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The Energy Efficiency Obligation Scheme (EEOS) is a market-based policy mechanism that requires energy companies that sell energy to end-users to carry out energy efficiency measures on end-users. Within the scope of this study, EEOS' implementations and studies are reviewed to contribute to setting up an obligation scheme in Turkey. By reviewing the existing literature, studies are grouped and summarized. Also, existing EEOS experiences were presented. Critical points, success parameters, and lessons learned from the EEOS were investigated, and the review results were discussed for possible adoption of Turkish EEOS. Finally, the study was concluded by proposing future research topics for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing dependence on energy around the world necessitates the effective use of energy in every field for a sustainable world. Especially in the last 20 years, solutions for the energy efficiency have been developed in many sectors. In the field of architecture, laws and regulations have been developed, as the building sector has a great potential for energy consumption in both manufacturing and use phases. This study was conducted by analyzing the case study in TS 825 within the framework of TS 825 rules that must be followed in line with the "Regulation on Energy Performance in Buildings" published in Turkey. According to regulation, building elements should be within certain limit thermal conductivity values according to the climate zones. Case study’s wall, floor and roof elements were modeled according to U-values required in the 1st degree climate zone. In order to investigate the effect of different parameters of windows on total energy consumption, scenario combinations were created using the statistical design of experiments method. Finally, it was found that the ratio of windows to facades and thermal conductivity values affect the total energy consumption at the highest rate in a building in Izmir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this work was to analyse the energy productivity and efficiency of agricultural enterprises growing poppy. The number of enterprises investigated in the study was determined from a stratified random sample of 87, the data is from 2019, and the study was conducted in Turkey. All inputs and outputs used in poppy production were obtained by multiplying energy equations with conversion coefficients in determining the energy use of the enterprises. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was employed to calculate the technical, pure-technical, and scale efficiency of poppyproducing enterprises. Poppy energy inputs consisted of the use of human labour, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, seeds, water, and fuel. The poppy capsule yield per unit area was regarded as the energy output. In the end, 40.23% of the total energy input in poppy production consisted of direct and 59.77% indirect energy. Non-renewable energy consumption (88.70%) was found to be rather high in the research area. Therefore, the use of chemical fertilizers and fuels, which are non-renewable energy sources, must be lessened for poppy plant production. The energy efficiency was found to be 0.08 in poppy production. According to this result, the production systems of the enterprises producing poppy are sufficient and energy is used efficiently. The specific energy value in the enterprises was calculated as 11.95 MJ kg-1 and the Technical Efficiency (TE) was calculated as 0.683. Producers produce at the same level with 68.3% of their capital, and 31.7 % saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on optimizing energy consumption in buildings by improving the building envelope, which accounts for a significant portion of heating and cooling energy usage. The research took an existing building in the Konya-Meram region as an example and conducted experiments on insulation, window-to-wall ratio, and glass thickness. Simulations were performed considering the climate of the Turkey-Konya region for comparative analysis. Various programs, such as Revit, Ecotect, Hap, and the Izoder TS-825 calculator (the Turkish standard) were utilized to evaluate energy efficiency. The results of the comparative analysis indicated that the Ecotect program provides the closest match to the calculations, hence enabling optimization experiments throughout the study. The optimal insulation thickness was determined to be between 7-11 cm; implementing an insulation thickness of 11 cm results in a substantial 46.71% reduction in heating load and an overall annual energy savings of 3.896%. However, further increases in insulation thickness beyond 11 cm do not yield significant energy savings. Regarding window-to-wall ratios, the optimal ratio in Konya was determined to be 75%, resulting in savings of 5.04%. In conclusion, this study emphasized the importance of the building envelope for energy efficiency and presented optimized solutions for insulation, window-to-wall ratio, and glass thickness in Konya city. The results of this study make a valuable contribution towards achieving notable reductions in energy consumption and highlight the possibility of enhancing energy efficiency in the structures located in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need to increase energy efficiency and use resources sustainably by means of energy-efficient building systems. In the study, vertical greening systems were integrated with a Double skin façade system and were applied as a Double skin green façade. Different improvement scenarios were produced for the cities of Karabük and Antalya, which have two different climates. Then, the scenarios were simulated with DesignBuilder program, and energy consumption values were determined accordingly. As a result, the energy efficiency of the DSF scenario applied to the south and west façades for Karabük and the scenarios with 30% greenery coverage on the façade were determined to be better. DSF applied on the south side of building was considered to be more appropriate for Antalya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency in building design tends to be important in reducing the share of construction sector in energy consumption and environmental problems caused by it. In this study, energy performance of an existing office structure was evaluated by integrating shading elements and double skin facade systems within the scope of energy efficiency in buildings. Initially, current energy performance of the building was examined by design builder program and then, the shading element alternatives and the double skin facade system alternatives were separately integrated into the structure and simulated by solar tool and design builder program. Alternatives with the highest energy performances were determined in both building components. Later in the study, the shading element and the double skin facade system alternatives, which gave the most successful results, were integrated into the building model simultaneously and the energy performance thus evaluated was compared with the energy performance of the existing building. According to results, the Shaded Double Skin Facade scenario indicated a drop in heating load of around 2% and a decrease in cooling load of about 45% compared to the present building model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the optimum insulation thickness value using MATLAB Optimization Toolbox based on a mathematical model for sandwich walls that are formed with different insulation-building materials by different fuel types for a particular city located in the second climatic region of Turkey. In the second stage of study, using the BIM-based Revit simulation program, a building was designed with the same building-insulation materials under the same climate conditions. The six different wall performances were compared for the designed building. The study proposes a comprehensive approach by combining technical and economic factors in the sustainable