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The development of the post-industrial society requires the acceleration of the integration of the national economy into the globalized economic space. This stage is characterized by active informatization of all spheres of life in society, which requires information security and cyber protection for high-quality information provision of the country's population, intellectualization of economic processes and prevention of destructive informational influence on the social status of the individual. It is also necessary to consider that for Ukraine the specified stage is complicated by the hybrid war with Russia, which requires strengthening the protection of information from cyber-attacks and the formation of new approaches in preserving the quality of information on social networks. Therefore, the purpose of this article is the development of scientific and methodological approaches in information security management, strengthening its social significance. This requires solving a certain range of tasks of identifying and preventing socially dangerous information based on the use of economic and mathematical methods and models. The article highlights the main directions of socialization of modern technological development and theoretically substantiates its significant impact on human consciousness and behavior, puts a person in front of serious challenges and, under conditions of hybrid warfare, requires strengthening of information security in social networks. In the work, the components of information security are supplemented, its impact on social aspects of society's life is highlighted. As a result of the research, the authors proposed a scientific and methodical approach to the construction of a system for countering the spread of socially dangerous information in social networks. Besides, its functional elements are highlighted. A method of combating the spread of harmful information in social networks has been developed, which solves the problem of information support of the decision-making process and includes providing the chosen and alternative options to the person making the decision, with the justification of the choice. This creates prerequisites for information support for making a well-founded management decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive farming has caused soil degradation, including the loss of humus, soil structure breakdown, compaction, and a decrease in both potential and effective fertility. Therefore, research into farming systems is highly relevant. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to scientifically substantiate, develop, and implement an ecologically friendly modern farming system under Ukrainian conditions. The primary methods used to determine the effectiveness of various farming systems and ensure the accuracy and reliability of experimental data were field, laboratory, and statistical methods. The study substantiated that an industrial farming system with the input of approximately 12.0 tonnes per hectare of crop rotation area of organic matter (8.0 tonnes per hectare of manure and 4.0 tonnes per hectare of plant residues) produces about 0.81 tonnes per hectare of humus, although 1.33 tonnes per hectare of it is mineralised, leading to a negative humus balance in the soil. The output of grain units in this system is 8.21 tonnes per hectare, feed units - 9.63, and digestible protein - 0.86 tonnes per hectare, with stability at 91.2% and profitability at 88.0%. The organic farming system, which includes the use of 24 tonnes per hectare of organic fertilisers and biological products to control weeds, diseases, and pests in agrocenoses, does not ensure a positive humus balance in the soil (-0.14 tonnes per hectare) and has significantly lower productivity. The no-till system, which involves the application of 12 tonnes per hectare of organic fertilisers in the form of root and stubble residues, by-products of crop production, and mineral fertilisers during sowing and foliar feeding, ensures a positive humus balance (+0.12 tonnes per hectare) but has productivity levels comparable to the organic system. The ecological system provides stable, economically viable, and resource-adequate productivity of arable land, enhances the quality indicators of products, and preserves and restores soil fertility. It increased the output of grain units by 8.9%, feed units by 7.2%, and digestible protein by 8.1%, ensuring high stability at 94.1% and an increase in production profitability by 8.5% compared to the control. The materials in this study are of practical value for agricultural enterprises of various ownership forms and will serve as technological guidelines for the implementation of modern, ecologically safe, economically and energetically justified agricultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current trends in the development of agricultural production necessitate the attraction of additional financial resources to finance the agricultural sector, which are specific to each national economy. The article examines the priority directions of development of the mechanism for financing agricultural production in Ukraine in the context of current trends in the implementation of the common agricultural policy in Europe. A comparative analysis of the mechanism of additional financing of agricultural production in the EU countries was carried out in the implementation of the common agricultural policy. Clus)tering of European countries was carried out while taking into account the existence of patterns in the agricultural market and it was confirmed that these patterns do not determine the features and volumes of additional financing of agricultural production. The existence of twelve possible types of markets of agricultural products in European countries