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Sports is a new science that shapes human behavior and spiritual structure through individual or team games, movements, and various competitions, as well as improving individuals physically. In this study, it was aimed to examine the the reflection of school sports team life on their development. The research was a descriptive phenomenological study in qualitative design. A phenomenological study is a research that focuses on what people experience and how they experience what they experience. The population of the research consisted of female athlete students who study in public primary, secondary and high schools within the borders of Kepez District of Antalya province in the 2022-2023 academic year, and the sample of the study consisted of 8 female athlete students studying at primary and secondary school in Aslanlar Secondary School. As a data collection tool, a semi-structured interview form consisting of 5 questions prepared by the researcher and including questions about personal information was used. As a result of the research, it was found that sports team life had many positive benefits for social development, personality development, physical development and academic development.

The unifying power of sport not only brings different cultures and people together but can also transcend social, economic and political differences between people. The unifying power and health benefits of sport among people around the world are indisputable. However, it is important to provide the right sports education from an early age in order to use and manage sports properly and to prevent negative consequences. For this reason, this study aims to reveal the fair play perception of Kazakh and Turkish athlete students who grew up in different cultures and prefer sports sciences in their university education. A total of 56 student-athletes studying sports sciences participated in the study. Case study design, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in the study. The data of the study were obtained by applying a personal information form to the athletes and asking them to complete the sentence "Fair play is like.../similar; because...". The data collection tool was applied by the researchers. The metaphors produced by the athletes were categorized as friendship, justice, respect for Kazakh students and honesty, respect, faith, and character for Turkish students. It is thought that the values, norms and expectations in which athletes from different countries are raised shape the perception of fair play.

The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to have short- and long-term psycho-social consequences on individuals besides serious physical and mental effects, especially for young people. These days, when psychological problems are more noticeable, especially in young athletes, it is possible to trigger various anxiety disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress caused by the pandemic. Considering that psychological characteristics such as depression, anxiety, and stress in young people may increase the risk of psycho-social disorders, this study aims to examine the effect of the fear of COVID-19 on the depression, anxiety, and stress levels of undergraduate athlete students and to seek an answer to the question of whether psychological resilience has a mediating role. The research was carried out with 372 athlete students studying at the undergraduate level and continuing their sports lives actively. Structural equation modeling was used to determine the direct and indirect predictive effects between variables in data analysis. The results of the study show that psychological resilience has a significant predictor effect on depression, anxiety, and stress.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of body image and Corona disease anxiety on athlete's eating disorders. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population Agri Ibrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Sports Sciences, which is equal to 340 people. To determine the sample size, Cochran's sample size estimation formula was used and the number of samples was equal to 181 people who were selected by simple random sampling method. Corona Disease Anxiety Scale (CDAS) by Alipour et al. (2019), Body Image Questionnaire by Cash et al. (1990) and Eating Disorders Questionnaire by Garner D, and Olmsted (1982) were used to collect data. SPSS software was used to analyze the data and regression coefficient was used to analyze the research hypotheses. The results show that body image has a significant negative effect on eating disorders (p <0.05, Beta = -0.44). Corona anxiety also had a significant positive effect on eating disorders (p <0.05, Beta = 0.56). Therefore, it can be concluded that with more attention to the body image, reflection on physical characteristics, satisfaction with different body parts and attitudes about weight, eating disorders decrease and with increasing Corona disease anxiety, eating disorders increase. Attitudes toward the body should be controlled and ways to get into Coronavirus anxiety should be limited.

This study aimed to examine the effect of COVID-19 anxiety on physical activity levels of the Faculty of Sports Sciences students. The information was obtained from 233 students of the Faculty of Sport Sciences. As a result of the reliability analysis of the scales, the Cronbach's Alpha value of the coronavirus anxiety scale in athletes was found to be 93; Cronbach's Alpha value of the cognitive behavioral physical activity scale was found to be 83. Structural equation model (path) analysis was applied so as to determine the effect of coronavirus anxiety on the athletes who participate in physical activity, and as a consequence of the analysis, it has been recorded that COVID-19 had a statistically noteworthy and negative effect on physical activity ([beta]=0.353, p<0.05). 1 unit increase in COVID-19 anxiety causes 0.353 decrease in physical activity participation. It has been concluded that it explains 12.5% of the change in physical activity participation.

