South Mediterranean region. They span across a range of disciplines, from STEM to business, tourism, and languages, and are presented as real-life pedagogical practices that can be of interest to educators looking for ideas and inspiration. [This content is provided in the format of an e-book. Individual papers are indexed in ERIC.]
- Published
- 2020
22. Migration history and risk of psychosis: results from the multinational EU-GEI study.
- Author
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Tarricone, Ilaria, D'Andrea, Giuseppe, Jongsma, Hannah E., Tosato, Sarah, Gayer-Anderson, Charlotte, Stilo, Simona A., Suprani, Federico, Iyegbe, Conrad, van der Ven, Els, Quattrone, Diego, di Forti, Marta, Velthorst, Eva, Rossi Menezes, Paulo, Arango, Celso, Parellada, Mara, Lasalvia, Antonio, La Cascia, Caterina, Ferraro, Laura, Bobes, Julio, and Bernardo, Miguel
- Subjects
IMMIGRANTS ,ADVERSE childhood experiences ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,SOCIAL support ,CANNABIS (Genus) ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,PSYCHOSES ,SCHIZOPHRENIA ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,PSYCHOLOGICAL vulnerability ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,CASE-control method ,ECOLOGY ,MANN Whitney U Test ,FISHER exact test ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,RISK assessment ,GENES ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,AGE factors in disease ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,CHI-squared test ,EMPLOYMENT ,STATISTICAL models ,ODDS ratio ,STATISTICAL sampling ,DATA analysis software ,DOSE-response relationship in biochemistry ,FAMILY history (Medicine) ,EDUCATIONAL attainment - Abstract
Background: Psychosis rates are higher among some migrant groups. We hypothesized that psychosis in migrants is associated with cumulative social disadvantage during different phases of migration. Methods: We used data from the EUropean Network of National Schizophrenia Networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) case–control study. We defined a set of three indicators of social disadvantage for each phase: pre-migration, migration and post-migration. We examined whether social disadvantage in the pre- and post-migration phases, migration adversities, and mismatch between achievements and expectations differed between first-generation migrants with first-episode psychosis and healthy first-generation migrants, and tested whether this accounted for differences in odds of psychosis in multivariable logistic regression models. Results: In total, 249 cases and 219 controls were assessed. Pre-migration (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.06–2.44, p = 0.027) and post-migration social disadvantages (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.02–3.51, p = 0.044), along with expectations/achievements mismatch (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26, p = 0.014) were all significantly associated with psychosis. Migration adversities (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.672–2.06, p = 0.568) were not significantly related to the outcome. Finally, we found a dose–response effect between the number of adversities across all phases and odds of psychosis (⩾6: OR 14.09, 95% CI 2.06–96.47, p = 0.007). Conclusions: The cumulative effect of social disadvantages before, during and after migration was associated with increased odds of psychosis in migrants, independently of ethnicity or length of stay in the country of arrival. Public health initiatives that address the social disadvantages that many migrants face during the whole migration process and post-migration psychological support may reduce the excess of psychosis in migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Problematic Internet Uses and Depression in Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis
- Author
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Lozano-Blasco, Raquel and Cortés-Pascual, Alejandra
- Abstract
Widespread use of the Internet in 21st century society is not risk-free. This paper studies the comorbidity of some problematic uses of Internet with depression in order to assess their correlation. With that aim, a meta-analysis of 19 samples obtained from 13 different studies (n=33,458) was carried out. The subjects of these studies are adolescents between the ages of 12 and 18 years ([mu]=15.68) from different cultures and continents (Europe, Euro-Asia, America and Asia). The effect size obtained from the use of a random-effects model (r=0.3, p<0.000) is significant, moderate and positive, thus confirming the relation between pathologic uses of the Internet and depression. Moreover, meta-regression test results showed that 9% of the variance (R2=0.09) is associated with the male gender, while age and culture are not significant variables. The variability rate of the studies is high (I2=87.085%), as a consequence of heterogeneity rather than publication bias, as Egger's regression test shows (1-tailed p-value=0.25; 2-tailed p-value=0.50, and [sigma]=1.57). Therefore, the need for specific interventions in secondary education dealing with this issue is evident to ensure that it does not extend into adult life.
- Published
- 2020
24. How can we promote co-creation in communities? The perspective of health promoting professionals in four European countries.