is determined and the existence in practice of six of them is confirmed. It is determined that there are significant violations in the policy of convergence of financing of the agricultural sector declared by the OAP, which confirms the need to reform the Common Agricultural Policy of European countries in the direction of greater compliance with the national problems of the European agricultural sector. It has been determined that there is a specific list of development problems that is not repeated for any of the European countries for the agricultural sector of Ukraine, and its own type of agricultural market has been formed, which also has no correspondence. The article focuses on the need to form in Ukraine a specific mechanism of additional financing of agricultural production, taking into account the problems of development of the national agricultural sector and in the context of the Common Agrarian Policy of the Economic Community, its priorities and direction of reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the work, the modeling of the distribution of the protective potential of electrochemical protection stations is performed by revealed functional dependencies. The initial conditions are adopted for a typical assortment of rolled metal used for underground gas supply. At the initial stage of modeling, the stochastic nature of the change in soil parameters is not taken into account. The distribution of the protective potential of the underground pipeline as a function of two variables (time and distance) showed the mutual influence of neighboring stations on the formation of protective zone. New dependences of the operating parameters of the electrotechnical complex of electrochemical protection on the set of variables characterizing the power source, the physical dimensions of pipeline and the alternative arrangement of active cathodic protection stations (CPS) were obtained. Experimental studies of the modes of electrochemical protection stations at the objects of the gas transportation system of Ukraine confirmed the adequacy of the proposed analytical models. References 16, Figures 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of today, in Ukraine, there are no opportunities to conduct genetic research on a sufficient scale to identify the composition of the genomes of honey bees. Wing morphometrics of drones is a readily available alternative for obtaining information about the approximate composition of DNA. The goal of the work was to formulate the principles of the main stages of research and illustrate the procedure for obtaining morphometric data, methods of their processing, and possibilities for interpreting the obtained results. In the package of statistical data processing application programs Statistica, the classification of 2,147 drone wings obtained from 6 apiaries of Zhytomyr, Mykolaiv, and Kyiv regions was carried out according to eight indices: Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Pci, Ri, Ci.3, Ci.2.1, and Ci.2.2. We propose a method for obtaining morphometric wing standards of bees based on studying a significant number of bee colonies from various apiaries in specific regions of Ukraine. Using a two-stage methodology, three datasets were formed and recommended for use as standards: one for the local population of Ukrainian bees and two for populations of the A.m.mellifera subspecies distributed in the Polissia region. We analyzed the reliability of results in determining the taxonomic affiliation of bees was analyzed. Using the example of a single bee colony, a detailed procedure is demonstrated to identify taxonomic affiliation through utilization of the obtained standards. It has been demonstrated that in case of reliable identification of standards belonging to specific subspecies, it is possible to predict the likely composition of chromosomal sets in the genomes of drones, queens, and worker bees partially corresponding to the wing phenotype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the influence of sewage sludge (SS) on the biometric parameters, absorption of mineral elements and thermal characteristics of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) grown on Technosol. Two types of sewage sludge were used: unmodified and modified with DAMET flocculant. Each type of sludge was applied in three doses (expressed as dry matter basis, DM): 20 t DM/ha, 40 t DM/ha and 60 t DM/ha, respectively. The yield of fresh biomass depended on the dose of sewage sludge: it increased by 14.5–41% and reached 104.6 t/ha after application of the sewage sludge with flocculant at a maximum rate of 60 t/ha. Sorghum biomass actively absorbs nutrients from the soil. Nitrogen was absorbed more actively; depending on the type and dose of sewage sludge application, its content in biomass increased from 12–40% (dose of 20 t/ha) to 80–112% (dose of 60 t/ha). By content in sorghum biomass, essential elements can be arranged in descending order as follows: Fe → Mn → Zn → Cu. Sorghum shows a low ability to accumulate some heavy metals in aboveground biomass. Despite the fact that large doses of sewage sludge contributed to an increase in the content of nickel, cadmium and lead in the substrate by 1.8–5.6 times, the ratio of the content of these elements in plants to the content in the substrate remained low. Sewage sludge affects the process of thermal degradation of sorghum biomass. The decomposition of the main components occurs at lower temperatures, and, as a rule, at higher rates. Sewage sludge (especially with flocculant) contributes to a more complete combustion of biomass. The results showed that sewage sludge with flocculant at a dose of 40 t/ha is the most optimal fertilizer option for growing sweet sorghum on such Technosols as loess-like loam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory action of a