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Specimens of the genus Phalangium Linnaeus, 1758 (Phalangiidae Latreille, 1802) are reported from northern Iraq and were identified as Phalangium punctipes (L. Koch, 1878). These represent the first record of both, genus and species, for the Iraqi Opiliones fauna. The characteristic features of the species and illustrations of their habitat are presented. This record increases the number of known Opiliones in Iraq to six species, which is a very low number compared to the Opiliones checklists from two nearby countries, namely Iran with 28 species and Türkiye with 89 species and five subspecies. Nineteen species and two subspecies records from the Türkiye checklist are considered misidentifications and therefore omitted in our revised checklist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the drivers of microgeographic speciation (i.e. speciation over small, local geographic scales) is key to understand the origin of speciose groups. Here, we use genomic data to infer the demographic processes underlying diversification in Poecilimon luschani (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), a species complex belonging to the most diverse genus of bush crickets from the Mediterranean region (>170 taxa) that comprises three recognized subspecies with small allopatric distributions in the topographically complex Teke Peninsula, southwestern Anatolia. Phylogenomic reconstructions that include all other taxa within the species group confirmed that subspecies of P. luschani originated from a common ancestor during the Pleistocene, supporting recent (<1 Ma) diversification within a small geographical area (ca. 120 × 80 km). Genetic clustering analyses corroborated the distinctiveness of each subspecies and the cohesiveness of their respective populations, with abrupt genetic discontinuities coinciding with contemporary range boundaries. Indeed, our analyses uncovered the presence of two sympatric cryptic sister lineages that diverged <300 ka ago and do not admix despite being co-distributed. Collectively, these results support that all lineages within the complex represent independently evolving entities corresponding to full-fledged species. Statistical evaluation of alternative models of speciation strongly supports a scenario of divergence in isolation followed by a period of limited gene flow during the last glacial period, when all lineages experienced marked expansions according to demographic reconstructions. Our study exemplifies how localized allopatric divergence and fast evolution of reproductive isolation can promote microgeographic speciation and explain the high rates of endemism characterizing biodiversity hotspots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, all the published names of Jasione (Campanulaceae) in the species, subspecies, and variety ranks for populations from the Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas are reviewed, including names of taxa allied to these groups in surrounding areas. These two areas are among the main centers of diversity of the genus, albeit no recent revisions to address the regional taxonomical complexity of the genus have been published for the Balkans and Anatolia. In this work, the taxonomic status and typification of twenty-six published names are discussed, including the plethora of names within the Jasione heldreichii, J. supina, and J. orbiculata taxonomic complexes. In total, eleven lectotypes and one neotype are designated for names from the aforementioned regions, plus one from southern Italy. This nomenclatural clarification establishes a reference for ongoing and future taxonomic and evolutionary studies of Jasione in the Mediterranean basin. In a genus prone to micro-endemism and cryptospeciation, a number of the historically described forms, despite being disregarded by current taxonomic treatments, may, therefore, deserve further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Subterranean life is associated with strong adaptive constraints, leading to the frequent occurrence of morphologically cryptic lineages. This is true of most small mammals, including moles (Eulipotyphla: Talpidae), where a number of species have been recognized recently, particularly following the application of molecular genetics. Here, we use mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data and geometric morphometrics to explore the systematics and evolution of some of the least-known Western Palaearctic moles: the Talpa davidiana group of Eastern Anatolia/Iran. We show that T. davidiana includes four taxa, two of which we describe herein: T. hakkariensis sp. nov. T. davidiana davidiana , T. davidiana tatvanensis ssp. nov. and T. streetorum valid species. For the first time, we apply molecular species delimitation analyses to Talpa , confirming taxonomic hypotheses and suggesting the existence of further morphologically cryptic lineages. These analyses also support the recognition of T. transcaucasica as a valid species distinct from T. levantis. We present a revised phylogeny for Eurasian Talpa and increase the number of known extant taxa to 18, most of which are found in Anatolia, the global hotspot of diversity in this genus. This probably results from the isolation of suitable habitats by a combination of climatic and topographical heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidisciplinary approaches for the conservation of endangered species have great importance in preparing management plans. In addition to ecological and population demographic parameters, genetic data provide vital information for conservation management plans for a species. The Hermann's tortoise (Testudo hermanni) suffers from illegal trade, fires, habitat fragmentation and destruction, and therefore, the genetic diversity of the regional populations has been affected. It was aimed herein to impart knowledge on the population genetic structure of T. hermanni boettgeri, listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List as a subspecies and has limited distribution in European Türkiye. A study was conducted of 15 microsatellite loci of 221 tortoises from 