- Author
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Darlington, Emily Joan, Pearce, Gemma, Vilaça, Teresa, Masson, Julien, Bernard, Sandie, Anastácio, Zélia, Magee, Paul, Christensen, Frants, Hansen, Henriette, and Carvalho, Graça S.
- Subjects
PATIENT participation ,ATTITUDES of medical personnel ,PROFESSIONAL employee training ,COMMUNITIES ,PROFESSIONAL competence ,COMMUNITY-based social services ,CONTENT analysis ,HEALTH promotion - Abstract
Purpose: The aim was to identify the competencies professionals need to promote co-creation engagement within communities. Design/methodology/approach: Co-creation could contribute to building community capacity to promote health. Professional development is key to support co-creative practices. Participants were professionals in a position to promote co-creation processes in health-promoting welfare settings across Denmark, Portugal, France and United Kingdom. An overarching unstructured topic guide was used within interviews, focus groups, questionnaires and creative activities. Findings: The need to develop competencies to promote co-creation was high across all countries. Creating a common understanding of co-creation and the processes involved to increase inclusivity, engagement and shared understanding was also necessary. Competencies included: How to run co-creation from the beginning of the process right through to evaluation, using feedback and communication throughout using an open action-oriented approach; initiating a perspective change and committing to the transformation of co-creation into a real-life process. Practical implications: Overall, learning about underlying principles, process initiation, implementation and facilitation of co-creation were areas identified to be included within a co-creation training programme. This can be applied through the framework of enabling change, advocating for co-creative processes, mediating through partnership, communication, leadership, assessment, planning, implementation, evaluation and research, ethical values and knowledge of co-creative processes. Originality/value: This study provides novel findings on the competencies needed for health promoting professionals to embed co-creative processes within their practice, and the key concerns that professionals with a position to mediate co-creation have in transferring the abstract term of co-creation into a real-world practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Institutionalised cooperation and policy convergence in European defence: lessons from the relations between France, Germany and the UK.
- Author
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Pannier, Alice and Schmitt, Olivier
- Subjects
NATIONAL security ,NEW institutionalism (Sociology) ,ARMED Forces ,FUNCTIONALISM (Social sciences) - Abstract
What are the prospects for trilateral concord among Britain, France and Germany in terms of defence policies? Would more institutionalised links among them lead to more convergence of their defence policies? To answer these interrogations, this article investigates the relation between policy convergence and institutionalised cooperation, in particular by studying whether and when one is a prerequisite to the other. First, this article examines the extent to which these countries' defence policies have converged since the end of the cold war based on several indicators: their attitudes towards international forums, their defence budgets, the structure of their armed forces and their willingness to use force. Second, we study each of the bilateral relations between the three states to qualitatively analyse their degree of institutionalisation and the convergence of their defence policies. This article concludes that contrary to the arguments of many discussions, think-tank reports and political actors, there is no evidence that institutionalised cooperation leads to policy convergence as far as defence is concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
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26. SME Policy in Europe.
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De, Dennis
- Subjects
SMALL business ,ECONOMIC policy ,EMPLOYMENT ,ECONOMIC development ,COMMUNITY development ,ENTREPRENEURSHIP ,GLOBALIZATION ,RESEARCH & development ,RED tape - Abstract
This paper explores what small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policy is about, how it is pursued in Europe, and the differences between the European countries. According to the author, the overall objectives of SME policy are to create employment, foster economic growth, improve competitiveness, and regional/structural development. The SME-related policy pursued in most European countries involves a collection of various objectives and fields of economic policy rather than a conceptual framework. The author discusses the various approaches of SME policy that take place in the following European countries: Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Denmark, France, and Belgium. The author also discusses the variation of instruments used in the following fields of SME policy: start-ups, finance, exports and internationalization, information, research and development, labor, and red tape.
- Published
- 2000
27. A Landscape of Open Science Policies Research
- Author
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Manco, Alejandra
- Abstract
This literature review aims to examine the approach given to open science policy in the different studies. The main findings are that the approach given to open science has different aspects: policy framing and its geopolitical aspects are described as an asymmetries replication and epistemic governance tool. The main geopolitical aspects of open science policies described in the literature are the relations between international, regional, and national policies. There are also different components of open science covered in the literature: open data seems much discussed in the works in the English language, while open access is the main component discussed in the Portuguese and Spanish speaking papers. Finally, the relationship between open science policies and the science policy is framed by highlighting the innovation and transparency that open science can bring into it.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Protecting livelihoods in the COVID-19 crisis: A comparative analysis of European labour market and social policies.