It is observed that the appearance of aggression and violent anti-social behavior in sports contradicts the Olimpia culture inherent in sports. Therefore, this research was conducted in order to reveal the causes and consequences of negative behaviors observed in sports, to examine the empathy skills and moral decision-making attitudes of athletes in terms of different variables. The research was arranged by the screening survey model. A total of 319 athletes, 180 men, and 139 women, engaged in individual and team sports in the city where the research was conducted, voluntarily participated in this research. Personal information form, "Prediction in Sports and Empathy in Sports" and "Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire" were applied to the participants. In the analysis of the data, the Manova test and the LSD test were used to determine the source of the difference. As a result of the research, while a significant difference was found in favor of men in terms of gender in empathy skills (p < 0.05); there was not found a significant difference in terms of sports branch and sports year (p > 0.05). In terms of the sports year variable, the moral decision-making attitude scores of individuals who have just started sports (0-2 years) compared to individuals who have been doing sports for a long time (9+ years) were found to be higher and this result was found to indicate a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). There was not found a significant difference in moral decision-making attitudes scores in terms of sports year and gender.

In this work, it was intended to investigate the exam anxiety of 12th grade students doing and not doing sports in high schools in Düzce. Exams might be a compelling process that creates excitement and stress. All student experiences the impacts of anxiety in different manners during the exam period. Experiencing a level of anxiety affects exam performance, and this reveals exam anxiety as a problem. In this study, it is going to be examined whether exam anxiety distinct among 12th grade students who do sports and those do not. A total of 400 students including 200 who do sports and 200 who do not were applied to the "Test Anxiety Inventory". SPSS 21 was used for statistical analysis of the data. In this research, exam anxiety levels of 12th grade students who do sports ad who do not in high schools in Düzce were analyzed and interpreted according to different variables. In consequence of the analysis performed in terms of variables such as doing sports, gender, sportive experiences; it was concluded that the anxiety level of the female students who have been doing sports for 3-4 years is higher compared to the male students do not sports and have been doing sports for 5 years or more.

Athletic performance is the physical and mental effort of an individual or a sports team to win and defeat the other person or team. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of athletic self-efficacy and athletic perfectionism in predicting athletic performance of athletic students of Gazi University. The method of this study is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all student athletes of Gazi University, which is 360 people. To determine the sample size, Cochran's sample size estimation formula was used and the number of samples was equivalent to 186 individuals selected by simple random sampling method. Standard questionnaires on athletic self-efficacy, athletic perfectionism and athletic performance were used to collect data. The data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software. Descriptive statistics for quantitative variables were presented as mean and standard deviation. The regression coefficient was used to determine the role of athletic self-efficacy and perfectionism in predicting students' athletic performance. Athletic self-efficacy and athletic perfectionism play an important role in predicting athletic performance of student athletes. Athletic self-efficacy and athletic perfectionism predicted 0.54 and 0.46 (p < 0.05) of changes in athletic performance, respectively. As athletic self-efficacy and athletic perfectionism increase, so does athletic performance in student athletes. Coaches are advised to pay attention not only to physical condition but also to psychological characteristics and especially to indicators of perfectionism and self-efficacy when selecting players.

The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of irrational beliefs on perceived stress level in students dealing with team sports. A total of 354 athletes comprising 145 females and 209 males, studying at Gazi and Selcuk University, Faculty of Sport Sciences participated in the study. Students dealing with team sports in various branches were selected by simple random sampling method. The research was designed according to the relational screening model. The analysis of the data was done with the computer-aided SPSS 22 program. Skewness and kurtosis values showed normal distribution. Independent sample t-test was used for paired comparisons, ANOVA test was used for more than two comparisons, and Pearson correlation test was used for correlation analysis. The significance level alpha = 0.05 was used for all tests. From the findings obtained from the research, 59% of the participants were male, 41% were female, and 88.1% were between the ages of 18-23. According to gender; there was no significant difference in the mean scale scores. According to the age variable; the average score of irrational beliefs of the participants aged 18-23 was significantly higher than the mean scores of the athletes older than 23 years (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in perceived stress scale total score and subscale mean scores. There was a statistically significant, low level and positive relationship between irrational beliefs and perceived stress scale. In conclusion, perceived stress level increased with increase in irrational beliefs (p < 0.01).