probiotic composition of Bacillus subtilis and B. megatherium strains (UnicaUro, Sirion (Ukraine)) for experimental bacterial vaginitis. Methods. Experimental studies were conducted on female BALB/c mice; we used Staphylococcus aureus strain B-918 (ATCC 6538) to induce bacterial vaginitis. Th e strain was vaginally introduced into mice before treatment with probiotic bacteria. In the vagina of mice, aerobic and optionally anaerobic bacteria, including representatives of the genera Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Pseudomonas, coliform bacteria, and microscopic fungi were identified in different periods of observation using generally accepted microbiological methods. Serum antibody titer to S. aureus was determined by the bacterial agglutination reaction. Th e phagocytic activity and oxygen-dependent bactericidal activity of peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) were evaluated using generally accepted immunological methods. Results. Th e formation of bacterial vaginitis in the BALB/c mice line infected with S. aureus B-918 (ATCC 6538) was evidenced by the appearance of external clinical manifestations of the infectious and inflammatory process against the background of the increased number of aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms, including representatives of the genus Staphylococcus and Streptococcus, microscopic fungi, and decreased number of lactobacilli in different observation periods. The probiotic introduction to mice with bacterial vaginitis led to a dynamic change in the vaginal microbiota: the number of aerobic and optionally anaerobic microorganisms decreased, primarily due to the normalization of the number of representatives of Staphylococcus genus accompanied by a decrease in the antibody titer to staphylococcus in the blood serum. Th e effective therapeutic action of the probiotic was confirmed by the gradual disappearance of the external clinical signs of the infectious-inflammatory process in the vagina against the background of the functional activity of PEM. Conclusions. Th e probiotic composition of B. subtilis and B. megatherium (UnicaUro, Sirion, Ukraine) is a promising antimicrobial formulation that may be used in the treatment of bacterial vaginitis; however, further studies are required to confirm its therapeutic, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time was assessed the quality of fruits of four varieties of American blackberries and one of Swiss and Serbian selection, grown in the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The limits of variation of fruit mass, content of dry soluble substances, sugars, titrated acids, ascorbic acid, polyphenols and anthocyanins were established. The mass of blackberries varied within a minimum of 6.6 g of Asterina variety and a maximum of 8.2 g – Chester Thornless, the amount of soluble dry substances varied in the range of 9.4 (Cacanska Bestrna) – 15.1% (Heaven Can Wait), and sugars from 7.82 to 12.72% Kiowa and Chester Thornless varieties. The highest content of bioactive substances, in particular ascorbic acid, was accumulated by fruits of Kiowa and Heaven Can Wait varieties, the last of these, among the studied varieties, had the highest amount of polyphenolic substances 845 mg.100 g−1, variability of which was very low, corresponding to 8%. According to the look of the fruit, and in particular its mass, as well as taste, ratio of sugar to acid, there were highlighted varieties that have the prospect of widespread cultivation in industrial plantations, such as Chester Thornless and Chief Joseph. In order to conduct the selection process for the creation of varieties, whose fruits will have excellent marketable, consumer and preventive qualities (apart from the above-mentioned varieties) should be also involved with others, namely Heaven Can Wait and Kiowa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of a new stage of the industrial revolution, the importance of digitalization of business development tools is growing. The purpose of this article is to study the applied aspects of digital marketing tools usage for business development in the B2C market. To achieve the purpose and objectives of the study general and special methods are used: comparative analysis of the results of economic and statistical surveys; method of expert assessments by questionnaires using a 5-point Likert scale. The concordance coefficient was used to determine the consistency of the experts' opinions taking into account the related ranks in method of expert assessments. According to the results of the research, it is established that the Ukrainian business of the B2C sector was actively mastering digital marketing tools. The analysis of penetration level of digital technologies in the development of trade business showed the emergence of basic conditions for updating marketing tools to influence the B2C market. There is a rapid coverage rate of multi-purpose use of the Internet among consumers and businesses; gradual growth of digital skills among practitioners; positive dynamics of development of interactive services in the trade sphere. However, the level of use of the retail businesses websites remains low in many spheres of customer service. An important trend of the current development stage of the consumer market is the usage of business Internet platforms designed for mass dissemination of information. Effective marketing channels of interaction with consumers include social media (social networks, blogs or microblogs, websites with multimedia content, knowledge sharing tools), websites, e-shops, and sales via mobile devices. According to the results of expert evaluation, foreground digital technologies, which are able to bring business to a qualitatively new level of interaction with consumers and the provision of trade services have been