- Author
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Seemann, Anika, Becker, Ulrich, He, Linxin, Maria Hohnerlein, Eva, and Wilman, Nikola
- Subjects
WORK ,EMERGENCY management ,RESPONSIBILITY ,GOVERNMENT policy ,EMPLOYMENT ,LABOR market ,PUBLIC welfare ,COVID-19 pandemic - Abstract
This article provides a comparative study of the labour market and social policy measures introduced in light of the COVID-19 crisis in Denmark, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom between March 2020 and January 2021. Its main aim is to understand whether the crisis response has changed the structures of the welfare states concerned. Focusing in particular on the differences regarding the crisis measures taken for individuals in 'standard employment' and 'non-standard workers' in each country, it argues that, although extensive temporary protection instruments were introduced for both groups during the crisis, these did not lead to an immediate convergence as regards these groups' social protection. Rather than changing the underlying structures of welfare systems, many of the measures in fact highlighted the specific vulnerabilities of large segments of Europe's labour markets. States have, however, granted social compensation at unprecedented levels, which could result in improved infrastructures and a clearer understanding of the responsibility of the welfare state in future emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Impact of national smoke-free legislation on home smoking bans: findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Europe Surveys.
- Author
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Mons, Ute, Nagelhout, Gera E., Allwright, Shane, Guignard, Romain, Van Den Putte, Bas, Willemsen, Marc C., Fong, Geoffrey T., Brenner, Hermann, Pötschke-Langer, Martina, and Breitling, Lutz P.
- Subjects
SMOKING laws ,SMOKING prevention ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,SMOKING cessation ,T-test (Statistics) ,DATA analysis ,HOME environment ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,SECONDARY analysis ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objectives To measure changes in prevalence and predictors of home smoking bans (HSBs) among smokers in four European countries after the implementation of national smoke-free legislation. Design Two waves of the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project Europe Surveys, which is a prospective panel study. Pre- and post-legislation data were used from Ireland, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Two pre-legislation waves from the UK were used as control. Participants 4634 respondents from the intervention countries and 1080 from the control country completed both baseline and follow-up and were included in the present analyses. Methods Multiple logistic regression models to identify predictors of having or of adopting a total HSB, and Generalised Estimating Equation models to compare patterns of change after implementation of smoke-free legislation to a control country without such legislation. Results Most smokers had at least partial smoking restrictions in their home, but the proportions varied significantly between countries. After implementation of national smoke-free legislation, the proportion of smokers with a total HSB increased significantly in all four countries. Among continuing smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked per day either remained stable or decreased significantly. Multiple logistic regression models indicated that having a young child in the household and supporting smoking bans in bars were important correlates of having a pre-legislation HSB. Prospective predictors of imposing a HSB between survey waves were planning to quit smoking, supporting a total smoking ban in bars and the birth of a child. Generalised Estimating Equation models indicated that the change in total HSB in the intervention countries was greater than that in the control country. Conclusions The findings suggest that smoke-free legislation does not lead to more smoking in smokers' homes. On the contrary, our findings demonstrate that smoke-free legislation may stimulate smokers to establish total smoking bans in their homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. The Productivity of European Life Insurers: Best-Practice Adoption vs. Innovation.
- Author
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Bertoni, Fabio and Croce, Annalisa
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LIFE insurance companies ,INNOVATIONS in business ,DATA envelopment analysis ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the drivers of productivity evolution in the European life insurance industry in the aftermath of the enforcement of the Third Directive. We apply Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to a panel of 602 life insurance companies operating in five European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the U.K.) between 1997 and 2004 and develop a generalized Malmquist efficiency decomposition to gauge the relative importance of two sources of productivity change: the improvement of best-practices via innovation, and the adoption of practices currently adopted by local or foreign best-in-class insurers. We find that productivity increased on an annual basis by 6.71 per cent; the increase has been mostly due to innovation in best-practices (6.67 per cent), while best-practice adoption contributed by a mere 0.04 per cent. Our findings also indicate that, over the period of our analysis, innovation of best-practices was attributable to technological change. We find no evidence, instead, that productivity has been driven by a shift in the risk profile of insurers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Databases and Networking for Development. The Organization of Information in Europe in the Field of Policy and Planning for Developing Countries.