The study aims to determine and evaluate elite student athletes' attitudes toward puritan and hedonist work ethics. The study group consisted of 729 athletes at university and high school levels (female n = 276, male n = 453). "From Puritanism to Hedonism: New Ethics of Working Questionnaire (PH-NEWQ)" was used as the study's data collection tool. According to the study findings, elite student athletes generally adopted puritan work ethics rather than hedonistic tendencies. In this sense, national athletes and team athletes had puritan work ethics. However, female athletes and individual athletes had a hedonistic mindset. Thus, it is recommended to plan the educational lives of elite athletes by considering the puritan values in elite sports.

Sports injuries are caused by physical activity that is done to spend leisure time or a more specialized purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of psychological skills (basic, cognitive and psychosomatic) in reducing traumatic student injury at the University of Trabzon. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all Trabzon University athletic students, which is equal to 320 people. To determine the sample size, the Cochran's sample size estimation formula was used and the number of samples was 175, which were selected by gender by stratified random sampling method. First, to report sports injuries to describe the extent of injuries in the limbs (upper limbs, lower limbs and trunk) and various parts of the body (joints, muscles and bones), the report form of sports injuries was used and to measure athletes' mental skills, the OMSAT-3, psychological skills questionnaire was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Due to the normality of the data in psychological tests and the occurrence of sports injuries, logistic regression was used. The research findings show that the total score of the Omest-3 test (OR = 0.66, P = 0.03) affects the occurrence of player injuries, as well as the score of basic psychological skills (OR = 0.82, P = 0.04) on the occurrence of player injuries and ultimately the score of psychosomatic skills (OR = 1.17, P = 0.002) affects the occurrence of player injuries. But in the case of cognitive skills, the effect of this variable and its dimensions on player damage is not significant. As a result, it can be said that basic psychological skills and psychosomatic skills of athletic students reduce the harm to these athletes.

Emotional intelligence involves recognizing one's emotions and using them to make appropriate decisions in life. The purpose of this study is the influence of emotional intelligence education techniques on psychological well-being and aggression of athlete students at the Karadeniz University. The research type is quasi-experimental and it is plan is pre- and post-test with the control group. The statistical population of the study includes all athlete students of the Karadeniz University in different fields of sports. By using relative random sampling among various and active sport fields, about 60 individuals were chosen among different fields (in the form of available sampling) and they were set randomly in the experimental and control groups. 16 sessions of education were used based on emotional intelligence education protocol. The protocol is taken from Bradbury and Graves program. For gathering the data, Buss and Perry aggression questionnaires and Reef psychological well-being questionnaire were used. Multivariate variance (Mancoa) was used in order to examine the hypothesis. Research results show that by using pretest control, there are significant differences among athlete students of experimental and control groups in terms of aggression(P < 0.01) and psychological well-being (p < 0.01). As a result, it can be concluded that emotional intelligence education has a significant impact on the psychological well-being and aggression of athlete students and it causes the increasing of psychological well-being and decreasing of aggression among athlete students.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of twelve-week service training on self-confidence in racquet sports. The universe of the study consists of the secondary schools in the province of Van, and the sample consists of 60 students from 10 to 14 years of age in Hasan Ali Yücel Secondary School in Van and TOBB Secondary School. Self-Concept Scale developed by "Piers-Harris" (1984) and adapted to Turkish Öner (1996) to evaluate their self-confidence before and after the study. In evaluating the performances, Dewitt-Dugan Tennis Test, Target Service Test, French-Stalter Badminton Service tests were applied. After the normality test was done, Independent-Sample T test was used for binary independent variables and paired-sample T test for dependent groups. The effect of self-confidence on the hit was tested by regression analysis. Significance level (p ? 0.05) was evaluated. When the finding of the study were examined, no change was observed between pre-test and post-test of the control group, while significant changes were observed between pre-test and post-test of the experimental group. As a result of this study, that can be said that 12-week service training positively affect self-confidence of rackets sports athletes.