design of buildings. The computational results indicate that using different energy alternatives has a significant impact on the air quality in residential areas. The lowest value is reached when natural gas is used. The energy cost savings change from 7.56 to 14.12 TRY/m2 for external walls. While payback periods vary between 2.15 and 3.76 years for external walls, the lowest period for all wall types is obtained for electricity, which has a high cost. The optimum insulation thickness for 10 years of lifetime varies between 0.02 and 0.16 m. This study reflects that the highest optimal insulating thickness is reached when electricity is utilized as the energy source for all wall types. According to the Revit analysis, the lowest energy consumption of 21,677 kWh during one year using natural gas was obtained for a building material of porous light brick and an insulation material of glass wool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpase of this study was to determine the amount of input-output energy used in different harvest systems in baled alfalfa hay production in Tekirdağ province, Turkey. Data were collected from 176 alfalfa farms in 2019-2020. The simple random sampling method was used to determine survey volume. Harvesting systems consisting of different tool-machine combinations are used in alfalfa production. The capacities and features of the machines used are quite different from each other. In harvesting systems; baler type (rectangular/round), number and frequency of use of the conditioner rake were taken into account. Therefore, the studied population was divided into six groups based on different harvesting systems (H/1-6). In addition, according to the number of mowing (1,2,3,4,5,6); The energy consumption of the harvesting systems used was determined. While alfalfa production was taken into consideration in the first cutting process, the applications made after the cutting process were taken into account in the single mowing process. Results showed that the energy use efficiency, energy productivity and net energy varied according to the type of bale machine used and the number of conditioners. The total energy input and output in harvesting systems was highly variable. The highest share of input energy was recorded for diesel fuels-oil (38.77%) and N fertilizer (24.89%). The fuel energy of 3244.57 MJha-1 was calculated in the H6 system for the highest amount of fuel used per unit area. Due to the increase in the number of use of conditioner equipment and the number of mowing, energy consumption has also increased. When mowing six times; 1248.57 MJha-1 machine energy consumption was calculated in the harvesting system using rectangular baler, and 1751.07 MJha-1 machine energy consumption in the harvesting system using round baler. The highest total energy input (first cutting) was 8179.41 MJha-1, 8377.54 MJha-1 in the systems using round baler (H5-H6). The lowest specific energy was calculated 2.94 MJkg-1, 3.17 MJkg-1 in the systems using rectangular baler (H3-H4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is no official green or sustainable built environment evaluation system in Turkey. When a certification is required for a building or a site, various certification systems are employed. To meet the demand, the Turkish Green Building Council released an evaluation system called B.E.S.T. in 2013. In this paper, the B.E.S.T. evaluation system is introduced as well as a sample application. The evaluation of the Yalova University Engineering Faculty Building using the B.E.S.T. evaluation system is presented. Field research was conducted and evidentiary documents were gathered in preparation. The study employed both analytical and field research methodologies in this regard. As a result of the study, Yalova University Engineering Faculty Building was assessed to be eligible for the lowest level certificate, the 'Approved' degree of the B.E.S.T. evaluation system. Furthermore, the results achieved with the B.E.S.T. were compared to those acquired previously with other green or sustainable building evaluation systems. HIGHLIGHTS - An exemplary set of the evaluation was performed for university campus buildings with the B.E.S.T. certification system. - The conducted case study is one of the earliest samples of B.E.S.T. evaluations. - A comparison of B.E.S.T. with LEED and BREAM is provided. - The importance of establishing a local certification system has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research was performed in 16 emerging countries from 1990 to 2014, using a two-step approach. First, a slacks-based (SBM)–data envelopment analysis (DEA) model annually estimates countries' resources and energy efficiency. In the second step, a panel quantile regression was used to assess the impacts of resources and energy efficiency, export quality, and the other variables on the ecological footprint. The SBM–DEA model revealed that Turkey and Hungary were the countries that got the better rank, and China and India got the worst rank on resources and energy efficiency mean. Quantile regression revealed that resources, energy efficiency, and trade openness reduce the ecological footprint. On the other hand, GDP, consumption of fossil fuels, and population contribute to deteriorating the environmental footprint. Export quality and urban population worsen the ecological footprint but only in some quantiles. Export quality in 10th and 25th quantiles and the case of the urban population all quantiles except the 10th one aggravates the ecological footprint. Thus, from a policy perspective, we have variables that require different kinds of intervention to mitigate/reduce the ecological footprint, i.e., requires many policy measures and the active collaboration of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exergy analysis, as a core evaluation tool to improve energy efficiency and system sustainability, has been applied in various fields over the last decades, leading to a significant increase of exergy-related publications. However, the existing reviews only analyzed part of publications related to a specific topic and lack a systematic analysis. To fill this research gap, a coupled bibliometric analysis and knowledge map method was conducted on 13,941 exergy-related publications during 1997–2020. Results show that publications increased from 54 in 1997 to 1976 in 2020. Journal of Energy is the most productive journals (1543 publications), and Energy & Fuels is the most popular subject category (9204 publications). Three developing countries in Asia (China, Iran, and Turkey) are the most productive, accounting for 45.87%. The main research objects and methods in this field were identified by cluster analysis. Furthermore, timeline analysis and burst detection analysis show that the new research hotspots or research frontiers will focus on organic Rankine cycle, building industry, multi-objective optimization, and sustainable development. This study further pointed out the future direction of the exergy field: in-depth application of the coupled exergy and exergoeconomic analysis; technologies development for efficient utilization of renewable energy, clean energy, and waste heat; enrichment of exergy framework incorporating environmental perspectives and mathematical methods; adaptation of theoretical research; and system optimization to the needs of social development. Through the review of exergy-related publications, results of this study can help to better identify the research hotspots and provide a valuable reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Art & Design is the property of Online Journal of Art & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is a challenging task for determining the emissions and energy‐saving options for counties and countries. In order to overcome this issue, two new concepts are introduced in this study. These are residential base electricity consumption and residential base natural gas consumption. A new model that estimates the total energy consumption of urban