- Author
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Lindsay, John
- Abstract
This work suggests that better organization of existing sources of information available in Europe and better application of these sources to training can result in improved understanding of how information systems work, and it provides an annotated list of some of these sources. The guide opens with an introduction to public policy and urban planning in the context of developing countries, and explains that because this subject area is so focused and interdisciplinary it is difficult to locate information in a consistent manner; thus, the information needs of the people living in urban areas of developing countries are little known or catered to. Definitions for the field are explored, and the prospective users of information networks within this field are identified, e.g., academics and researchers, funding agencies, students in Europe, consultants, and planners in the third world. Subsequent sections of the guide describe the types of materials included as reference sources (e.g., people, grey literature, and geospatial databases), and then list the resources by international organization or geographic location (United Kingdom, Scandinavia, Germany, France, Italy, Eastern Europe and the Benelux countries) from which the resources originate. An appendix presents a prototype information network. (SD)
- Published
- 1985
32. Towards a General Model of Quality Assessment in Higher Education.
- Author
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Van Vught, Frans A. and Westerheijden, Don. F.
- Abstract
A model of quality assessment for higher education that incorporates both accountability (representing extrinsic values) and peer-review/collegiality (reflecting intrinsic values) is outlined. It is presented in both a historical context and the context of experiences with quality assessment in North America and Western Europe. (Author/MSE)
- Published
- 1994
33. Systems of Organization and Allocation of National Resources for Scientific Research: Some International Comparisons and Conclusions for New Market Economies.
- Author
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Weiss, Charles and Passman, Sidney
- Abstract
Reviews science and technology policymaking in five countries with free-market economies: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the Republic of Korea, and the United States. Implications for eastern European and other countries currently reorganizing toward domestic market economies and greater orientation toward world trade are discussed. (61 references) (LRW)
- Published
- 1991
34. Supply-Side Antecedents of Dropout Rates in MBA Programs
- Author
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Iglesias, Víctor, Entrialgo, Montserrat, and Müller, Frank
- Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to carry out an empirical examination of the supply-side factors influencing dropout rates in MBA programs. We analyze the extent to which the resources and characteristics of the program (content, teaching methodology, course load, class size, partnerships, reputation) influence these rates. A GLM analysis was conducted on data obtained from a final sample of 94 executive MBA programs in Western Europe. The results indicate that several supply side factors significantly affect dropout: intensity of case study learning, number of credits per month, class size, and proportion of lessons given at partner institutions. Several implications for the design and management of higher education programs have been drawn from this research.
- Published
- 2020
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- View/download PDF
35. Impact of a nudging intervention and factors associated with vegetable dish choice among European adolescents.
- Author
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dos Santos, Quenia, Perez-Cueto, Federico J. A., Rodrigues, Vanessa Mello, Appleton, Katherine, Giboreau, Agnes, Saulais, Laure, Monteleone, Erminio, Dinnella, Caterina, Brugarolas, Margarita, and Hartwell, Heather
- Subjects
CHI-squared test ,CLINICAL trials ,COMPARATIVE studies ,STATISTICAL correlation ,FOOD preferences ,FOOD service ,HEALTH promotion ,RESEARCH methodology ,POPULATION geography ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RESTAURANTS ,SEX distribution ,VEGETABLES ,MULTIPLE regression analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,EVALUATION of human services programs ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Purpose: To test the impact of a nudge strategy (dish of the day strategy) and the factors associated with vegetable dish choice, upon food selection by European adolescents in a real foodservice setting. Methods: A cross-sectional quasi-experimental study was implemented in restaurants in four European countries: Denmark, France, Italy and United Kingdom. In total, 360 individuals aged 12–19 years were allocated into control or intervention groups, and asked to select from meat-based, fish-based, or vegetable-based meals. All three dishes were identically presented in appearance (balls with similar size and weight) and with the same sauce (tomato sauce) and side dishes (pasta and salad). In the intervention condition, the vegetable-based option was presented as the "dish of the day" and numbers of dishes chosen by each group were compared using the Pearson chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was run to assess associations between choice of vegetable-based dish and its potential associated factors (adherence to Mediterranean diet, food neophobia, attitudes towards nudging for vegetables, food choice questionnaire, human values scale, social norms and self-estimated health, country, gender and belonging to control or intervention groups). All analyses were run in SPSS 22.0. Results: The nudging strategy (dish of the day) did not show a difference on the choice of the vegetable-based option among adolescents tested (p = 0.80 for Denmark and France and p = 0.69 and p = 0.53 for Italy and UK, respectively). However, natural dimension of food choice questionnaire, social norms and attitudes towards vegetable nudging were all positively associated with the choice of the vegetable-based dish. Being male was negatively associated with choosing the vegetable-based dish. Conclusions: The "dish of the day" strategy did not work under the study conditions. Choice of the vegetable-based dish was predicted by natural dimension, social norms, gender and attitudes towards vegetable nudging. An understanding of factors related to choosing vegetable based dishes is necessary for the development and implementation of public policy interventions aiming to increase the consumption of vegetables among adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Executive Insights: Real Differences Between Local and International Brands: Strategic Implications for International Marketers.
- Author
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Schuiling, Isabelle and Kapferer, Jean-Noël
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL markets ,BRAND name products ,GLOBALIZATION ,MARKETING strategy ,COMPETITIVE advantage in business ,DATABASES - Abstract
In the current context of globalization, firms have concentrated their efforts on the development of international brands. As a result, international brand portfolios have been restructured, and many successful local brands have been eliminated. This article's objective is to improve the understanding of local brand differences and competitive advantages relative to international brands. To achieve this, the authors reanalyzed the Young & Rubicam database Brand Asset Valuator and examined more than 744 brands across the four largest countries in Europe: the United Kingdom, Germany, France, and Italy. The authors discuss the managerial implications of the findings for international marketers as they develop their ideal international brand portfolios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Forgotten Philanthropy.
- Author
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White, Sally
- Subjects
CHARITIES ,RECONSTRUCTION (1914-1939) ,HISTORY of war & society ,WORLD War I ,FUNDRAISING ,REIGN of George V, Great Britain, 1910-1936 ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
The article discusses The British League of Help for the Devastated Areas of France, established as a philanthropic society after World War I with an aim of aiding areas of Northern France rebuild after experiencing extensive war damage. The charitable organization was begun under the guidance of Lilias, Countess Bathurst, owner of the newspaper "The Morning Post," with patronage of politicians such as Prime Minister David Lloyd George and Sir Winston Churchill. Under the program, British towns and cities adopted French counterparts to directly aid in their efforts to rebuild infrastructure such as schools, homes, and water supplies.
- Published
- 2013
38. Presentations to the emergency department with non-medical use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs: profiling and relation to sales data.
- Author
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Lyphout, C., Yates, C., Margolin, Z. R., Dargan, P. I., Dines, A. M., Heyerdahl, F., Hovda, K. E., Giraudon, I., Bucher-Bartelson, B., Green, J. L., Euro-DEN Research Group, and Wood, D. M.
- Subjects
MARKETING laws ,MARKETING ,ALPRAZOLAM ,BENZODIAZEPINES ,CLONAZEPAM ,DIAZEPAM ,DRUGS ,DRUG laws ,HOSPITAL emergency services ,POPULATION geography ,SEDATIVES ,STATISTICS ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,TRANQUILIZING drugs ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Background: Non-medical use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs is common; however, there is limited information available on the extent of harm related to this in Europe, as well as the relationship between misuse and availability.Aim: To describe presentations to the emergency department in Europe related to the recreational use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs and compare regional differences in these presentations with legal drug sales of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs within each country.Methods: Emergency department presentations with recreational misuse of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs were obtained from the Euro-DEN dataset for the period from October 2013 to September 2015; data extracted included demographics, clinical features, reported coused drugs, and outcome data. Sales figures obtained by QuintilesIMS™ (Atlanta, Georgia) were used to compare regional differences in the proportion of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in the emergency department presentations and legal drug sales across Europe.Results: Over the 2 years, there were 2119 presentations to the Euro-DEN project associated with recreational use of benzodiazepines and/or Z-drugs (19.3% of all Euro-DEN presentations). Presentations with 25 different benzodiazepines and Z-drugs were registered in all countries, most (1809/2340 registered benzodiazepines and Z-drugs, 77.3%) of which were prescription drugs. In 24.9%, the benzodiazepine was not specified. Where the benzodiazepine/Z-drug was known, the most frequently used benzodiazepines and Z-drugs were respectively clonazepam (29.5% of presentations), diazepam (19.9%), alprazolam (11.7%), and zopiclone (9.4%). The proportions of types of benzodiazepines/Z-drugs related to ED-presentations varied between countries. There was a moderate (Spain, UK, Switzerland) to high (France, Ireland, Norway) positive correlation between ED presentations and sales data (Spearman Row's correlation 0.66-0.80, p < 0.005), with higher correlation in countries with higher ED presentation rates.Conclusion: Presentations to the emergency department associated with the non-medical use of benzodiazepines and/or Z-drugs are common, with variation in the benzodiazepines and/or Z-drugs between countries. There was a moderate to high correlation with sales data, with higher correlation in countries with higher ED presentation rates. However, this is not the only explanation for the variation in non-medical use and in the harm associated with the non-medical use of benzodiazepines/Z-drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Who Wants Demanding Active Labour Market Policies? Public Attitudes towards Policies that put Pressure on the Unemployed.
- Author
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FOSSATI, FLAVIA
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,FACTOR analysis ,LABOR (Obstetrics) ,LABOR market ,MATERNAL health services ,PRACTICAL politics ,PROBABILITY theory ,PUBLIC opinion ,PUBLIC welfare ,RESEARCH funding ,SOCIAL services ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,GOVERNMENT policy ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
The literature addressing attitudes about social policy and the welfare state has been telling us for decades that welfare interventions are supported by those individuals who benefit from a specific measure. The diffusion of ‘demanding’ active labour market policies (ALMPs), however, challenges this relationship. Using a novel dataset, I analyse which individual- and country-level factors explain public support for demanding ALMPs in five Western European countries. The results show that labour market risk and ideological orientation influence public attitudes towards these ALMPs. Thereby, unemployed individuals sympathising with the political right are more strongly opposed to demanding measures than employed individuals with the same political preferences. Moreover, aggregate support is found to be correlated with the country's ALMP legacy, varying from high levels in Germany and the UK to low levels in Denmark and France. The findings suggest that most ALMPs are in fact implemented despite the opposition of their beneficiaries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. The Week.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC conditions in Europe, 1918-1945 ,SOCIOECONOMICS ,WORLD War I ,ECONOMICS ,WORLD War I & society ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,CABINET officers ,PRIME ministers - Abstract
Presents an update on recent political and social events in the U.S. and the world. Conditions in Europe after completion of five years of the First World War with Germany being curbed by France is on the verge of political and economic collapse; Tactics adopted by French Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré to escape from an awkward predicament of attending the conference to discuss the debt crisis in Europe with Great Britain and the U.S. by placing unacceptable conditions for his attendance; Reply to the questions on the closeness of nations placed by the New York World; Account of unaltered views of former U.S. President Woodrow Wilson on world politics; Comment on the recommendations by U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Andrew William Mellon.
- Published
- 1923
41. Gambling among European professional athletes. Prevalence and associated factors.
- Author
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Grall-Bronnec, Marie, Caillon, Julie, Humeau, Elise, Perrot, Bastien, Remaud, Manon, Guilleux, Alice, Rocher, Bruno, Sauvaget, Anne, and Bouju, Gaelle
- Subjects
AGE distribution ,BASKETBALL ,COMPULSIVE behavior ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CRICKET (Sport) ,FOOTBALL ,GAMBLING ,HANDBALL ,HOCKEY ,MARITAL status ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,RUGBY football ,SEX distribution ,VOLLEYBALL ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,PROFESSIONAL athletes ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
The article reports on a study which estimate prevalence of gambling among European professional athletes and explore factors that are associated with gambling practice and gambling problems in professional athletes. It states that self-completion questionnaire was designed for this study and socio-demographic variables, variables linked to gambling and impulsive behavior data were gathered. It mentions that instruments used for screening problem gambling were all validated.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Artistic identities and professional strategies: Francophone musicians in France and Britain.
- Author
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Gibert, Marie-Pierre and Kiwan, Nadia
- Subjects
NORTH Africans ,IDENTITY (Psychology) ,MUSICIANS ,FRENCH-speaking people ,IMMIGRANTS ,POLITICS & culture ,PSYCHOLOGY - Abstract
Copyright of Modern & Contemporary France is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Educational differences in the impact of pictorial cigarette warning labels on smokers: findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe surveys.
- Author
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Nagelhout, Gera E., Willemsen, Marc C., de Vries, Hein, Mons, Ute, Hitchman, Sara C., Kunst, Anton E., Guignard, Romain, Siahpush, Mohammad, Hua-Hie Yong, van den Putte, Bas, Fong, Geoffrey T., and Thrasher, James F.
- Subjects
SMOKING prevention ,AGE distribution ,AUTOMATIC data collection systems ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CONSUMER attitudes ,INTERVIEWING ,LABELS ,LONGITUDINAL method ,RESEARCH methodology ,POPULATION geography ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SELF-evaluation ,SURVEYS ,TELEPHONES ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) ,SECONDARY analysis ,EDUCATIONAL attainment ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Objective To examine (1) the impact of pictorial cigarette warning labels on changes in self-reported warning label responses: warning salience, cognitive responses, forgoing cigarettes and avoiding warnings, and (2) whether these changes differed by smokers' educational level. Methods Longitudinal data of smokers from two survey waves of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Europe Surveys were used. In France and the UK, pictorial warning labels were implemented on the back of cigarette packages between the two survey waves. In Germany and the Netherlands, the text warning labels did not change. Findings Warning salience decreased between the surveys in France (OR=0.81, p=0.046) and showed a non-significant increase in the UK (OR=1.30, p=0.058), cognitive responses increased in the UK (OR=1.34, p<0.001) and decreased in France (OR=0.70, p=0.002), forgoing cigarettes increased in the UK (OR=1.65, p<0.001) and decreased in France (OR=0.83, p=0.047), and avoiding warnings increased in France (OR=2.93, p<0.001) and the UK (OR=2.19, p<0.001). Warning salience and cognitive responses decreased in Germany and the Netherlands, forgoing did not change in these countries and avoidance increased in Germany. In general, these changes in warning label responses did not differ by education. However, in the UK, avoidance increased especially among low (OR=2.25, p=0.001) and moderate educated smokers (OR=3.21, p<0.001). Conclusions The warning labels implemented in France in 2010 and in the UK in 2008 with pictures on one side of the cigarette package did not succeed in increasing warning salience, but did increase avoidance. The labels did not increase educational inequalities among continuing smokers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Dietitian perceptions of low-calorie sweeteners.
- Author
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Harricharan, Michelle, Wills, Josephine, Metzger, Nathalie, Looy, Anne de, and Barnett, Julie
- Subjects
CONFIDENCE intervals ,INTERVIEWING ,REDUCING diets ,SWEETENERS ,QUALITATIVE research ,THEMATIC analysis ,DATA analysis software ,DIETITIANS' attitudes ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,ODDS ratio - Abstract
Background: Lowering energy (calorie) intake is essential in managing a healthy weight. One method of doing this is substituting sugar with low/no-calorie sweeteners. The safety of sweeteners has been debated, but little is known about how they are perceived by professionals responsible for weight management advice. We sought to explore dietitian perceptions of sweeteners and to identify the practical advice they provide about them. Methods: We collected data in France, Germany, Hungary, Portugal and the United Kingdom. We used face-toface interviews and a novel online tool designed to engage people with online content in a way that approximates everyday processes of making sense of information. Results: We identified four approaches to sweeteners that dietitians took: (1) sweeteners should not be used, (2) they should be limited and used primarily as a transitional product, (3) sweetener use was decided by the client and (4) sweeteners should be recommended or at least allowed. Where dietitians are reticent to recommend sweeteners this is because they feel it is important for consumers to reduce their attachment to sweet tastes and of evidence linking the consumption of sweeteners to increased appetite. There is also uncertainty about the possible negative health effects of sweeteners. Conclusions: Dietitians' perceptions about sweeteners are uncertain, ambivalent and divergent, sometimes explicitly being linked to fears about adverse health effects. Clear and authoritative guidance is required on scientific evidence around sweeteners as well as the ways in which they can be used in dietetic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Oil Comes In, Coal Piles Up.
- Subjects
COAL industry ,PETROLEUM industry ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
The article reports on the problem associated with the glut of coal in Western Europe caused by the overflow of cheap oil from the Middle East. The surplus of coal in the region has resulted in serious unemployment and even violent strikes in Belgium, Great Britain, and Germany. West European governments are also considering several measures to resolve the problem, including an oil tax and reducing the role of coal in the region's energy sector.