The aim of the study is to analyze empathy tendencies among students who are involved in sporting activities at Ardahan Province. In accordance with this aim, this study has been conducted through the survey modelling of quantitative research methods. For the data analysis, T-Testing and ANOVA were applied. According to the obtained findings, it is detected that there is a significant difference in the ability of empathy in accordance with the duration of playing sports. The ability for empathy of those who play sports for 1 to 2 years is lower than the others. Along with this, the 9th question has the maximum value within the scale with the average value of 4.1089. The minimum value, on the other hand, belongs to the 12th question with the value of 3.586. The general average of the scale is within the level of agree with the value of 3.8215. Therefore, it can be said that the perception and level of empathic tendency is high. As a result, it would be accurate to claim that the empathic tendency levels of student-sportspeople in the province of Ardahan are relatively high and that the age of the participants is the determinant factor in their empathic behavior.

Social anxiety disorder is a common psychological problem that may negatively impact the cognitive and social development of children. Its severity may, however, be reduced through regular participation in sports or other physical activity. This study aimed to determine the relationship between competitive student-athlete swimmers' social anxiety levels and anthropometric measurements (height, weight, and BMI), body composition (body fat and lean body mass), and body type (ectomorph, endomorph, or mesomorph). The participants were pre-adolescent female and male lower secondary education student-athlete swimmers. The Social Anxiety Scale was used to evaluate their social anxiety levels, while the anthropometric parameters included height and weight, from which BMI was calculated. Body composition involved determining the percentage of body fat and lean body mass; ectomorphic, endomorphic, and mesomorphic values were then calculated. We found that the social anxiety levels of both female and male student-athlete swimmers were low. There was no statistically significant relationship between the social anxiety levels of the male and female student-athlete swimmers with BMI, lean body mass, or ectomorphy. For the female swimmers, social anxiety levels were not associated with body fat, endomorphy, or mesomorphy, nor were those of the male student-athlete swimmers. These findings suggest that participation in competitive swimming during adolescence is effective in controlling social anxiety. Furthermore, this study revealed that social anxiety is not associated with lower secondary education student-athlete swimmers' anthropometric measurements, body composition, or body type.

The general purpose of this research is to examine the psychological resilience of high school students and to compare them with various variances. The population of the research consists of high school students studying in state high schools in Yozgat in the 2019-2020 academic year, and the sampling is consisted of 200 high school students which is determined by the sampling method. In this research, descriptive sequential pattern, which is one of the mixed method research patterns in which qualitative and quantitative research approaches are used together, was applied. Quantitative data were acquired with psychological resilience scale developed by Isik (2016). The psychological resilience scale consists of three sub-dimensions: Commitment, control and challenge. Qualitative data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and interview technique. Quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS 22 package program. Since the research data showed normal distribution as a result of the analysis made with the Shapiro-Wilk test, binary comparisons were analyzed in independent samples with the t-test and ANOVA test. Relational analyzes were realized by using Pearson correlation test. In the analysis of qualitative data, content analysis technique was used. According to the research findings gained; there was a statistically significant difference determined in favor of male participants in the sub-dimension of the athlete according to the gender variable of the participants, in favor of the students who exercise in the sub-dimension of control and the sub-dimension according to their sports. According to the academic success level variable, it was concluded that there was no statistically significant difference in the level of commitment and control sub-dimensions and general psychological resilience. In addition, it was determined that there was no statistically significant relationship between the ages of the participants, their sub-dimensions of control, challenge and general psychological resilience. As a result of the content analysis conducted in the qualitative part of the research, it was stated that the effects of the sport in the point of coping with the negative situations where the factors affecting the psychological resilience levels of the students negatively and positively are similar. Consequently, it has been determined that individuals whose sports psychological resilience is negatively affected are one of the methods they frequently use to get rid of the negative situation.

Mental rotation (MR) is the ability to rotate three-dimensional objects using the imagination. As the ability to generate, retrieve, maintain, and manipulate visual-spatial information, MR plays a critical role throughout education and sport. In this aspect our objective in this study was to compare MR performances and academic achievement between students of art, foreign languages (FL), computer-instructional technologies (CIT) and physical education (PE). In the computer-based MR test, the image files of the library "Mental Rotation Stimulus Library" were used with the written permission of the author. A total of 144 participants composed of 79 males and 65 females volunteered in the study. Comparing the academic achievements (AA) with the PE group and art, CIT, FL and control groups; it was observed that all the groups are better than PE (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between PE and all groups in MR performances (p > 0.05). In conclusion, PE students performed similarly with other students in terms of MR, although their AA were low. MR ability is clearly related not only to problem solving, acquiring mathematical knowledge and academic thinking but also to motor abilties.