identified. These are artificial intelligence and cognitive technologies, BigData, Internet of Things (IoT), and cloud computing. The structural and logical scheme of research of digital marketing tools is used for business development which includes two stages is offered. In the first stage, trendwatching, benchmarking and evaluation of internal opportunities for the use of digital marketing tools are performed. In the second stage, three components of digital readiness of business are defined: technological; competence; institutional. The obtained results form the basis of further research to determine the priorities of adaptive digital business behavior for the productive use of existing digital opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncontrolled spread of the subspecies A. m. carnica, A. m. ligustica, and A. m. caucasica has led to a reduction in the areas of pure "dark forest bees" populations belonging to the subspecies A. m. mellifera in their natural habitats within Ukraine. Due to the need to use dark forest bees in breeding, it became necessary to identify the locations of individual populations of bees belonging to the A. m. mellifera subspecies. The purpose of the work is to create an accessible and at the same time complete methodology for classifying bee wing phenotypes, which would make it possible to determine the probable breed of worker bees, the type and degree of hybridization of the main breed with impurities, and to identify "purebred" bee families by the wing phenotype suitable for further breeding. Material and methods of research: Using discriminant analysis of data, at the first stage of the study, 1500 wings of bee families were classified using 8 features: Ci, Dbi, Disc.sh, Pci, Ri, Ci.3, Ci.2, Ci.2.1, for which there was preliminary information about the possible belonging of the wing phenotype to the subspecies A. m. mellifera or its hybrids. At the second stage, additional 1212 wings of bee colonies were studied, about which there were doubts about their breed. Results of research and discussion: The wings are reliably divided into four clusters, indicating the presence of four sufficiently distinct groups among the studied wings in terms of phenotype. Conclusions and prospects for further research: A classification model has been created that allows for effective discrimination of the wings of working bees of bee colonies in Ukraine, the subspecies A. m. mellifera. Phenotypic values of indices of four Polissia micro-populations of bees, used as reference standards for possible hybridization detection, have been established, which can serve as standards in future research. Four colonies have been found, whose queens produce bees of the A. m. mellifera type of the Polissia population, and three colonies whose queens produce bees of the A. m. macedonica hybrid and can be used for further selection work [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the significant popularity of highbush blueberries among consumers, which they have gained due to their balanced taste and the content of nutrients and bioactive substances that are useful for the human body. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to establish the suitability of fruits of the varieties 'Duke', 'Patriot', 'Chanticleer' for freezing and storage in a frozen state. Biometric, laboratory, analytical, and statistical research methods were used to achieve this goal. As a result of the conducted studies, it was established that the frozen fruits of highbush blueberries of the studied varieties 'Duke', 'Patriot', 'Chanticleer' met the requirements of the highest commercial grade according to DSTU 4837:2007. Defrosted berries of the 'Duke' variety had a better appearance than the other two varieties under study, were unfrozen with a wax coating inherent in this type of fruit, their weight loss during freezing was 0.20%, and juice loss after defrosting - 0.71%. Highbush blueberries of the varieties 'Duke', 'Patriot', 'Chanticleer' in the forest-steppe of Ukraine accumulated from 17.6 to 19.0 mg/100 g of vitamin C, 378-545 mg/100 g of polyphenolic substances, 127.2-176.8 mg/100 g of flavonoids, 59.4-162.9 mg/100 g of anthocyanins, and 15.6-32.5 mg/100 g of chalcones. Defrosted 'Duke' berries contained the largest amount of nutrients, while losses during freezing and defrosting were: vitamin C - 2.7 mg/100 g, total polyphenols - 102 mg/100 g, anthocyanins - 41.8 mg/100 g. The data obtained are of practical value for gardeners when choosing a variety for creating plantings of highbush blueberries, the fruits of which can be used both for fresh consumption and freezing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a relatively new crop in Ukraine, its industrial cultivation is only 100 hectares. The main constraints are the lack of varieties with high yield and nutritional value of berries. Therefore, a study of the yield and quality of introduced varieties is necessary and relevant, both for producers and breeders. With our research, we determined the potential of the early stage of blue honeysuckle berries under the conditions of their cultivation in the Forest Steppe of Ukraine and the weather conditions of the year of the specified region. We assessed how early we can get a crop and set what quality and what it will be. To clearly understand the quality of the grown fruits, their average weight, size and uniformity were studied. From nutritional indicators of fruit quality, the content of dry matter, soluble solids, sugars and titrated acids was studied, from biologically active substances, the content of vitamin C and total phenolic was determined. It was found that in the zone of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine from the studied group of varieties, the highest yield potential, 3.13 kg from a bush for the second year of fruiting and fruit