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Involving the global issues as listed in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in education is necessarily done in the education process, especially in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. Exposure to global issues is known to improve students' understanding, awareness, and ability to solve urgent issues faced by global society. This paper aims to find out the trend of research on the coverage of SDGs in students' learning process. This systematic literature analysis was done by applying Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Method. A total of 25 studies were recognized through a systematic search by using Sustainability, SDGs, and EFL as keywords. The result shows that the trend of associating SDGs with EFL settings was done mostly in Indonesia. In the recent year 2022, it reached the highest number of studies in the particular matter with 7 total of research. It was also found that the study involving SDGs on EFL learning was mostly done in the tertiary setting, compared with K-12, junior high school, secondary, high school, and other educational institutions. It was also discovered that the specific area of study enhances EFL students' learning achievement, environmental awareness, global citizen values, as well as students' levels of self-norms, beliefs, and self-value.

Prune dwarf virus (PDV) infection affects the production of stone fruits (Prunus spp.) around the world, including in Turkey. In this study, we analyzed the available nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) sequences of P1, P2, movement protein (MP), and coat protein (CP) genes to assess the molecular variability and structure of non-Turkish and Turkish PDV populations. Global isolates were clustered into three major groups in nt-based phylogenetic trees of MP and CP. Comparison of geographically different isolates showed that the MP aa sequences were more conserved than the CP aa sequences. The major aa changes in MP and CP showed the most effect on group 3 isolates. MP and CP-based analyses revealed the lowest number of variable sites (S), total number of mutations (η), average number of nt differences between sequences (k), and nt diversity (per site) (π) values in group 3 isolates, indicating high genomic similarities. The Turkish isolates manifested the highest S and η, and the second highest k and π values were observed in the comparison with CP, confirmed the high intra-group divergence of the Turkish isolates belonging to the three phylogroups. A stronger purifying selection pressure was observed in the MP region than in the CP region. Neutrality tests deduced negative values for all the MP and CP phylogroups and positive values for the P1, P2, Bulgarian, and Polish populations. MP and CP comparisons showed the divergence of the three phylogroups, as revealed by the results of the KS*, KST*, Z*, and Snn permutation statistical tests. The fixation index (FST) values suggested that non-Turkish PDV isolates had a higher genetic distance compared with Turkish isolates from group 3 and the Turkish isolates from the other two groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is among the agricultural products with the highest added value in Turkey. Although frequently associated with its negative effects on human health, it also provides important contributions to the Turkish economy with the employment it creates in rural areas and continues to be a strategic product. Many postgraduate theses and studies related to the sociological and economic importance of the production of this plant, which is of great importance for our country, have been carried out. However, there are very limited studies on plant diseases in tobacco production areas in Turkey. Phytoplasma is one of the important plant pathogens that cause yield loss in tobacco. Since available data on phytoplasma diseases on tobacco was very scarce worldwide, field surveys to collect samples showing phytoplasma infection-like symptoms such as yellowish color changes, leaf blisters, proliferation, dwarfism, and other physical abnormalities were carried out in Çanakkale and Balıkesir provinces of Turkey from June to August 2021. The presence of phytoplasmas in six samples was confirmed by 16S ribosomal DNA amplification by nested-PCR using universal phytoplasma primer sets, which also suggested the pathogen associated with the symptoms on tobacco. According to phylogenetic study and virtual-RFLP analysis using AluI and MseI endonuclease enzymes, the six Turkish tobacco phytoplasma strains all belong to group 16SrXII and have more than 99% nucleotide sequence identity with some members of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' of the taxonomic subgroup 'stolbur' (16SrXII-A). Genetic distances analysis indicated that group 16SrI was more closely related to 16SrXII than 16SrVI, in agreement with the groups clustering in the phylogenetic tree. Neutrality tests found that 16SrI and 16SrXII groups are experiencing expanding or bottleneck selections, probably due to new mutations in the 16S rRNA gene fragment. Meanwhile, 16SrVI populations are shown to be undergoing balancing selections, indicating that its isolates have evolved for a long time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus spp. is widely planted in tropical and subtropical regions, including in Turkey and other Mediterranean countries. Due to its widespread vector and climate change, Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus (CCDaV), a member of the newly formed genus Citlodavirus, is one of the emerging viruses that can be a serious constraint to Citrus crops production in the coming years. Therefore, in-silico analysis on all available isolates in NCBI GenBank was performed to provide the first insight into the genetic population and evolution of CCDaV, which may contribute to its control. CCDaV phylogroups based on full genome, complete movement protein, and complete coat protein sequences were found to be not associated with isolate origins or host species, and all isolates also shared a high genetic identity among them. However, neutrality tests indicated that the current populations are expanding, driven by new mutations. Low Fixation index (FST) values (0.00000-0.36207) confirmed no genetic separation among different ORFs of isolates from three countries. The constructed TimeTree suggested that CCDaV emergence was very recent