Psychological factors have been significantly confirmed in athletic performance, sports injury prevention, sports rehabilitation, and as an effective means of managing stress and anxiety in competitions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of competitive anxiety on the injury level of student-athletes of Karadeniz Technical University. The method of this research is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population includes all athletes of Karadeniz Technical University, which are equal to 320 people. To determine the sample size, Cochran's sample size estimation formula was used and the number of samples was 175, the gender random sampling method selected. First, to report sports injuries to describe the extent of injuries in the limbs (upper limbs, lower limbs, and trunk) and different parts of the body (joints, muscles, and bones), the report form of sports injuries was used and SCAT questionnaire was used to measure competitive anxiety. We analyzed data using SPSS software. We used regression because of the normality of the data in competitive anxiety tests and the occurrence of sports injuries. The research findings show that the average competitive anxiety of male athletes is 14.11 and the competitive anxiety of female athletes is 14.49. Competitive anxiety also has a significant positive effect on sports injury. The beta coefficient also shows that competitive anxiety predicts 0.33 changes in sports injury. Therefore, it can be said that as the level of competitive anxiety of athletic students increases, so does their level of injury, and to control sports injuries, mental skills should be increased and we should control the competitive anxiety of athletes.

The aim of this study is to analyze sportsmanship behavioral tendencies of the students of secondary education who are being schooled within the provincial center of Ardahan by taking several variables into consideration. In accordance with this aim, this study has been conducted through the survey modelling of quantitative research methods. For the data analysis, T-Testing and ANOVA are applied. According to the obtained findings, the sportsmanship level of student-sportsmen is revealed to be higher than student-sportswomen. In addition to this, the 1st question has the maximum value within the scale with the average value of 4.0248. The minimum value, on the other hand, belongs to the 22nd question with the value of 2.9684. The general average of the scale is 3.4815, located in-between Agree-Not Sure. Consequently, it can be claimed that the perception and the level of sportsmanship are high. As a result, it is concluded that the sportsmanship level of the student-sportspeople residing in Ardahan is relatively high and that the sportsmen have a higher sportsmanship level compared to that of sportswomen.

This study aims to analyze the impact of slackline exercises on the balance skills of university student on their learning. Twenty university student kickboxers voluntarily attended the study (8 women and 12 men). They were randomly divided into two groups (each group four females and six males) as the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG), each consisting of 10 subjects. CG only followed regular training, while EG applied supervised slackline exercises for two days a week and 10 min sessions in addition to regular training for 4-week. Some tests were done before and after slackline exercises in the evaluation of all participants: counter movement jump, standing long jump, leg strength test, back strength test, static balance test "Stork Stand Balance" (SST) and dynamic balance test. According to the post-test results, the SST values which are the static balance test of EG were significantly higher than the CG. As a result, if slackline exercises, which are organized in addition to the regular training sessions specific to the branch, are applied in more extended periods, it can contribute to the balance skill learning and the balance necessary for performing technical movement.

The purpose of this correlational study was to examine the relationship between academic motivation and social-emotional competency of student-athletes in terms of gender, grade, and active participation in sports. The study group consisted of 200 volunteer student-athletes studying at a sports high school. The Academic Motivation Scale and the Delaware Social-Emotional Competency Scale were used. According to the results, there was a significant difference between the mean scores related to the sub-dimensions of "Intrinsic motivation (IM)-to accomplish, Extrinsic motivation (EM)-introjected regulation, and amotivation" according to the variable of doing active sports, and "self-awareness, social-awareness, and EM-identified regulation" according to gender variable by independent sample t-test. The one-way ANOVA analysis results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of "self-awareness, social-awareness, and IM-to know" sub-dimensions according to the variable of grade. The Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation test showed that there was a negative relationship between the sub-dimensions self-awareness and social-awareness via EM-identified regulation. This study showed a low negative correlation between academic motivation and social-emotional competency in student-athletes. Significant differences were found between various sub-dimensions according to the variables of gender, grade, and active participation in sports. [This paper was presented at the 13th FIEP European - 29th FIEP World Congress in Istanbul in September, 2018.]