mass 2.4 g, had a variety of Canadian breeding 'Boreal Beauty'. The fruits of the cultivars 'Duet' (4.3) and 'Boreal Blizzard' (4.5) were distinguished by the balance of taste according to the sugar-acid index, and the maximum amount of total phenolics for the studied group of varieties was accumulated by the fruits of 'Boreal Beast' (1,000 mg per 100 g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the main trends in the dairy industry development in Ukraine over the past decades. During this period, there has been a fivefold reduction in the number of dairy cattle (2925.2 thousand heads in 2021) and a twofold increase in average milk yield (6101 kg in 2019). On the basis of crossing females of local breeds with bulls of Holstein, Swiss and some other breeds, four Ukrainian breeds of dairy cattle were created. Initially, there was a tendency to replace local breeds (Black-and-White, Simmental, Red Steppe, Lebedynska) with newly created breeds (Ukrainian Red-and-White dairy, Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy, Ukrainian Red dairy and Ukrainian Brown dairy). However, Holstein bulls are now widely used for insemination of cows and heifers (except Ukrainian Brown dairy). And today, these breeds are developing under absorbing crossbreeding and herds of Ukrainian dairy breeds are gradually becoming Holstein. In parallel with an increase in milk production, this has brought some negative elements associated with the use of high-yielding Holstein breed. In particular, these include the reducing of cow longevity, deteriorating of their reproduction ability and decreasing of replacement heifers’ number. The searches for ways of solving the problem as well as the preservation of local breeds of dairy cattle are urgent tasks of dairy farming in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart building concepts are a relevant topic for the Ukrainian building sector. Although the current policy is mostly dedicated to the improvement of the current energy-saving situation in the building stock, the concept discussed could provide valuable inputs in the realization of the existing strategy. For an assessment of the expected positive impact of the implementation of smart indicators on building operation and renovation processes, as well as the predictions of scenarios of the range of the application of smart instruments, the research presented proposes a thorough analysis of the building stock in Ukraine and, in a real pilot case, the assessment of smart-readiness indicators (SRI) for a complex multi-family building. The case scenarios used, which are derived on the basis of SRI and a processed questionnaire among the habitants, are considered as the reference foundation for a practical application and disseminating the concept for similar cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Environmental guidelines and principles of sustainable development are becoming increasingly popular and are a priority for most business areas. One of the widely developing eco-destinations is green tourism, which is gaining a profitable and priority status, especially for lower middle-income countries. The purpose of the article is to determine the strategic marketing support for the development of green tourism on the example of Ukraine and its regions based on an approach to its assessment in terms of environmental and tourism competitiveness. METHODS: The authors used general scientific and specific methods: comparative, critical and system analysis, synthesis to search and group indicators of ecological and tourism competitiveness. Distance method, ranking, economic and statistical analysis were implemented to analyze the green tourism potential in each region in Ukraine and reveal the leaders and outsiders among them. For the accumulation, processing, visualization of data and forming the matrix of green tourism, based on data for 2015-2019, potential Microsoft Excel, Figma and Canva tools, Harrington scale were applied. FINDINGS: The approach to estimate the green tourism potential based on the ecological and tourism regional competitiveness according to the author's list of 37 indicators were proposed, the matrixes of green tourism potential of Ukrainian regions in 2019 and 2020 were developed, and strategic marketing support according to sustainable development for green tourism business were proposed. Strategic marketing support of green tourism development in Ukrainian regions was defined based on ecological and marketing strategies. CONCLUSION: The author's approach makes it possible to systematically assess the potential of green tourism using up-to-date statistical information. According to the tourism and environmental competitiveness rating, the regions with the most significant and worst potential were found. The positive dynamics of the development of green tourism in 2019-2020 were revealed. The results are the basis for providing comprehensive environmental and marketing support to ensure sustainable development and gain additional competitive advantages in the green tourism business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the evaluation of the physical and biochemical quality indicators of the fruit of thirteen apple cultivars of Ukrainian breeding, it was found that the fruits of 'Teremok', 'Skifs'ke Zoloto', 'Amulet', 'Perlyna Kyieva', 'Harant', 'Edera', 'Radohost', 'Todes' and 'Askol'da' are characterized by high stability of market traits based on the maximum diameter of the equatorial dimension, which varies depending on the cultivar, from 70 mm to 78 mm. The firmness of the fruit flesh of the evaluated cultivars in the harvest maturity was over 7.0 kg·cm−2 but in 'Solomiya' and 'Dmiana' this indicator was 11.1 kg·cm−2. The fruits of 'Harant' and 'Todes' were distinguished by a high dry matter content (over 18%). The highest content of