residential buildings from the available electricity consumption data is developed. The model employs heating degree days (HDD) and cooling degree days (CDD) parameters to predict the energy consumption for heating and cooling purposes. A month with zero or almost zero values of both HDD and CDD is considered as "base month." These months when there is neither heating nor cooling, plays a key role in this study. The proposed model is applied to a county with a population of over 62,000 located in Southern Turkey, and the total electricity consumption is calculated with 1.24% accuracy. The validity and accuracy of the model are tested by theoretical electricity calculations, coal, and wood consumption. Accordingly, while annual electrical heating is equal to 2618 kWh/year for an average house of 96 m2, for the coal and wood burning households, the annual energy consumption values are 2190 and 2616 kWh/year, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkey, refugees from Syria have been continuously increasing with rapid urbanization. Concurrently, energy consumption has been growing promptly. Supply and demand equality may be a crucial problem in the electricity market causing further instability and shortages leading to reliable predictions a necessity. For this reason, an informative questionnaire is prepared to take the expert opinions on the main drivers that shape the energy consumption behavior of Syrian refugees. In total, 17 experts are interviewed. The answers are explored by using NETICA software for Bayesian Belief Networks. Factors affecting energy consumption behavior and also strategies, institutions, tools, and financing methods that change the behavior toward efficient consumption are investigated. Based on obtained results, it can be claimed that to be successful, electricity prices and tariffs in the market should be arranged in the favor of energy efficiency. Besides, support mechanisms by not only the government but also by the municipalities should be considered while setting related policies. Also, electric appliance producers should develop and implement strategies and actions to encourage the usage of more efficient appliances. Last but not the least, nongovernmental organizations should raise refugees’ awareness of the efficient electricity consumption to minimize the impacts of refugee inflows on the electricity market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is recommended to establish and use Energy Management Systems to ensure the continuity of improvement in energy efficiency studies. In this study, we have introduced an Energy Management System proposed for Istanbul urban electric rail transportation systems (Metro, Tram and Funicular lines), which has a major place in electricity consumption among transportation systems and which is the largest urban rail system in Turkey. In addition, examples of which data can be evaluated within the scope of EnYS with the measurements taken from the measurement and monitoring system established are presented and operational suggestions have been made for energy efficiency studies. In the study, the energy consumption of a total of 12 lines of Istanbul urban rail transportation systems, including 6 metro, 3 trams, 1 funicular, 2 cable car lines, were examined. It has been determined that the mobile systems (CER) constituted by the trains are the main consumer since they constitute 55-60% of the total consumption, and the remaining consumption is consumed at the stations referred to as auxiliary facilities. Within the scope of the EnMS, Energy Performance Indicators have been created to determine and compare the performances of the lines, and it is aimed to ensure that the improvement in energy efficiency is continuous and maximum. The CER performances of the lines were examined and it was calculated that up to 17% energy savings could be achieved in the first stage with the voyage time regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classification is defined as the problem of assignment of objects to the predefined classes. In general view, classification problems divided into two groups: classification and sorting problems. Sorting problems define the case of existence of ordered classes for objects, while classes are not ordered in classification problems. Besides these two groups of classification problems, Inverse Multiple Criteria Sorting Problem (IMSCP) is also introduced into the literature in recent years. IMSCP deals with finding the possible actions that can change the assignment of objects to classes in order to obtain the desired classification of objects. The main aim in this study is to propose an extension of IMSCP with fuzzy parameters with a proper solution approach. A case study of building energy labelling improvement in an existing building site in Ankara is solved by using parametric fuzzy solution approach of Carlsson and Korhonen. Obtained results of the application presents the possible actions to improve the energy labels of the buildings within the site. Also, solution results show that the proposed model in this study can be used to improve current Building Energy Performance model in Turkey to a new one with efficiency improvement suggestions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the relationship of financial development with energy efficiency and economic growth. Due to the coexistence of economic expansion, trade openness, financial development, and urbanization in Indonesia and Turkey, these two countries are considered. Johansen cointegration, error correction, and Granger causality tests are applied to validate the predicted effects of economic activity on the environment. Results show a long-term relationship of Indonesia's CO2 emissions with five out of six macroeconomic factors, except for urbanization, which has a detrimental effect on carbon emissions. On the other hand, no cointegration across variables is found in the case of Turkey. However, unidirectional causality is observed from energy consumption and economic growth to economic growth. Furthermore, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness have a two-way causal effect on financial development. This work encourages Turkish and Indonesian policymakers and regulators to strengthen environmental laws. It also encourages other economies and governments to conduct similar analyses and determine the best course of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the high input energy using sectors which ultimately produces the output energy for the survival of human beings. Wheat is an important cereal in the agriculture production system. It is a major food crop and staple food for many countries in the world. Higher population growth has increased demand for wheat, and this demand has been met through the adoption of modern agricultural practices which are heavily dependent on energy. The current study was planned to examine the input energy use efficiency of rainfed wheat growers in Pakistan and Turkey (countries among the top 10 global wheat producers). A total of 119 wheat growers from the rainfed areas of both countries were randomly selected. The data envelopment analysis was executed to estimate the input energy use efficiency score of the growers. The results of the study revealed that almost a similar source of input energy is used in both countries in wheat cultivation. The largest input energy consumption in Turkey was nitrogen fertilizer (10,531.50 MJ ha−1), while in Pakistan was farmyard manure (12,837.32 MJ ha−1). The Turkish growers have higher energy use efficiency 2.42 as compared to Pakistani growers, whose energy use efficiency was 1.09. Results further revealed that there is a substantial potential for energy savings in both countries by optimizing energy use. The study concluded that the exchange of energy-efficient practices between both countries can significantly reduce energy use and improve the yield of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, energy efficiency applications that differ from other building