Research has been conducted for the students studying at Akdeniz University Faculty of Sports Sciences. In the research, it was aimed to investigate the trait anxiety states of students studying at Akdeniz University Faculty of Sports Sciences and a survey model was used in the study. This study is consisted of two parts; there are 6 items in determination of demographical variables in the first part. "Trait Anxiety Inventory" Scale consisting of 20 questions developed by Spielberger was used in the second part. Likert type four-point was used in the scale items given in the second and third parts (showing the statements "Almost Always", "Sometimes", "Usually", "Almost Never"). Once the comparison of trait anxiety levels by the age groups is examined among the results of the study, it is seen that trait anxiety levels of participants differ at a statistically significant level by the age groups (p<0,05). It was concluded that the trait anxiety level of the participants in the age group of 20-21 and age group of 22-23 is significantly higher than the participants in the age group of 23+ (P<0,05). In conclusion, it is considered that those who do individual sports feel more anxiety states since the responsibility only belongs to themselves. Trainings minimizing the anxiety should be further offered to the individuals doing such sports. Individual team athletes who are at national team level may be more supported.

In this study, the effect of core training on some motor features of university footballers has been examined. 36 footballers both studying at Mugla Sitki Koçman University in Mugla, Turkey and playing in amateur leagues participated in the study. 18 university footballers of Mugla Sitki Koçman University Sports Club who play in Mugla Super Amateur League formed the experimental group (EG) (Age X = 21.4 ±2.12 years, Height X = 174.3 ±6.84 cm and Weight X = 75.9 ± 8,43 kg ). 18 footballers with amateur licences who play in the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, train regularly and play in the university faculty matches formed the control group (CG) (Age X = 21,6 ±2.56 years, Height X = 176.7 ±7.13 cm and Weight X = 76.3 ±8.43 kg). The required permissions were obtained and the students filled in the "Admission Consent Forms" before the applications. The trainings were done in the football field of Mugla Sitki Koçman University and the measurements were taken on the Faculty of Sports Sciences Physiology Laboratory. The 10-movements core training programme for eight weeks was applied to the EG footballers in addition to their weekly 2-day football training when the footballers in the CG continued their regular trainings. Before the study, the leg strength, back strength, right-left hand griping strength, flexibility, and vertical jump measurement were taken as pre-test values. After the 8-week training, the final measurements of the EG and the CG were taken. The comparison between the Pretest and Posttest was studied statistically with paired sample t test at 0.05 significance level Consequently it was determined the that the 8-week Core Training provided the undergraduate footballers with an improvement of their the leg strength, back strength, right hand griping strength and vertical jump (p<0.05). No improvement in flexibility features was observed.