soluble solids (14.5%) was accumulated in the fruits of 'Dmiana', and the maximum amount of sugars (11.6%) in the fruit of the 'Ornament'. The fruits of 'Teremok', 'Skifs'ke Zoloto', 'Amulet', 'Edera', 'Perlyna Kyieva', 'Kateryna' and 'Dmiana' were characterized by excellent taste quality based on the values of the sugar-acid index (20–25). In the fruits of 'Kateryna', 'Dmiana' and 'Solomiya', a stable pectin content (over 1%) was found. The fruits of 'Harant' accumulated a high content of ascorbic acid (11.5 mg·100 g−1 of fresh weight), while 'Kateryna', 'Radohost', 'Solomiya' and 'Askol'da' contained over 240 mg·100 g−1 of fresh weight of polyphenols. According to the complex of the quality indices, the fruits of 'Teremok', 'Skifs'ke Zoloto', 'Perlyna Kyieva', 'Askol'da' and 'Dmiana' were distinguished by high commercial value and excellent consumption properties. The fruits of 'Kateryna', 'Ornament', 'Dmiana' and 'Solomiya' were characterized by stable carbohydrate content, while 'Harant' and 'Askol'da' by a stable high content of ascorbic acid and polyphenols, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The most common method of influenza prevention is intramuscular administration of vaccines, which causes a higher antibody response than subcutaneous. However, such routes of antigens administration result in the predominant formation of serum IgG against influenza viruses, while intranasal administration promotes higher titers of both IgG and IgA than intramuscular vaccination. Based on the fact that this infectious agent enters the body through the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, we developed the concept of local etiologically adequate vaccination, based on the statement that the vaccine should be administered in the same way as the infection, i.e. in cases of respiratory infections it should be intranasal or oral administration of vaccine material. So, the aim of this work was to demonstrate the benefits of local vaccination against respiratory viruses, as well as the use of nanocarriers in such vaccination and possible cross-antigen reactions by hemagglutinin between antigens of influenza virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods. The study was performed using Wistar rats in 3 series of experiments. At first series we investigated the comparative immune response to influenza Influvac® vaccine (Abbott, The Netherlands) against A and B type influenza viruses, which was administered intranasally, per os and subcutaneously once at a dose of 1.5 μg of hemagglutinin. Animals from group 2were similarly administered with the same amount of vaccine with and without cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2). Animals of group 3 intranasally received an identical volume of sodium chloride solution (placebo control). Rats were removed from the experiment by decapitation one week after the immunization. Tissue homogenates were prepared from the trachea of animals of all groups by homogenization at the rate of 100 mg/mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution. The homogenates were kept at 2 °C for 18 hours and then centrifuged at 120 g for 20 minutes (cold centrifuge NF800R, Turkey). The obtained extracts and sera were stored at a temperature of -20 °C until the determination of antibodies titers to hemagglutinins of A and B influenza viruses in the reaction of hemagglutination inhibition and titers of interferons (IFN) -α and -γ and using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Elabscience (USA) reagents and Stat Fax 2100 Microplate Reader (USA). In the 3rd series of experiments, the content of antihemagglutinins in the trachea and serum after immunization of animals with nucleocapsid antigen of SARS-Cov-2 coronavirus (recombinant antigen produced by PJSC SPC "Diaproph-Med", Ukraine) at a dose of 2.5 μg in 0.2 mL of Hanks' solution was determined. The antigen was administered intranasally or subcutaneously and then all other steps of the experiments were similar to those described below for the 1st series of experiments. Results. Conducted experimental studies aimed to develop new approaches and technologies for vaccination against respiratory viruses, which enter mainly through the upper respiratory tract, confirm the concept of the feasibility of local intranasal vaccination against influenza and other respiratory viruses. The data obtained during the research confirm more effective appearance of protective local immunity both in terms of humoral immune response and interferon protection of the respiratory tract during intranasal vaccination. The use of cerium dioxide nanoparticles in local vaccination may increase the effectiveness of this approach to stimulate the production of antibodies to influenza virus antigens in the upper respiratory tract. Finally, the advantages of local intranasal immunization with SARS-CoV-2 N-antigens over their systemic administration suggest that local intranasal vaccination against coronavirus antigens may also be more effective than systemic administration of antigens of this virus, which requires further research for clinical trials. Conclusions. Intranasal immunization of animals with influenza A and B virus antigens and N-antigen of SARS CoV-2 is more effective for creating local protective immunity in the respiratory system compared to parenteral administration of the antigen. The use of cerium dioxide nanoparticles together with the vaccine resulted in more effective local immune response to respiratory virus antigens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis of the prospects for growing sweet sorghum Silosne-42 on the zonal soils and mining substrates brought to the surface during process of manganese ore mining in the steppe zone of Ukraine (loess-like loam, redbrown clay and gray-green clay) is performed. The best above-ground biomass