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Monocycles have become a means of micromobility and an environmentally friendly alternative in urban environments, but their design and operation challenge traditional traffic rules intended for conventional vehicles. There is a need for clear and adapted traffic regulations in the modern landscape of transport systems that consider the unique characteristics of unicycles. The research aims to explore the specifics and justify the importance of establishing road safety rules specifically for monowheels based on a comparative analysis of the laws and best practices of the United States, the European Union and Ukraine. The necessity of creating comprehensive guidelines that would consider the presence of monowheels on roads, bicycle paths and sidewalks is discussed in the article. The absence of special rules creating safety problems for both monowheel users and pedestrians is noted. The problems are identified, and potential solutions are proposed. The crucial role of adapted traffic rules in promoting safe and efficient coexistence in the modern transport ecosystem is emphasised. The author analyses the regulatory documents of the USA, the European Union and Ukraine regarding the legality of using electric unicycles and the responsibility of their owners and compares them. The problems encountered by monowheel users and other road users are identified and their comprehensive solution is proposed. The author highlights the areas which can be influenced to improve road safety for monowheel users in Ukraine and also suggests specific options for possibly borrowing of practical experience of the USA and the European Union countries regarding the traffic rules for monowheel users. The practical significance of the article lies in promoting the safe and informed use of electric unicycles by streamlining the legislative framework, establishing clear rules of operation, and conducting fiscal discussions and educational activities. The study can be a valuable asset for owners and users of electric unicycles, as well as for government agencies and legislators [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a theoretical background to determine the inactive power consumption features, i.e. the reactive power according to S. Fryze approach of the electric transport systems. Traction electric circuits of transport facilities of electric locomotives, feeder traction substations and city trams used in Ukraine demonstrate three features of the reactive power. According to the classical method, the inequality between the active and total power indicates the presence of the reactive power. The second feature is the time variation of an instantaneous impedance or instantaneous conductivity. The third is the inequality between the instantaneous reactive power to zero and the nature of its sign throughout the time of the electric power system consumption. The reactive power consumption gives rise to considerable additional power losses in the electric traction transport systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]