The objective of this study is to examine the changes in the self-respect, anxiety, and depression levels of the sportspeople studying at various departments of Selçuk University. The study group is constituted by totally 280 university students, 106 of whom doing individual and 174 doing team sports, being 123 females and 157 males. In the acquisition of the data, "Beck Depression Scale," "Rosenberg Self-Perception Scale," and "Beck Anxiety Scale" were used. The diagnostic statistics of the data were conducted and their homogeneity and variances were tested. In the analysis of the data, Independent Samples t test was used and Pearson Correlation analysis was conducted. While no statistical change was observed in line with the age and accommodation factors, statistical significant changes were identified in the case of self-respect, anxiety and Depression levels in line with the gender and the type of sports done (p<0.05). It is contemplated that the changes between the female and male students stem from the cultural structure in addition to the social structure, social responsibility, and duties, and it can be said that the reason for the values of self-respect, anxiety, and Depression in students performing team sports are more positive than those of the students doing individual sports arises from the specific structure of the sportive branches.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the musculoskeletal disorders observed in footballers with regard to dominant foot preference. The research sample consists of 40 volunteer male footballers with an age range of 14--18, who are students at Aydin Incirliova Sport High School in the school year of 2018--2019. "Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire Revised" developed by Elias et al. (1998) has been used in the study to determine the footballers'' dominant foot preferences. The questionnaire was translated into Turkish by Özsu (2006). Musculoskeletal disorders observed in footballers have been determined by the Turkish version of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire. The questionnaire was translated into Turkish and made practicable for Turkish users by being tested by Erdinc and et al (2011). The data were evaluated with SPSS 22.0 package program in 95% confidence range and 0.05 significance level. With the statistical analysis done in the study, it has been determined that there has been no statistically significant difference between the footballers in terms of upper extremity injuries (p>0.05). When the injuries seen in lower extremities have been examined, it has been determined that there has been statistically significant difference in terms of injuries seen in left upper leg, left knee and left lower leg (p<0.05). Within the lights of the findings obtained in the study, it has been concluded that the dominant foot preferences of the footballers have not affected the injuries seen in upper extremity but they have affected the injuries seen in some regions of the lower extremity (left upper leg, left knee and left lower leg). In addition to the known preventive precautions to avoid injuries in young footballers, it can also be recommended to strengthen sufficiently not only the dominant foot but also the non-dominant one.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between motivation and flow states in sports faculty students. A total of 289 athletes who were studying at Ondokuz Mayis University YaGar Dogu Faculty of Sports Sciences participated in the study. Sport Motivation Scale and The Flow State Scale--2 and Dispositional Flow Scale--2 were used. T-test was used for comparisons. While there was no significant difference between the subscale scores of motivational orientation by gender (p> 0.05), a significant difference was found between the amotivation subscale (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in motivational orientation subscales between athletes doing team sports and athletes doing individual sports (p> 0.05). No significant difference was found between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation states of student athletes according to gender differences (p> 0.05). No significant difference was found between all sub-dimensions of flow state according to gender, team and individual sports (p> 0.05). T Conclusion: It can be said that motivation levels of sports educated students have an effect on flow states or flow states have an influence on motivation states. The studies that increase the flow states of the sports educated students can increase the motivation levels of the students, as well as studies that increase the motivation levels of the students can increase the flow states. Studies should be conducted in different age groups and different groups to find out in which sub-dimensions flow states and motivation states differ or are similar.

Due to limited numbers of published studies regarding the relationship between sports and cognitive functions in adolescents. So, this study compares the metacognitive awareness skill (MAS) levels between athletes and sedentary Turkish University Students. Data were collected from 434 voluntary male and 493 female university students by MAS inventory including sub-dimensions of knowledge about cognition and the regulation of cognition. Mann Whitney U tests were used for comparison between two groups. Also, Spearman rank order correlations were performed to analyze the relations between participating sports activities and sub-dimensions of MAS. This study showed that there was no significant difference in the favor of athlete participants in all sub-dimensions in male and female group. In females, sedentary participants had significantly higher values than athlete counterparts in all sub-dimensions of MAS. In sedentary group, females had significantly higher values than males in the sub-dimensions of declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge, conditional knowledge and evaluation while males had significantly higher values than females in all sub-dimensions except debugging strategies in athlete group. Also, there were negative significant relationships between participation sport activities and all sub-dimensions of MASI scores in females while observing no significant relations among variables in males. It can be concluded that females in the sedentary group and male in the athlete group had significantly higher MAS values. Participation in sport activities had no positive effect on MAS scores in both genders.

This study was planned to examine the effect of Gymnastics-specific stretching exercises on flexibility and balance parameters. A total of 28 (16 males, 12 females) volunteer students were involved in the study, who were educated at the School of Physical Education and Sports. For 12 Weeks, 2 days a week and 90 min. stretching exercises specific to the gymnastics branch were applied and flexibility (sit-lie down) and Y balance tests were applied before the study. Anova test analysis was used to determine the difference between pre-test and post-test. Although the SA (right foot anterior), SPL (right foot posterolateral), SPM (right foot posteromedial), SLA (left foot anterior), SLPL (left foot posterolateral), SLPM (left foot posteromedial) scores of male and female students in the study showed a positive increase compared to the preliminary test scores, there was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). As a result, gymnastic branch-specific stretching exercises increase the balance and flexibility parameters in a positive way; it is thought that the longer duration of training programs will have a positive effect on the athlete's performance.