types in hospitals are discussed. Hospitals have a different characteristic from other building types in terms of energy consumption. There are different energy efficiency applications especially in terms of design and operation in this building type with high energy usage intensity. There is an obligation to achieve at least 15% energy saving compared to the reference value in buildings that are obliged to appoint an energy manager until 2023. In addition to the energy efficiency applications specified in the application guide, some energy efficiency applications in hospitals that are different from other buildings are specified in this study. In particular, by preserving pressure relations with building automation flow rate reduction in operating rooms during non-use hours (night mode), use of F9 filters instead of H13 in intensive care units, adjustment of the pressure in the compressed air system to the lowest possible value and utilization of waste heat with heat pumps were discussed. It was calculated that there is a 33.7% energy saving opportunity for 25% air flow reduction from the ventilator and aspirator by operating the air handling units in night mode in the absence of surgery. It was also found that 40,640,000 TL can be saved in operating costs across Turkey by using F9 filters instead of H13 in intensive care units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing energy efficiency is important for sustainable economic development and environmental-related issues such as carbon emissions. Therefore, measuring energy efficiency is crucial for countries to achieve economic and environmental objectives. In this study, we utilize the TOPSIS method with the intent of monitoring the energy efficiency of Turkey from the 1980 to 2018 period. Several variables such as renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, GDP, labor force, and capital stock are employed in calculating energy efficiency scores. Thereafter, we analyze the long-term, symmetric and asymmetric effects of some contextual variables such as capital stock-labor force ratio, renewable energy consumption-total energy consumption ratio, and carbon emission-total energy consumption ratio on energy efficiency via ARDL and nonlinear ARDL models. Results from the linear model indicate that an increase in the renewable energy consumption-total energy consumption ratio and capital stock-labor force ratio increase the energy efficiency. In contrast, an increase in the carbon emission-total energy consumption ratio decreases it. The nonlinear ARDL model, on the other hand, signals asymmetric effects in the long-run but not in the short-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat recovery and energy savings from the graywater of household appliances, such as dishwashers and washing machines, can encourage people to avoid the unhealthily long hours of hand dishwashing. In this experimental study, the size of energy saving that could be obtained from a domestic dishwasher with a wire on a tube heat exchanger attached was investigated. The study results validated that heat recovery from graywater is possible and equivalent to annual electricity savings of 53.48 kWh. The efficiency of the dishwasher can be increased to approximately 16% by saving energy, and the economic value of efficiency increase can be $5.88 per year. With all fittings, pipes, and fixing equipment, the heat exchanger cost was also calculated to be $35 per machine, and the payback period is 5.94 years per machine. The payback period can be shortened by achieving lower production costs with mass production. Furthermore, the possible reduction of CO2 emission by saving electrical energy was estimated to be 26.74 kg. In Turkey, nearly 8 million units of dishwashers are in domestic use, the size of the annual energy saving can be 427.84 GWh, and the economic value is $47.04 M. By energy saving, approximately 213.92 kt/year less CO2 released. Practitioner points: Graywater heat recovery with a wire on a tube heat exchanger was studied experimentally.The energy consumption and processing time of a household dishwasher is shortened by graywater heat recovery.With the decrease in energy consumption, a reduction was achieved in the CO2 emission released during the energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Turkey is one of the countries that is the gene center and the homeland of walnuts. The purpose of the study was to determine the energy uses of walnut production in Turkey. In the study, the energy efficiency of walnut production, net energy, energy productivity, and specific energy were examined. In addition, the benefit-cost ratio, the use of direct and indirect energy, renewable and non-renewable energy were determined. Data was obtained from walnut producers in the Istanbul province of Turkey by using a survey. Surveys were performed with 48 walnut producers. Total energy input and total energy output of the surveyed orchards were calculated as 12,605 MJ ha−1 and 23,300 MJ ha−1 respectively. The energy use efficiency was calculated as 1.85 for the walnut production. While specific energy was calculated as 5.95 MJ kg−1 energy productivity was calculated 0.17 kg MJ−1 in the study. According to economic analysis, it was determined that the walnut producers had 4850 US$ ha−1 net return per year. The benefit-cost ratio was calculated as 1.51. As a result of the study, it was determined that the walnut production was preferable in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Solar photovoltaic system is designed for Ro-Ro type marine vessels. • A novel layout of photovoltaic arrays on vessel's deck is carried out. • Generated solar power by designed system is evaluated in different subtitles. • The results of the solar system are examined economically and environmentally. Maritime transportation has a remarkable contribution to the increase of pollutant gases in the atmosphere, and adapting alternative energy systems to ship's main power grid is an effective method to both save energy and reduce the amount of emission gases. For this reason, the contribution of solar power, which is one of the effective alternative energy sources, to the marine vessels as a result of adaptation to the ship's power system and the environmental impacts of application is evaluated within the scope of the study. A novel approach is demonstrated for the layout of solar arrays within a Ro-Ro type marine vessel navigated between Pendik/Turkey and Trieste/Italy during 2018, and the performance of the designed system is theoretically evaluated. According to followed methodology, 7.76% of energy efficiency is carried out and 7.38% of the fuel requirement of the stated vessel is met by the designed solar system. 0.312 tons of SO x , 3.942 tons of NO x , 232.393 tons of CO 2 , and 0.114 tons of PM are prevented from releasing to the atmosphere. Besides, the investment of the solar system is analyzed under three different economic indicators and is found to be economically profitable to implement on the ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to make the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of organic almond production. This study was performed for 2016 production season in Adıyaman province of Turkey in 2017. The data provided from study were collected from 93 different farms by face to face surveys with full count method. The agricultural input energies and output energies used in organic almond production were calculated to determine the energy efficiency analysis. According to the research findings, the energy inputs in organic almond production were calculated respectively as 7320.30 MJ ha−1 (37.21%) diesel fuel energy, 5421.17 MJ ha−1 (27.56%) machinery energy, 3818.86 MJ ha−1 (19.41%) human labour energy, 1632 MJ ha−1 (8.30%) irrigation energy, 1344 MJ ha−1 (6.83%) farmyard manure energy, 128.15 MJ ha−1 (0.65%) organic chemicals energy and 5.94 MJ ha−1 (0.03%) lime energy. Total input energy was calculated as 19,670.42 MJ ha−1. Energy values of organic almond yield were calculated