15 different localities in the Thrace region in Türkiye. All of the examined loci were polymorphic, and the number of alleles varied from 2 to 13. The quantity of private alleles (Pa) at the localities ranged from 0 to 6. The average gene diversity was 0.31 (range: 0.25-0.38). The highest levels of allelic richness, private alleles, and genetic diversity (Ar, Pa, He) were observed at localities 3 and 7, close to each other. The total population (p < 0.001) and 12 of the 15 studied localities diverged from the Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium. Of the 15 localities studied, 6 had significantly different inbreeding coefficients. Furthermore, a 2-phased model of mutation (TPM) (p < 0.001) detected a recent bottleneck in the population. The population genetic results identified 8 groups with significant genetic structure (FST = 0.166, p < 0.01) in 2 large clusters (K = 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Ziziphora taxa grown in Turkey along with those grown in different parts of the world were analyzed with respect to morphological revision and molecular systematic analyses using nuclear ribosomal ITS (nrITS) sequences and the chloroplast (trnL-F) sequences. Both nrITS and trnL-F sequences clearly suggested Ziziphora was a monophyletic genus. Morphological revision mostly confirmed the previous systematic position of the taxa examined, while for some taxa, morphological uncertainties combined with DNA sequence data suggested rearrangements and new taxa. With this respect, some of the unidentified Z. clenopodioides specimens were suggested as potentially 2 new subspecies while the status of Z. clenopodioides subsp. filicaulis was suggested to change from subspecies to species. Interestingly, four Z. tenuior ecotypes from the eastern, central and southern parts of Turkey displayed different nrITS sequences and hence they were suggested as four different new subspecies of Z. tenuior. This is the first report presenting a revised status of Ziziphora L. taxa in Turkey based on molecular systematic analysis, with respect to its related members in different parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous morpho-molecular studies of evolutionary relationships within the economically important genus of honey bees (Apis), including the Western Honey Bee (A. mellifera L.), have suggested Out of Africa or Asia origins and subsequent spread to Europe. I test these hypotheses by a meta-analysis of complete mitochondrial DNA coding regions (11.0 kbp) from 22 nominal subspecies represented by 78 individual sequences in A. mellifera. Parsimony, distance, and likelihood analyses identify six nested clades: Things Fall Apart with Out of Africa or Asia hypotheses. Molecular clock-calibrated phylogeographic analysis shows instead a basal origin of A. m. mellifera in Europe ~ 780 Kya, and expansion to Southeast Europe and Asia Minor ~ 720 Kya. Eurasian bees spread southward via a Levantine/Nilotic/Arabian corridor into Africa ~ 540 Kya. An African clade re-established in Iberia ~ 100 Kya spread thereafter to westerly Mediterranean islands and back into North Africa. Nominal subspecies within the Asia Minor and Mediterranean clades are less differentiated than are individuals within other subspecies. Names matter: paraphyletic anomalies are artefacts of mis-referral in GenBank of sequences to the wrong subspecies, or use of faulty sequences, which are clarified by inclusion of multiple sequences from available subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological features are important for intraspecific and interspecific variation. Teeth are important taxonomical characteristics because they can differ according to diet. Shape analysis of the first upper molar (M1) was used to determine geographical variations and effects of ecological changes on the population structure of Hazel dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius) living in Turkey. Both outline and landmark analysis, as well as a canonical variates analysis, showed significant differences in teeth shape between populations. With this technique, we separated out two subspecies: M. a. trapezius and M. a. abanticus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epilobium and Chamaenerion included 165 and 8 species over the world, respectively. The members of the genera are distributed particularly in moist habitats from subpolar to tropical regions. This paper aims to provide improvements in the phylogeny of the genera Epilobium and Chamaenerion using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) of nuclear DNA and matK gene sequence data evaluation with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference criterations. A total of 188 individual accessions belonging to 28 taxa were newly generated and 110 sequences imported from GenBank (NCBI) were analysed. The nrDNA and plastid DNA gene trees supported to treat Epilobium and Chamaenerion as separate genera in two well-supported clades. The matK analyses revealed a better resolution than nrDNA ITS within the Chamaenerion clade and supported the inclusion of C. angustifolium in the sect. Chamaenerion. However, most of the examined species mostly fell into the polytomy in both trees excluding E. roseum subsp. consimile which should be considered a distinct species in the Epilobium contrary to morphological treatment in many national flora books. Both phylogenetic trees also support distinguishing E. prionophyllum from E. anatolicum previously treated as a subspecies of E. anatolicum. In conclusion, these preliminary phylogenetic analyses have contributed significantly to the determination of the limits of members belonging to Epilobium and Chamaenerion distributed in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact zones with hybridization are documented for several Palearctic bird taxa. However, their extent is still poorly understood in many cases, including the Common Redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus. Nominate P. p. phoenicurus breeds across most of the species' range, whereas P. p. samamisicus is restricted to the south-eastern part. Their precise distributions are disputed