The main purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of spiritual intelligence and optimistic on creativity of team and individual athletes of Trabzon University. In order to measure the spiritual intelligence, the optimism and the creativity variable, the standard questionnaires (Amram and Dryer, 2008), (Webber and Smokowski, 2018) and (Torrance, 2000) were used respectively. The reliability of the questionnaires was also evaluated by Cronbach's alpha test, respectively. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the spiritual intelligence, optimism and creativity questionnaires were 0.75, 0.83, and 0.81 respectively. The questionnaires were comprised of a sample of 148 students from Trabzon University: 74 of team athletes such as soccer, volleyball, basketball and handball as well as 74 individual athletes such as tennis, badminton, track and field, swimming, etc.. The findings showed that: spiritual intelligence and optimism has a significant effect on creativity of all team and individual athletes. Spiritual intelligence and optimism has a significant effect on creativity of individual athletes. Team and individual athletes have a significant difference in optimism and creativity variables. So the observed significant difference was due to more creativity of team sportsmen.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of CrossFit and resistance training on maximal strength, isometric strength and strength continuity in recreational student athletes. 28 healthy male volunteer students who were doing sport for recreational purposes participated in the study. After the participants were randomly divided into two groups, strength tests were performed and body composition measurements were taken before and after the 16-week training period. Bench press and squat were applied to determine maximal force; leg and handgrip strength were applied to determine isometric force; pull-up and push-up tests were applied to determine the continuity of strength. Body composition measurements were performed with electronic scales. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 program. Significance level was accepted as p <0.05. The CrossFit training program included consecutive 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises for 20 minutes (CrossFit-Cindy). Resistance training program consisted of 3 sets of bench press, lat pull down, leg press, biceps curl and triceps extension exercises with 3 minute intervals using 70% of the weights the participants could perform with pre-determined maximum 1 repetition. The results of the study showed that body fat percentages of both groups decreased significantly, performance variables increased significantly and body weight did not change significantly. In addition, the increase in push-up exercise was higher in the CrossFit group than in the resistance group. Thus, this study shows that although CrossFit training is short-termed, it can be used as an alternative to classical resistance training.

This study aims to investigate the athlete engagement levels of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences. 242 females and 592 males participated in the study. "Athlete Engagement Questionnaire" developed by Lonsdale et al. was used as the data collection tool. Validity and reliability study of the scale in Turkish was carried out by Kelecek et al. (2018). The scale consists of 16 questions and sub-dimensions as trust, commitment, robustness, and enthusiasm. Independent Sample T-Test for comparison of binary groups, One-Way ANOVA for comparison of more than two groups, and Tukey comparison test for the determination of the direction of difference were applied. While there is a significant difference in the dimension of 'enthusiasm' according to the departments of female students, a significant difference is observed in the dimensions of trust, commitment, and enthusiasm for male students (p<0.05). Also, while the subdimension of robustness in female students according to their status regarding individual sports or team sports shows a significant difference, the subdimension of enthusiasm in male students differentiates (p<0.05). According to the sports age, it is found that there is a significant difference in all sub-dimensions for female students and all sub-dimensions for male students except for commitment (p<0.05). According to the result of this study, it can be said that different demographic characteristics affect the engagement of athletes.

The purpose of the present research is examining the differences between motivations of Physical Education and Sports (PES) Teaching Department students, who actively do sports in team sports and individual sports branches, in accordance with their grade levels. The participants of the present research are female (n=199) and male (n=344) the total of 543 athletes with age average of 21,25 ±2,66, who study at PES Teaching Departments of Ege and Uludag Universities and do different branches of sports. Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) developed by Pelletier et al. (1995) and adapted for Turkish athletes and tested for reliability and validity by Kazak (2004) was used to collect data. According to data collected from the participants, there are statistically significant differences between different grade levels in terms of "intrinsic motivation" (p<0.05) and "intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation", which is a sub-dimension of intrinsic motivation (p<0.01) values. Fourth grade students have the highest average of intrinsic motivation while second grade students have the lowest, and first grade students have the highest level of intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation, while second grade students have the lowest average. According to the data related to grade levels by gender, the variations among female students in terms of intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation aren't statistically significant, while the variations among male participants in terms of intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation and "amotivation" values are statistically significant (p<0.05). Among the male participants, fourth grade students have the highest intrinsic motivation to experience stimulation average, while second graders have the lowest; and second grade students have the highest average for amotivation while the third graders have the lowest average for the related value. Data analyses were conducted on SPSS 17.0, and the variations in motivation by grade levels were tested with Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests.