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The purpose of the article is to identify the problems faced by the pension system of Ukraine and to study the European experience to overcome them. Research results. The levels of pension provision in Ukraine were determined. The analysis of the current state of pension provision was carried out, and the primary problems affecting it were identified. Draft laws on the introduction of accumulative pension provision were considered, which should solve the issue of the deficit of the Pension Fund budget. Practical meaning. The positive experience of the implementation of pension reforms in some European countries, their stages and features were studied. Value/originality. The ways to overcome certain problems related to the introduction of accumulative pension provision in our country were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, timely monitoring of zoonotic agents, including salmonellosis, which are caused by various serovars of the family Salmonella, is relevant. Attention should be paid to the study of cytokine levels in combination with immunological studies. This helps clarify the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and develop preventive measures. The main purpose of study was to detect the process of regulating Th1/Th2 cytokines expression in chickens infected with salmonellosis. The field strain of S. Pullorum CVCC 530 was used in the research. The steE deletion mutant (ΔsteE) and steE-complemented ΔsteE:steE (ΔsteE+steE) strains were constructed in the WT strain using the λ-Red recombination method. Chickens were orally infected with WT, ΔsteE, and ΔsteE+steE strains (1×109 CFU/individual). The effect of steE on the host immune response remains unknown. Compared with the group infected with the WT or ΔsteE+steE strain, IL-12 and IFN-γ mRNA transcript levels were significantly higher, while IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the liver and bursa infected with the ΔsteE strain; IL-4 showed a dramatically reduced transcription level, but IL-18 mRNA expression was significantly increased in the ΔsteE strain - spleen, cecum, and heart; IL-10 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the spleen and cecum infected with the ΔsteE strain. These results suggest that steE may regulate the Th1/Th2 cytokine response balance in chickens infected with S. Pullorum and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of salmonellosis for the treatment of persistent infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ukraine, the problem of processing and utilization of sludge deposits that are formed during the treatment process at wastewater treatment plants is relevant. Unprocessed sewage sludge merges into overcrowded sludge sites every year, which leads to a deterioration of the environment and living conditions in Ukraine. Therefore, the aim of the work was to study the processing of sludge, the creation of pellets based on their composition with peat and biomass and their drying. The article presents the studies of drying kinetics of composite pellets based on peat, obsolete sludge and biomass on an experimental convective drying stand. The influence of the proportions of the components of the composition on the drying time was determined and the ratio at which the drying time of the pellets is shorter and the pellets are of better quality was selected. A comparison of the drying time of the sludgepeat composition and its components was performed, which shows that during the drying of the composite pellets, the intensification of the drying process is observed. The study related to the effect of the diameter of the pellets on the duration of drying showed that the duration of drying increases along with diameter. The presented comparison of drying kinetics of two- and three-component pellets shows the same nature of the drying curves and the drying time is in the range of 17-18 minutes. The optimal ratio of components for quality granulation was selected. The effective drying regimes of composite pellets based on silt deposits, peat and biomass were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The working process of rolling the wheel propulsion is accompanied by compression and extension of the tire during its deformation. To improve the operability of mobile energy, much attention is paid to the problem of increasing the efficiency of wheeled propellers, provided for by the Law of Ukraine “On the system of engineering and technical support for the agricultural sector of Ukraine” The development of the problem will be aimed at increasing the efficiency of the wheel propulsion by improving its design. Consideration of Coriolis forces will allow designers to improve the design of the tread of a car wheel, which in turn will increase the reliability of driving a towing vehicle, thereby increasing the likelihood of its safety. The article considers the influence of the Coriolis force on the dynamics of the movement of wheel propulsion. The aim of the study is to improve the technology of rolling the wheel propulsion, the conversion of energy supplied to the wheel propulsion into the Coriolis force, which is an auxiliary factor in this technology. The scientific and practical significance of the work lies in the fact that for the first time a technology is proposed which takes into account the fraction of energy that is responsible for the safety of movement and is brought to wheel propulsion called Coriolis force. The research methodology was to establish the mathematical relationship of the Coriolis force with the rolling dynamics of the wheel propulsion. The result is the developed geometry of the wheel mover in the damping cycle of the failure of the supporting surface, the negative consequences of the Coriolis force on the safety of the vehicle are revealed. The value of the study, the results of this work will make it possible to contribute to the automotive industry. A model is proposed to increase vehicle safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the