compared to the other three members of the genus Citlodavirus. Therefore, the obtained results of this study could also expand our knowledge on other even more obscure citladovirus and even other plant DNA viruses, which are still less studied than RNA viruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An outbreak in northwestern Turkey of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV, genus Ilarvirus, family Bromoviridae) was sampled in 2016-2018. Gene sequences from these isolates, together with all of the gene sequence data for this virus in the GenBank database (>300 non-recombinant coat protein (CP) genes and 20 complete genomic sequences) were analysed to determine the relationship of the Turkish PNRSV isolates to those from other parts of the world. Phylogenetic and population genetic methods independently showed that the most recent common ancestor of the world PNRSV population was probably American, not Eurasian. PNRSV has spread to Turkey on several occasions, as its CP sequences are among the terminal branches of three of the most sampled CP phylogroups. The complete PNRSV genome consists of three segments (RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3), with the larger two encoding replicases and the smallest encoding the movement protein and the CP. One quarter of the RNA1 and RNA2 genes were recombinants. The phylogenies of the CP and MP genes (i.e., different regions of RNA3) were closely correlated but did not correlate with those of RNA1 and RNA2, indicating that some of the isolates were reassortants. However, the non-reassortant ancestor could not be identified, probably because none of the complete genome sequences were from isolates from the basal CP phylogroups. Our results emphasize the importance of strict quarantine, both international and local, for the world's stone fruit crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is polyphagous, infecting plants in several families. CMV has occurred as a minor pathogen in Allium crops in several Mediterranean countries, but little was known of the virus naturally infecting Allium spp. This study completed molecular and biological characterization of CMV-14.3Po and CMV-15.5Po, two newly identified CMV isolates infecting onion (Allium cepa L.) in Turkey. Phylogenetic, and nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity analyses of partial RNA2 and RNA3 of the two isolates showed that they were very similar to other CMV isolates from Mediterranean, European, and East Asian countries. Phylogenetic analysis of the partial sequence of RNA3 also showed that the onion isolates belong to subgroup IA. Onion isolates were mechanically transmissible, and caused mild leaf malformation on onion, severe leaf malformation and stunting on garlic (Allium sativus L.), and mosaic and mottle on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and melon (Cucumis melo L.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article deals with field studies which reported an Apium virus (ApVY) infecting the parsley plants Petroselinum crispum in the Balikesir province of Turkey from January-February 2021. Topics include symptoms observed in the diseased plants such as mild mosaic and vein clearing, methods used to detect the potyviruses in all samples collected, and the findings of the sequence analyses using the obtained ApVY coat protein (CP) gene sequences.

Ankara Province is the biggest onion production area in Turkey, with around 510,414 tons yield per year. In 2018, symptomatic and asymptomatic 210 onion and 15 weed samples were collected from fields to be tested using DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR against Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV), Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), and also against Shallot latent virus (SLV) by RT-PCR only. Virus infections were detected in 5.24% samples by DAS-ELISA, while RT-PCR results revealed that 12.38% onion samples were infected with LYSV, OYDV, GarCLV, or CMV. SLV was not detected in onion samples. All of weed samples were negative for the tested viruses. Phylogenetic and nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity analyses showed that Turkish isolates of onion viruses were clustered together with and highly similar to isolates from neighboring countries as well as isolates from countries that are geographically distant from Turkey. Recombinant event was not detected on part of genome of Turkish onion isolates that were sequenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complete RNA3 sequences of 15 alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) isolates sampled from Afyonkarahisar, Ankara, Konya, Tokat, Kayseri, and Nevşehir Provinces of Türkiye were obtained using RT-PCR with two primer pairs designed in this study. Molecular and population analyses were performed on them together with 63 global isolates which full genome sequences available in NCBI GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis based on movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) regions showed unrelated isolates clustering between the constructed trees, and the new Turkish isolates were dispersed in different phylogroups. Particularly, three new Turkish potato isolates: B6, K1, and K2 occupied a divergent MP lineage, together with one alfalfa isolate from China: ZM1 NX3. S , η, and k parameters of genetic diversity confirmed that CP were more conserved than MP sequences. The 15 new Turkish isolates shared 95.4–100% nucleotide and 94–100% amino acid, and 92.8–100% nucleotide and 93.3–100% amino acid identities among themselves at MP and CP regions, respectively. All tested populations were found to be under very strict purifying constraints (dN/dS ratios of 0.061–0.219), and had undergone recent expansion, probably due to new mutations in their genome, according to diversity and neutrality tests. Fixation index (F ST) values obtained by pairwise comparisons of phylogroups were all above 0.33, suggested that the isolates clustering has been done convincingly. • Fifteen full-length RNA3 sequences of Alfalfa mosaic virus were identified. • First comprehensive study of the genetic diversity and population structure of Alfalfa mosaic virus. • Alfalfa mosaic virus isolates from Türkiye constitute a different phylogroup. • Alfalfa mosaic virus coat protein sequences are more conserved than movement protein sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]