productivity was shown on loess-like loam. The highest content of soluble sugars in the stem juice was found in samples grown on zonal black and loess-like loam (15.8-16%), and the smallest on green-grey clay (14.8%). Cultivar Silosne-42 has good potential for the production of bioethanol, the theoretical yield of which ranged from 1019.5 L ha-1 to 1454.5 L ha-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretation of double taxation treaties is of utmost importance for application of their norms according to the criteria of good faith in compliance with the provisions of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. At the same time, there is no consensus in understanding the role of the OECD MC and its Commentaries as means of interpretation of double taxation treaties. As it is demonstrated on the basis of the development of court practice in Ukraine, the present situation does not add certainty to implementation of double taxation treaties and might even have the negative effect on investment climate in a state of source of income. The article does also contain the ways of improvement of application of the OECD MC and its Commentaries during the implementation of double taxation treaties of Ukraine including (1) preparation of the letter on issue of application of the OECD MC and its Commentaries as a source of interpretation of double taxation treaties by the Supreme Court of Ukraine, (2) granting of the technical assistance to tax authorities of Ukraine in the area of application of double taxation treaties in accordance with the international standards such as the OECD MC and its Commentaries and (3) translation of the OECD MC and its Commentaries into Ukrainian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the physical and consumption qualitative indices of the highbush blueberries (the cultivars 'Reca', 'Elizabeth' and 'Bluegold') in the Western Lisosteppe of Ukraine has shown that the biggest fruit mass was accumulated by the berries of two last mentioned vs (1.54-1.50 g respectively). 'Bluegold' has this indicator as the least variable (V = 10.6%). The accumulation of fruit mass of all studied cultivars was facilitated by a moderately humid period of their development in 2018 with a hydrothermal coefficient of 1.1-1.2. The favorable year for the intensive synthesis of the dry matter and soluble solids was 2017 when the precipitation amount did not exceed 44 mm. The biggest number of the mentioned substances during the research period was accumulated by fruits of 'Reca' - 17.48 and 13.24%, respectively. It was established that the dry matter content had high level of stability (V = 8.2%), and middle was for soluble solids (V = 19.5%). The amount of monosaccharides from which glucose and fructose were investigated in fruits varied from 6.11 ('Bluegold') to 7.85 ('Reca'), it was slightly lower in 'Elizabeth' berries - 7.78%. 'Bluegold' fruits were characterized by high stability (B = 9.6%) of the biggest content of titrated acids among the studied cultivars (2.42%). The dry weather with low number of precipitation in 2017 (hydrothermal coefficient 0.3-0.4) was favourable for the accumulation of both the mentioned acids and vitamin C in fruits of highbush blueberries in the period of their formation and growth. The amount of ascorbic acid in fruits in the specified year varied from 20.00 mg 100 g-1 WM ('Reca') to 27.00 mg 100 g-1 WM ('Elizabeth') with an intermediate value of 22.50 mg 100 g-1 WM ('Bluegold'). The latest of the mentioned varieties had the most constant index (V = 7.0%). The content of polyphenolic substances was slightly dependent on weather conditions during the period of fruit growth, the coefficients of variation were 6.2% ('Reca'), 7.0% ('Elizabeth') and 5.8% ('Bluegold'). The fruits of the last mentioned cultivars were characterized with the biggest anthocyanins and chalcones content (68 and 13 mg 100 g-1 WM, respectively). The substantial indirect dependence of the content of the nutritive substances and anthocyanins on the berry mass was revealed in the 'Reca' fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure low-energy consumption in new generation energy-efficient houses, the technology of a ground heat exchanger with a heat recovery system is used almost everywhere. However, this technology has not been widely disseminated in Ukraine. The work is aimed at presenting insights from research on the combination of ground heat exchangers with a heat recovery system for building ventilation by analyzing the operational and techno-economic indicators obtained. Current studies permit revealing the optimal configuration of a ground heat exchanger with a heat recovery system for ventilation in a residential building in order to analyze the efficiency of ground heat exchangers with a heat recovery system for ventilation of a residential building in comparison with several conventional ventilation options to assess the main price/ performance ration of the process of constructing a ground heat exchanger with a heat recovery system and to determine the duration of the technological process, the labor-intensive characteristics, and the estimated cost of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the prospects of applying sustainability-oriented innovation for the development of Ukrainian machine-building enterprises. The insufficiency of the existing sustainable development methodology is justified. The impossibility of ensuring the development of economic systems of any level with three-component representation – social, economic and environmental – is determined and the necessity of including the fourth component to the structure is proved. The expediency of applying the systemic economic theory, which provides a four-component representation of economic systems, as a new paradigm for conducting studies of macro- and micro-level