as 39,811.80 MJ ha−1. Energy efficiency, specific energy, energy productivity and net energy calculations were calculated respectively as 2.02, 14.05 MJ kg−1, 0.07 kg MJ−1 and 20,141.38 MJ ha−1. The consumed total energy input in organic almond production could be classified as 64.93% direct, 35.07% indirect, 34.54% renewable and 65.46% non-renewable. Total GHG emission was calculated as 2518.46 kg CO2‑eqha−1 for organic almond production with the greatest portions for human labour (54.16%). The human labour followed up machine usage (15.28%), diesel fuel consumption (14.25%), water consumption of irrigation (10.80%), farmyard manure usage (5.16%), organic chemicals usage (0.34%) and lime usage (0.02%), respectively. Additionally, GHG ratio value was calculated as 1.80 kg CO2‑eqkg−1 in organic almond production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decomposition analysis is a proven approach to highlight the trends in energy economics and to clarify the changing factors in energy consumption. In Turkey, industrial sector is one of the major drivers of economy, which accounts for 32% of the final energy consumption. This paper uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) to divide the total energy consumption growth of ten Turkish manufacturing industries into activity effect, structure effect, and intensity effect in the period from 2005 to 2014. Manufacturing subsectors consist of (a) food products, beverages, and tobacco, (b) textile and textile products, (c) wood and wood products, (d) pulp, paper, and paper products; publishing and printing, (e) chemicals, chemical products, and man-made fibers, (f) rubber and plastic products, (g) non-metallic mineral products, (h) primary metals, (i) equipment goods, and (j) other manufacturing. Energy consumption of total manufacturing industry rose from 25,013 ktoe to 27,590 ktoe within the period. The subsector (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (i) analyses results reveal that the activity effect has significant contribution to energy consumption, while structure and intensity effects are negligible. On the other hand, for the energy-intensive industries, influence of structure and intensity effects has observed simultaneously. The results also show that intensity and activity effects follow similar trends. Energy intensity of manufacturing industry has followed a slightly decreasing route (0.288 ktoe/$2005 in 2005 and 0.219 ktoe/$2005 in 2014) in the period, which is an indicative of contribution of activity changes, energy efficient technologies, and other energy efficiency efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignite is the most important domestic energy source and dominated electricity production in Turkey for many years. Recently, new lignite coal reserves have been explored and are thought to contain 15.6 billion tons, which would constitute about 7.1% of the total world's lignite reserves. However, the potential capacity to be installed in these fields has not been effectively utilized yet. The total installed capacity reached 78,497 MW, and lignite-fired power plants had only 11.8% of this capacity in 2016. Furthermore, gross electricity production in Turkey was 274,407 GWh and the share of lignite was about 14% in the same year. It is expected in the near term, the role of domestic lignite will be increased in national electricity generation in Turkey. The electricity production of Turkey is outlined in this paper. The lignite reserves and lignite-fired power plants in Turkey are also introduced, and technologies used for producing electricity from lignite are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey ranked seventh among cement-producing countries in the world, and the country is also one of the extensive producers in the world cement market with cement production nearly 77 million tons. There are more than 50 functional cement plants over 90 Mt/year production capacity in Turkey. In this study, we present the ways of Turkish cement sector emissions fit into the global context, and simulate the impacts of energy efficiency scenarios on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emitted from energy consumption of Turkish cement production and on total energy demands relevant with the cement production/tons from 2015 to 2030. We employ Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) software for the simulation of the GHGs emitted from the Turkish cement industry in a global context, and we establish business as usual (BAU) and five alternative energy efficiency scenarios for this study. We suggest six possible mitigation strategy recommendations to reduce CO2 emissions in cement production. Among them, three of them are related to policy and strategy applying, such as increasing awareness, applying different strategies, and improving the governmental policies; and another three of them are directly linked to technological mitigation applications as improving the technology and materials, fuel and energy saving, and CO2 capture and disposal. For 2030; we simulate that more than 15 Mtoe energy consumption will be the main reason for more than 53 million tons of CO2-e emissions per year. The low GHG emissions value is found by applying the energy efficiency 3% (ENE3) scenario where the emission trend starts at 21.12 million tons of CO2-e per year in 2014 and ends up 33.2 million tons of CO2-e per year in 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, it is aimed to develop a measurement tool that measures energy efficiency in enterprises. As a workgroup manufacturing enterprises in Turkey are preferred. The scale was developed to reveal the factors that are effective in determining energy efficiency from the perspective of employees. In the scale development study; explanatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed respectively. The scale developed consists of 5 factors. Factors related to the scale are energy efficiency factor (EEF); control factor (CF); automation factor (AF); educational factor (EF) and management factor (MF). The structures consisting of 37 items were supported with goodness of fit values. Chi-square is 451.77; degree of freedom is 138; p is 0,000 and the RMSEA value is 0.085. The analyzes were performed with SPSS and LISREL 9.1 program. Considering the values, it was decided that the scale was developed in a way suitable for measuring energy efficiency in enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residential areas have a significant share in electrical energy consumption in Turkey. At this point, determining electricity consumption demand in residential areas will significantly contribute to ensuring energy efficiency throughout the country. Accurate econometric modelling of the relationships between the various socio-economic characteristics of households and their energy consumption/expenditure can serve as a basis for policymakers when planning investments aimed at efficiency on primary energy consumption in residences. Considering these issues, this study aims to examine the electricity consumption demand in residential areas in Turkey in terms of various socio-economic and building and property characteristics variables. At this point, the fact that some households have zero electricity consumption has led to the need to use censored regression models. The Heckman Sample Selection model was used, which makes it possible to estimate the consumption decision of individuals in two stages and eliminates the parameter bias problem caused by linear regression analysis. Heckman Sample Selection modelling was carried out in the study using Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT) 2019 Household Budget Survey data. According to the results, it has been determined that annual disposable income, various demographic variables (age, education level, marital status), characteristics of the house (size) and the presence of various electrical household appliances (air conditioner, tumble dryer, deep freezer) have significant effects on electricity