impact of the Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU) on the implementation and application of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, which triggered unprecedented political, economic and legal reforms in Ukraine. In particular, the article focuses on the constitutional challenges that have arisen for Ukraine in the course of implementing the Association Agreement into its legal system. Two issues form the focus of consideration in the article. The first issue is effective implementation and application of the Association Agreement within the Ukrainian legal order. The second issue is compatibility between the Association Agreement and the Ukrainian Constitution. The latest political and legal developments in Ukraine are analyzed through the prism of effective implementation of the Association Agreement and the rise of pro-European judicial activism in Ukraine. In conclusion it is argued that the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement enhanced the adaptability of the national constitutional order to the European integration project and European common values. The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement established a sustainable institutional and legal framework for application of the EU acquis including CJEU case law and comprehensive legislative approximation between Ukrainian and EU law. However, the institutional reforms that have already taken place cannot be regarded as fully sufficient. The Ukrainian Parliament has failed to establish substantive and procedural foundations for applying and implementing the EU-Ukraine AA in the Ukrainian legal order. However, this gap is being partially filled by a surprising judicial activism in Ukraine. The Ukrainian judiciary has already started referring to the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and relevant parts of the EU acquis, thereby laying a foundation for regular application of general principles of EU law in applying the provisions of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the first phase of the implementation and application of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement, which triggered unprecedented political, economic and legal reforms in Ukraine. In particular, the article focuses on the constitutional challenges that have arisen for Ukraine in the course of implementing the Association Agreement into its legal system. Two issues form the focus of consideration in the article. The first issue is effective implementation and application of the Association Agreement within the Ukrainian legal order. The second issue is compatibility between the Association Agreement and the Ukrainian Constitution. The latest political and legal developments in Ukraine are analyzed through the prism of effective implementation of the Association Agreement and the rise of pro-European judicial activism in Ukraine. In conclusion it is argued that the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement enhanced the adaptability of the national constitutional order to the European integration project and European common values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the scope of «conditionality» and «approximation» of laws provisions in the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement that is the most voluminous and ambitious among all EU association agreements with third countries. There are many novelties introduced to this agreement. Most prominent of them are strong emphasis on comprehensive regulatory convergence between the EU and Ukraine and possibility for application of the EU acquis within the Ukrainian legal order. The process of effective implementation of the Association Agreement will constitute the greatest challenge for Ukraine. It has to prove their adherence to the EU's common democratic and economic values, and ensure the proper functioning of their deep and comprehensive free trade areas. The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement introduces two dimensions of the conditionality policy towards Ukraine. One dimension is the «common values» conditionality; another dimension is the «market opening» conditionality. Both of them bear revolutionary features which are new for the contemporary history of the EU external relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: During the Soviet era, Ukraine was an important industrial and agricultural region of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in contamination of Ukraine’s estuaries with legacy anthropogenic pollutants. Investigations on the toxicological effects of this estuarine contamination have been limited. For this research, we measured the toxicity of contaminated sediments from four Ukrainian estuaries to several aquatic organisms over 3 years. Sediment chemical analyses and whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were also performed to determine the classes of contaminants contributing to toxicity. Toxic sediments were observed in several of the Ukrainian estuaries and chemical analyses of the sediments demonstrated anthropogenic contaminants were widely distributed. Contaminants were also detected in macrobenthic organisms collected from the sediments. Several lines of evidence, including TIEs, indicated hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were contributing substantially to observed toxicity. This information can guide environmental managers to prioritize portions of the estuaries requiring remediation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on legal transformations taken place in Ukraine, during the 2010 presidential election involving politicians Victor Yanukovich and Yulia Tymoshenko. It mentions that Ukraine adopted new tax code to curb tax avoidance and streamline the taxation system. It informs that a new law has been announced to enhance corporate governance. It highlights new Judiciary Law and law on public-private partnerships which focuses on court system and infrastructure investments respectively.

