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The northern Tyrrhenian Sea and the inner northern Apennines are classically regarded as a late Miocene Pleistocene back-arc system developed as a consequence of slab rollback along active subduction zones. We present new geological and structural data on the Gavorrano antiform, a key sector of the inner northern Apennines. Lying close to the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, it provides clear evidence of Pliocene shortening deformation and magma emplacement. The orientation of &sigma1 1 (N50°E N80°E) derived by fault slip data inversion is consistent with a general ENE WSW shortening direction. Furthermore, this ENE WSW-trending orientation of σ1 1 is compatible with the compressive deformation recorded in coeval sedimentary basins. On this basis we suggest that the inner northern Apennines were affected by crustal shortening during the Pliocene. This scenario matches well geophysical data suggesting that since the Late Messinian (6 5 Ma) subduction rollback and back-arc extension strongly decreased in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, whereas they continued as active processes in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]