consumption. The systematic preparation of informative brochures on the effective use of household electrical appliances can significantly contribute to efficiency. In addition, in countries like Turkey that depend on foreign energy, providing incentives towards renewable energy sources is considered necessary to contribute to the country's economy positively. • This study aims to examine the electricity consumption demand in residential areas in Turkey. • The Heckman sample selection model was used to estimate the consumption decision of individuals in two stages. • Annual disposable income was found as a significant factor. • Providing incentives towards renewable energy sources is considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, it has been examined how much environmental sustainability criteria are taken into account via focusing on Fikirtepe district (Istanbul) where building production has become dense. In this context, ÇEDBİK Residential Certificate, which has been generated for the Turkey local conditions has been handled as an "assessment tool." The topics called "Integrated Green Building Management," "Energy Use" and "Material and Resource Use" have been selected for the context of the study. Conformity assessment has been made over ten new residential buildings whose production process has been begun or completed in terms of providing or not the requirements and scope of the determined assessment criteria. For this, questionnaire method has been selected, and face to face interviews have been made with project teams and contractor companies. Acquired findings have been interpreted via graphs. As a result, it has been determined that new residential buildings in Fikirtepe district, which has the characteristics of the pilot region for urban renewal in Istanbul have deficiencies in terms of environmental sustainability. To be reached the building sector targets that are defined in Turkey national action plan, energy performance of new buildings in urban renewal areas that have such a scale should be improved with priority. In the context of the study, it is considered that making national residential certificate as an obligatory will ease to reach the building sector targets. Beyond enhancing of governmental incentives and taking the regulations and energy efficiency targets of European countries as an example, control mechanisms in the building production processes should need to be improved, too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid urbanization, migration from rural to urban areas and industrialization since 1950s, need and demand for energy is ever-increasing in Turkey. For Turkey, who is importing approximately 75 percent of the demanded energy; external dependence, the expenditure of the income from exports for the energy imports, threaten the energy security. To address the mentioned goals of minimizing external dependence, Turkey has accelerated the creation and implementation of policies on alternative energy resources and the efficient use of energy starting from 2000s. Accordingly, these legal arrangements and related actions cannot be carried out adequately enough by central government bodies and their provincial units alone. Approximately 93 percent of the population in Turkey today is living within municipal boundaries, of which 77.6 percent live in metropolitan municipalities boundaries, local governments have a great deal of responsibilities related to energy supply and efficiency, as well as the realization of the energy policies that can be accelerated from part to whole and from local to center. The main purpose of this study is to determine the energy-related political activity areas of local governments and to contribute to the development of a new political dialogue which engage all related stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to specify people's awareness, acceptance and needs for the Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy efficiency (EE) innovations in Jordan. This took place after having studied the most influential innovations on RE and EE in Germany, Spain and Turkey. Then, two suitable innovations were selected; in particular, PV mobile charger and sodium light unit regulator. Our research was based on the analysis of qualitative interviews and a questionnaire. The results showed that (53%) are willing to buy PV mobile charger depending on its life cycle and efficiency even if it is expensive. About (89%) of respondents realized that it is important to develop and support the EE innovative solution of using sodium regulator in lighting the streets by the municipalities, and about (49%) would like to take practical steps for the RE and EE developments if they could. The results also show that all respondents are willing to pay extra cost to obtain green energy; (20%) want the cheapest possible solution in this regard. the study results indicate that Jordanian people do expect more from the public sector about renewable energy production; whereas a large percentage (63%) thinks that public sector should take the first step towards renewable energy production. The acceptance and awareness of the society on RE and EE innovations is one of the most important drivers towards the transition to RE and EE in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy use is indispensable for sustainable agricultural production. Determination of energy use efficiency is pivotal for the productivity of dairy farms. In recent years, the Konya Region has the highest milk production and the greatest number of animals in Turkey. The dairy farms owned by the Konya Sugar Industry and Trade Inc (ITI) are the biggest farms in the Konya region and are run by entrepreneurs and leaders in livestock breeding. For this reason, it is important to evaluate the energy efficiency of these farms, for the development of animal breeding in the region and country. This study was carried out between 2017 and 2018, to evaluate energy use of the dairy farms of the Konya Sugar ITI. The company owns the Şekersüt Dairy Farm (SDF) with 7600 animal-capacity and the Çumpaş-Danabank Dairy Farm (CDF) with 1000 animal-capacity. Loose and freestall dairy houses are used on the farms. These farms were assessed for their energy use efficiency, net energy yield, specific energy, and energy productivity parameters. Consequently, energy productivity and energy use efficiency for SDF and CDF were calculated to be 3.6L/100 MJ and 0.11, and 5.2L/100 MJ and 0.16, respectively. Increased energy efficiency will be possible by determining the high-energy use efficiency value for other dairy farms in the research area and developing the applications accordingly, with this goal. Furthermore, it is also recommended that the dairy farm management is redesigned or improved to create a new barn design that is appropriate for animal welfare and high milk yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to control the issue of global warming, some significant protocols are signed and precautionary proposals are prepared in Turkey and worldwide. In this context, efficient use of energy in buildings is quite essential for decreasing the greenhouse emissions globally, since building stock accounts for about 40% of total energy consumption. The codes and implementations are carried out by local and international authorities to ensure energy efficiency in building stock, where the public buildings are supposed to lead. Therefore, in this study energy efficient retrofitting of public primary and lower secondary school building stock is targeted through the proposed methodology. In the proposed methodology, firstly, a representative educational school building was determined among primary and lower secondary school building stock in the selected pilot area according to analyses of the educational buildings, and its energy model was done and calibrated via ASHRAE Guideline 14 by collected physical and energy performance data. Then, calibrated energy model was used to develop retrofit scenarios with control strategies, which were optimized through life cycle cost evaluation. Hereby, the methodology proposed a whole evaluation approach in which existing buildings are subject to have cost optimal energy retrofits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study shows the amount of energy savings to be achieved in electricity consumption if the current lighting system in the buildings of the Cumhuriyet University campus in Turkey is replaced with efficient lighting systems. In addition, environmental effects of energy savings are determined by calculating the amounts of CO2, SO2, NOX, CO emissions. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis is used to determine energy costs and payback periods. The calculations reveal that the use of three alternative lighting systems would lead to a substantial reduction in electricity consumption ranging between 16.5% and 40.5%, and that the payback periods of these alternative lighting systems vary between 1.9 and 5 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the most debated issues in the world's agenda are the problems related to climate change. Climate change is the result of human activities especially carried out in the cities. It is necessary to focus on the cities to solve the problem. In this study, climate change resilient planning principles are discussed within a scope of urban areas and their vicinities and a model proposal for Turkey is developed. It was attained as a conclusion of this study that the arrangements based on these principles at the planning and design process provides the urban areas where the energy is efficiently used, ecological balance and biodiversity are obtained, and the low carbon development principles can be implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effects of technological advancements, energy efficiency, and renewable energy utilization in Türkiye's fossil fuel sector on CO 2 emissions and to test the applicability of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. The EKC hypothesis has been confirmed for Türkiye, revealing an inverse U-shaped relationship between CO 2 absorption and per capita income. Furthermore, all variables display negative coefficients and show statistical significance in the long term. Thus, it has been established that technological progress, energy efficiency, and the adoption of renewable energy have a positive impact on reducing CO 2 emissions. Given Türkiye's status as an energy importer heavily dependent on fossil fuels, prioritizing technological advancements in the energy sector is crucial since complete abandonment of fossil fuels in the near future is unlikely. Moreover, efficient energy utilization plays a vital role in reducing energy imports, a substantial contributor to Türkiye's current account deficit. Furthermore, an increase in renewable energy will have a positive effect on Türkiye's economic and energy outlook. The uniqueness of these findings lies in the utilization of these significant variables, which have not been previously employed in the context of the Türkiye economy. [Display omitted] • Energy technology, energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy reduce CO2 emissions in Türkiye. • The efficient use of energy is the most important factor in improving environmental quality in Türkiye. • This study uses both standard and Fourier-based methods to analyze the data. • The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is valid for Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Main objectives of this study were to define total amount of input usage and do the economic comparison of wheat and sunflower production in Thrace Region in Turkey and to determine the energy equivalent of these inputs. The data of this study was collected by survey method which was carried out face to face with 169 wheat and sunflower producers in Thrace Region. The total energy inputs in wheat and sunflower production were determined to be 23,231 MJ ha −1 and 10,139 MJ ha −1 and based on the energy output, it was noticed that energy outputs in wheat (including straw) and sunflower production were determined to be 81,720 MJ and 38,250 MJ, respectively. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy in wheat production were calculated as 3.52, 0.19 kg MJ −1 , 5.16 MJ kg −1 and 58,489 MJ ha −1 respectively in wheat production and 3.77, 0.15 kg MJ −1 , 6.63 MJ kg −1 and 28,111 MJ ha −1 respectively in sunflower production. Benefit-cost ratios were calculated as 1.20 for wheat and 1.02 for sunflower, by dividing the gross value of production by the total cost of production per hectare in wheat and sunflower production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that the reserves of fossil energy resources are limited, the scientific studies on renewable and alternative energy sources are intensified and the share of the total installed capacity in the world is still small while the investments are increasing at a serious rate, the efforts of using energy more efficiently have been increased. When the geographical location is examined, it is observed that Turkey is located on the intersection of energy corridors. What is the level of energy efficiency studies? In this study, with the increasing population and energy consumption amounts, Turkey's analysis of the energy efficiency situation has been analyzed and some evaluations have been made for the future. It has also been shown that it may be possible to contribute to the protection of the country's economy and the environment without restricting civilian needs by using energy more efficiently on a sectoral basis from the example of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, soil temperatures at different depths in Turkey's different regions were investigated theoretically. Soil temperature data are critical for different research interests such as ecology, biology, technique processes, forestry, agriculture, energy, food sector, ground heat exchanger applications, thermal energy storage applications, and so forth. This investigation gives information related to the prediction of soil temperature's dependence with depth and time especially for shallow geothermal applications. Soil temperature values depend on a great deal of varied parameters such as thermal conductivity, short term climatic conditions and moisture content. The main issue is that despite these temperatures are extremely important values, they can not be obtained in a short time. Due to this reason, we study a mathematical model related to the prediction of soil temperature. Within this context, 81 cities and their approximately 300.000 data, both, monthly air and soil temperatures between 1960 and 2015 were studied and finally seven regions in Turkey were investigated and final average soil temperature values were achieved. Measured data taken from the Izmir State Meteorological Station, and predicted soil temperatures at depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, and 100 cm were analyzed for each region in Turkey according to data obtained fifty years ago. Finally, at depths of 5 cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm and 100 cm, the maximum average percentage errors in Turkey were 16%, 14.8%, 13.5%, 14.4%, 13.9% respectively. In conclusion, we evaluate the relationship between ambient air temperatures and soil temperatures in terms of depths from 5 to 3000 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth does not have an equal distribution of energy sources. Despite the advances in renewable energy, fossil fuels seem to continue to dominate the energy sector in near future. Hydrogen energy is seen as a renewable power system that is an alternatively convenient storage and transmission vector. The present study aims to contribute to the discussion on the implementation of the hydrogen power plants through encouraging state sector investments in renewable energy and private sector investments in hydrogen energy. In this respect, the contribution of hydrogen energy to energy efficiency is that it can reveal the potential of suitable