Abstract: In this study of Ukrainian estuaries, sediments and tissues from the Dnieper and Boh estuaries and Danube Delta on the mainland, Sevastopol and Balaklava Bays on the Crimean Peninsula, and coastal Black Sea along the Crimean Peninsula were collected in 2006. Contaminant analyses included several metals, the hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) polychlorinated biphenyls, several chlorinated pesticides, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. When compared to estuarine sediments globally, the Ukrainian sediments were found to be moderately contaminated. However, several metals, especially mercury, were often shown to be elevated in the tissues of the Ukrainian organisms in comparison to organisms from other estuarine locations. Sediment quality guidelines indicate some of the estuarine sediments could be sufficiently contaminated to cause adverse toxicological effects. This investigation represents the first extensive study of HOC and metal baseline concentrations and distributions in Ukrainian estuaries and seeks to characterize exposures to aquatic organisms living in these systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A gamma-spectrometric and radiochemical analysis was carried out of a material (Zr-2.5% Nb alloy) of technological channels (TC) of Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) power unit No. 2 RBMK-1000 reactor, being under the beginning stage of decommissioning. Activities of 90Sr, 137Cs, 238Pu, 239+240Pu, 241Am and 244Cm were determined. It was established that the main source of the revealed actinides and fission products was an impurity of natural thorium and uranium in TC source material on the level of several tenths of ppm. Impurity analysis of TC source material was performed by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Fission product and transuranium element activities measured were compared with the results of prognostic calculations performed with the help of the NAAPRO code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cumulative absorbed dose in bricks collected from six buildings in two heavily contaminated settlements [sup137]Cs > 2,000 kBq m[sup-2] ) located downwind of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant was determined using luminescence techniques by six laboratories. The settlements, Vesnianoje in Ukraine and Zaborie in Russia, are located in, respectively, proximal and distal locations relative to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. The luminescence determinations of cumulative dose hi brick, after subtraction of the natural background dose, were translated to absorbed dose in air at a Reference Location using conversion factors derived from Monte Carlo simulations of photon transport. The simulations employed source distributions inferred from contemporary soil contamination data and also took into account heterogeneity of fallout deposition. This translation enables the luminescence determinations to be compared directly with values of cumulative absorbed dose obtained by computational modeling and also other dose reconstruction methods. For each sampled location the cumulative dose was calculated using three deterministic models, two of which are based on the attenuation of dose-rate with migration of radionuclides in soil and the third on historic instrumental gamma dose-rate data. The results of the comparison of the two methods indicate overall agreement within margins of ±25%. The methodology developed is generally applicable and adaptable to areas contaminated by much lower levels of radioactive fallout in which brick buildings are found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the developments in the version of Ukrainian legislation to European Union (EU) Law. The Ukrainian decision to embark on a new political course, aimed at rapprochement with the EU, was proclaimed in 1994 with the signing of a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with the European Commission and the Members States. Ukraine has designed the notion of adaptation of the national law to EU legislation.

Abstract: Within the framework of an European Commission sponsored activity, an assessment of the deterministic safety technology of the ‘post-Chernobyl modernized’ Reactor Bolshoy Moshchnosty Kipyashiy (RBMK) has been completed. The accident analysis, limited to the area of Design Basis Accident, constituted the key subject for the study; events not including the primary circuit were not considered, as well as events originated from plant status different from the nominal operating conditions. Therefore, the notorious Chernobyl Unit 4 event was outside the scope of the investigation. Following the evaluation of the current state of the art in the area including the identification of critical issues, targets for the analysis were established together with suitable chains of computational tools. The outcomes from this part of the study are (a) the list of transient scenarios whose parameter values are assumed to constitute the boundaries for the evolution of any relevant safety transient and; (b) a set of computational tools with characteristics consistent with current technological achievements, suitable for performing safety analyses. The availability of computational tools, including codes, nodalisations and boundary and initial conditions for the Smolensk 3 NPP, brought to their application to the prediction of the selected transient evolutions that, however, are not classified as licensing studies. The results demonstrated proper safety margins and relatively long time constants associated with the huge values for the ratios between mass of moderator and mass of coolant and unit generated power. The results at the item above, suggested a qualitative, though non rigorous, comparison between accident analysis aspects in LWR and RBMK having the main purpose to show strengths in RBMK safety features heavily criticized not always in a consistent way following the Chernobyl event. The results of supporting analyses for the present paper are discussed in five companions papers in this Journal volume. The second (over six) and the third paper deal with the RBMK Main Coolant Circuit and Confinement thermal-hydraulic performance, respectively. Key specific issues in the RBMK safety technology, constituted by addressing of the “Multiple Pressure Tube Rupture (MPTR)” and by the application of coupled three-dimensional neutron-kinetics thermal-hydraulics, are discussed in the fourth and fifth papers. The proposal to instrument the core channels (ICM=Individual Channel Monitoring) has been formulated in this context and is discussed in the sixth companion paper. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]