- Published
- 1959
46. The German Loan Delusion.
- Author
-
Keynes, John Maynard
- Subjects
LOANS ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,INVESTORS ,FOREIGN investments ,BRITISH colonies ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations - Abstract
Speculates on the type of loan to be granted to the ruling French government in Germany by rest of European powers and the U.S. Justification given on the chimerical nature of the loan. Statistics on outstanding loans made by British investors in foreign countries under the British Empire; Implications associated with subscription of half of the amount of loan suggested, to Germany to the lender and the borrower of the loan; Reasons associated with the difficulty of floating loans in New York City.
- Published
- 1923
47. Business Abroad.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC activity ,STOCK exchanges ,ECONOMIC recovery ,RAILROADS - Abstract
The article presents an update of business activities in Europe as of August 12, 1933. According to the article, European business registered slow improvement, stock markets were as active and commodities recovered from losses. It notes that the heat wave and coming holiday season benefited British railroads, resort hotels and concessionaires. In France, the investing public took longer than a month to subscribe to its government's 10-year treasury bond offering.
- Published
- 1933
48. Notes and Comments.
- Author
-
King, Edmund
- Subjects
PERIODICALS ,SERIAL publications ,PERIODICAL publishing ,PERIODICAL editors ,COMPARATIVE education ,EDUCATION ,TECHNICAL education - Abstract
The article comments on key issues concerning the editorial board and policies of the "Comparative Education" periodical in Great Britain in 1985. Guy Neave, the professor-elect of the magazine in the University of London, is added to the magazine's editorial board. The periodical also decided to focus on comparative studies of education in higher-income contexts and particularly Europe. The provision of technical, vocational and technological education in France is also surveyed by the magazine.
- Published
- 1985
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Changing Notions of Protection and Security: Critical Infrastructure, War and Expertise.
- Author
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Waever, Ole
- Subjects
- *
NATIONAL security , *MILITARY doctrine , *SEPTEMBER 11 Terrorist Attacks, 2001 - Abstract
The notions of âprotectionâ, âhomeland defenseâ and the âvulnerability of critical infrastructuresâ largely predate September 11, both in US military doctrine and in Europe, at least in France and the United Kingdom. The communication will discuss how pro ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
50. Women's attitudes towards mechanisms of action of birth control methods: a cross-sectional study in five European countries.
- Author
-
Lopez ‐ del Burgo, Cristina, Mikolajczyk, Rafael T, Osorio, Alfonso, Errasti, Tania, and de Irala, Jokin
- Subjects
AGE distribution ,AUTOMATIC data collection systems ,CONFIDENCE intervals ,CONSUMER attitudes ,CONTRACEPTION ,CONTRACEPTIVE drugs ,EMERGENCY contraceptives ,DECISION making ,EPIDEMIOLOGY ,INTRAUTERINE contraceptives ,MARITAL status ,RESEARCH methodology ,ORAL contraceptives ,POPULATION geography ,STATISTICAL sampling ,SELF-evaluation ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) ,DATA analysis ,CROSS-sectional method ,PARITY (Obstetrics) ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Aims and objectives To assess women's attitudes towards the mechanisms of action of birth control methods. Background When addressing women's knowledge of and attitudes towards birth control methods, researchers frequently focus on side effects, effectiveness or correct use. Women's opinions about mechanisms of action have been much less investigated, and research is usually concentrated on the EC pill. Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Women, aged 18-49, from Germany, France, the UK, Sweden and Romania were randomly selected ( n = 1137). They were asked whether they would use a method that may work after fertilisation or after implantation and whether they would continue using it after learning it may have such effects. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the influence of certain characteristics on women's attitudes. Results Almost half of women in Romania and Germany would not use methods with postfertilisation effects, while the lowest percentages were found in Sweden and in France. Regarding methods with postimplantation effects, higher percentages were found in all the countries. Highly educated women and those using a highly effective method were more likely to use methods with postfertilisation effects. On the contrary, married women, those who stated that human life begins at fertilisation and women with middle/high religiosity were less likely to consider using methods that may act after fertilisation. Conclusions One-third of European women reported that they would not consider using a method that may have postfertilisation effects. Relevance to clinical practice Given that postfertilisation effects may not be acceptable to some women, informing them of which methods may have these effects is essential to obtaining complete informed consent and to promoting women's autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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