and sustainable energy as a natural source at a competitive price in the future. The study also aims to contribute to energy efficiency by emphasizing the significance of maintaining an international strategic planning process for public and private sector officials to accelerate the effective development of the hydrogen economy infrastructure. The study also underlines that it is essential for the governments to encourage initiatives concerning renewable energy and fuel cell in the process of transition to hydrogen economy in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Along with the changing concerns over energy security in the last decades, it is important to investigate the perception of different segments of society in order to understand how they view the challenges and opportunities in contemporary energy issues. Being one of the most dynamic energy economies globally, Turkey is continuously increasing both its electricity generation and consumption. Since the industrial sector accounts for higher ratios in this growth, this article explores the perception and awareness within Turkish industrial companies related to energy security, Turkish energy policy, and compatibility of corporate strategy with governmental energy and industrial policies. The study is based on the exploration of nine suppositions relating to the following issues: importance of energy costs in supply chain management, energy efficiency priority, effectiveness of legal infrastructure for energy efficiency, import dependency awareness, renewable energy awareness, the compatibility of energy strategy, climate change awareness, the level of Kyoto Protocol awareness, and compatibility between firm-specific targets and strategy papers. The study tests these suppositions with a survey based on the existing academic literature and three strategy documents related to industrial and energy policies, namely papers on Energy Efficiency Strategy, Turkish Industrial Strategy, and Electricity Energy Market and Security of Supply Strategy. These papers provide the research background and give insight for each of the suppositions. A survey was distributed to the top 500 Turkish industrial companies listed in ISO500. The results show that six suppositions are supported, one is unsupported, and two is neither supported nor unsupported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of sustainable development and energy efficiency efforts has increased in the construction sector. Energy-saving efforts for buildings have become more important due to the global energy crisis, and energy rating systems have been developed globally for assessment of energy performance. In this study, international green building certificate and energy performance certificate (EPC) systems are presented. The official EPC system for buildings in Turkey is illustrated with case studies. Energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from residential buildings are calculated using the official national software, which is called BEP-TR. The impact of lighting on the total energy performance of residential buildings is also examined. Changes in energy performance values are discussed for various cases. As a result of this study, it was determined that residential buildings constructed before 2000 consume more energy than those constructed after 2000; they are a lower energy performance class of buildings. Use of energy-saving lamps has also had a positive impact on both lighting and total energy performance classes. This paper aims to contribute to the promotion of building energy certification systems and energy efficiency issues for the construction sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction, of energy cost related to the oil final product, related to energy efficiency is gaining importance day by day. Oil refineries are high energy consuming systems. Furnaces used in various parts of refineries are the main cause of this consumption. The flue gas oxygen level can be reduced by replacing old type burner with ensuring better combustion in furnaces. In this study, the effect of energy efficiency was investigated for replacing burner in a furnace that supplies heat to reboiler side. The flue gas oxygen values were measured during operating conditions and after application in the furnace burners. According to the results, while the flue gas oxygen value before application of the burner replacement is 5%, it can be reduced to 2,1%. Thus, the efficiency of the furnace has increased from the 88.7% to 90.08%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is a major input in the manufacturing sector. Its security and efficiency are of supreme importance to a nation's industrial activities. Energy consumption also has serious environmental impacts in terms of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. In order to use energy more efficiently, simply designing parts and planning manufacturing processes with an energy-aware mindset is insufficient; it is also necessary to model and assess the energy efficiency of a process chain from a holistic point of view. In this work, we propose an integrated energy reduction framework and the internal methods to implement it. Our framework builds on three pillars. Creating an energy profile of a process chain is the first step in characterizing a manufacturing system in terms of energy demand. Energy-aware part designs and process plans are based on ISO/STEP 10303 AP224 standards in order to estimate the embodied energy of a mechanical part. Finally, using discrete event simulation methods, the energy consumption of a process chain is assessed and reduction scenarios are generated based on design or operational alternatives. A data collection and analytics system visualizing measures and key performance indicators (KPIs) also must be implemented in order to measure real consumption values and track improvement results over time. The energy reduction in manufacturing process chains (E-MPC) framework is unique in that it provides a structured method which enables the embodied energy of a part to be estimated during early design stages and further enables the evaluation of design impacts on process chains, thereby recognizing the dynamic nature of systems. A pilot case study of the framework was implemented at the largest household appliance manufacturer in Turkey, Arçelik A.Ş. In order to evaluate its usefulness and validity, we performed a detailed implementation on a fully automated crankshaft manufacturing line in Arçelik's refrigerator compressor plant. The results reveal that design improvements estimated gains would reach 2%, whereas operational improvements yield up to 10% energy savings per produced part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In residential buildings, the usage of non-renewable resources, which are scarce and exhaustible, the negative impacts of resource usage on the environment and the high energy costs require the evaluation of residential energy performance on a life cycle basis. Therefore, in the framework of this study, it is intended that the measures effective in the improvement of residential energy performance aimed at providing optimum use for the country sources and the decision makers are developed for the different climate zones. Regarding these measures, the energy, economic and environmental performances of residential buildings are evaluated on the basis of life cycle. The effects of the approach developed in accordance with this purpose and the considered improvement measures on life cycle energy consumption, CO 2 emissions and the costs are evaluated within the framework of “life cycle assessment” (LCA) and “life cycle cost” (LCC) methods. So, in the design of new residential buildings or the improvement of the existing residentials, the results which generate data for the regulations concerning the optimisation of energy, and economic and environmental performances regarding the life cycle of residential building, can be enabled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]