systems, is substantiated. From this position, by the systematic modelling of four subsystems of enterprises, the characters of the development of the enterprises are conducted and their current and predicted positions are determined. The main stages and target tasks, which ensure the development of enterprises based on the concept of sustainability-oriented innovation, were clarified and the tools were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research topic is prompted by the need to improve the practical instruments of forest management and make them in line with the principles of sustainable development. The research is aimed at facilitating the implementation of environmental, social and economic functions of forest ecosystems in a long-term perspective. The study made use of the following methods: systemic structural analysis, clustering and comparative analysis to identify groups of administrative areas that correspond to certain strategic areas of sustainable forestry. The research is based on cybernetic modeling which helps determining the strategic zones of sustainable forestry. The stages of creating model forests were defined alongside formulating economic, organizational, social and environmental aspects of forest management. The methodology envisages grouping of administrative districts on the basis of a number of factors, including the percentage of forest land, social and economic indicators prompted. The methodology was implemented when analysing official data from several administrative districts in the Zhytomyr region. Several scenarios of sustainable forestry were detailed for each group of administrative districts. Three strategic options were pursued: 1) preserving the viability of forest ecosystems in Ukraine, 2) contributing to the welfare of Ukrainians, 3) ensuring economic development of the forestry sector. It follows from the research that the model forest is a powerful form of cost-effective business interaction in the process of sustainable development that shall bring into action the conservation of nature, provision of comfortable living conditions for territorial communities as well as the most capital-productive utilization of forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ukrainian and American sweet sorghum hybrids were studied as raw material under reclaimed lands conditions in the southeast Ukraine. Among the cultivars in the range of hemicellulose destruction the highest reactivity was recorded for American hybrids, whereas the process of cellulose decomposition was most active in Ukrainian hybrids. Thermogravimetry (TG) curves of Ukrainian hybrids were more differed for plants grown on loess like loam comparative with American hybrids. The molecular structure of sweet sorghum lignin is represented by the spatially hindered hydroxyl groups of alcohol and phenolic type with the strength hydrogen bonding between some other structural fragments of macromolecules, ordinary carbon-oxygen bonds of metoxyl groups, and double carbon-carbon bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims were: a) to prepare a database of the determination of nitrate in vegetable and fruit production; b) identify plants - accumulators of nitrates and determine the number of samples exceeding maximum permissible concentration (MPC); c) to compare trials and doses of artificial nitrogen fertilizers and vermicomposting extract application in the field experiments with some vegetable and fruit plants. The results of the determination of nitrates in vegetables, fruits and berries, which are most often used in the human diet in steppe zone of Ukraine are presented. Two foliar spraying with vermicomposting extract gives the best results for cabbage cultivation then drip fertigation. The best result for pumpkin cultivation was recorded after vermicomposting extract treatment with a dilution of 1:150. The same trend was observed when determining the optimal doses for the greatest number of seeds and lowest NO3 content. The lowest level of nitrate in pepper fruits determined in trial with vermicomposting extract foliar spraying with a dilution of 1:100. The best dose-effect response for apple tree yield was fixed for trial with vermicomposting extract two time drip fertigation with dilution 1:50. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of heatwaves during the warm period of the year as a manifestation of climatic changes in Ukraine. It was also our goal to establish how reliable Heat and Cold Wave Index (HCWI) from European Drought Observatory (EDO) is as a tool for heatwaves analysis. To extract the frequency and duration of heatwaves the percentile thresholds of 90th were used. The data from Ukraine' weather stations since 1980 to 2021 were under analysis. There are 83 heatwave (HW) recorded in Ukraine. At the same time, for the first half-period (1980-2000) 29 events of heatwaves were recorded, and for second half-period (2001-2021) - already 54 events. The duration of heatwaves increased during the study period. If for 1980-2000 the average duration of the heatwaves was 3.8 days, then for 2001-2021 the average duration increased to 4.3 days. The average maximum length of heatwaves increased more significantly - from 7.4 to 11.5 days in the second half-period. The intensity of heatwaves was evaluated by temperature extreme. The average maximal temperature (1980-2021) during the heatwaves over Ukraine is 32.2°C. The hottest HW event for the study period had maximum daily temperature of 41.4°C (2010). For the first time, HCWI was used to determine the frequency, duration and intensity of heatwaves in Ukraine. HCWI can also be applied to study climate changes, determine the period of droughts, the adaptation of the population to heat stress and the healthcare system to its consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]