as is the existence and prevalence of hybridization between them within potential contact zones in the Balkans, Turkey and the Caucasus region. Adult males differ by the presence (samamisicus) or absence (phoenicurus) of a white wing patch; however, there is variation and white is lacking in most second-calendar-year males of both subspecies. Further, male samamisicus is thought to be darker on the mantle. We map the occurrence of pre-defined states in these two characters during the breeding season across the species' range based upon photos in online citizen science databases, subsequently complemented by an examination of museum specimens to refute or verify the pattern inferred from photos. We demonstrate that the extent of white in the wing varies throughout the range, but nevertheless is geographically structured. Adult breeders with a large white wing patch and black mantle occurred only in Greece, southern Bulgaria, Turkey, Crimea, and the Caucasus to Iran, which should be considered the breeding range of samamisicus. Earlier reports of intermediates and/or phoenicurus breeding there perhaps reflect confusion with second-year male samamisicus. Broad areas in the Balkans and north of the Black Sea were revealed as zones of intraspecific intergradation. Employing citizen science data enabled us to acquire a much larger sample than by using museum material alone. Although photographs from citizen science databases are unlikely to ever completely replace museum specimens, our approach of combining both types of data could prove a model for similar future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new taxa are described: Pilemia (Pseudopilemia) arida sp. nov. from Jordan, P. (P.) hirsutula karadutensis ssp. nov. from Turkey, P. (P.) hirsutula richardi ssp. nov. from Iran (Lorestan), P. (P.) homoiesthes (Ganglbauer, 1888), stat. nov. upgraded to the species rank. P. (P.) hirsutula holosericea (Faldermann, 1837), stat. nov. is regarded as a valid name for a taxon from Transcaucasia and Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. subsp. artvinense Eminagaoglu, Ozcan & Akyıldırım is described as a new endemic subspecies from Ardanuç (Artvin, Türkiye). It is related to Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Benth. and S. tomentosa Mill. from which it differs in stem, leaf characters and flower color and numbers. A key is given to distinguish the new subspecies from the other species in the genus Salvia. Morphology, stem, petiole and leaf anatomy, and nutlet micromorphology were investigated. Nearly rounded stem, hemispherical petiole, bifacial leaf with diacytic stomata, and ovoid to rotund nutlet with glabrous and distinctly rough to protuberances ornamentation were determined for this subspecies. Taxonomic interpretations of the new subspecies are given using morphological, anatomical and phylogenetic analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apiary discovered in Stratum V at Tel Reḥov in 2005–2007 remains unique in the archaeology of the ancient Near East. Here the authors briefly summarize the data previously published in this journal and add results of new studies, mainly concerning the identification of ancient charred bees trapped in burnt honeycombs found in the hives. Measurements of two wings and one leg, and statistical work based on existing database of modern subspecies, are inconsistent with the Syrian subspecies local to Israel (Apis meliferra syriaca), but were found to be similar to the Anatolian bee (Apis meliferra anatoliaca). We discuss the implications of this result, suggesting trade relations with southern Anatolia. The authors suggest that the beeswax was perhaps related to the copper-based metallurgical industry that entailed casting in the lost wax method, at a time when the copper trade based on the Arabah mines was at its peak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the controversial origin of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) using large samples of contemporary and ancient domestic individuals and their closest wild relatives: the Asiatic mouflon (Ovis gmelini), the urial (Ovis vignei) and the argali (Ovis ammon). A phylogeny based on mitochondrial DNA, including 213 new cytochrome‐b sequences of wild Ovism confirmed that O. gmelini is the maternal ancestor of sheep and precluded mtDNA contributions from O. vignei (and O. gmelini × O. vignei hybrids) to domestic lineages. We also produced 54 new control region sequences showing shared haplogroups (A, B, C and E) between domestic sheep and wild O. gmelini which localized the domestication center in eastern Anatolia and central Zagros, excluding regions further east where exclusively wild haplogroups were found. This overlaps with the geographic distribution of O. gmelini gmelini, further suggesting that the maternal origin of domestic sheep derives from this subspecies. Additionally, we produced 57 new CR sequences of Neolithic sheep remains from a large area covering Anatolia to Europe, showing the early presence of at least three mitochondrial haplogroups (A, B and D) in Western colonization routes. This confirmed that sheep domestication was a large‐scale process that captured diverse maternal lineages (haplogroups). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant genetic diversity has a significant role in providing traits that can help meet future challenges, such as the need to adapt crops to changing climatic conditions or outbreaks of disease. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the diversity of 61 forage pea specimens (P. sativum ssp. arvense L.) collected from the northeastern Anatolia region of Turkey using 28 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. These primers generated a total of 82 polymorphic bands. The number of observed alleles (Na) per primer varied from 2 to 4 with a mean of 2.89 alleles/locus. The mean value of expected heterozygosity (Exp-Het = 0.50) was higher than the mean value of observed heterozygosity (Obs-Het = 0.22). The mean of polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.41 with a range of 0.03–0.70. The mean number of effective alleles (Ne) was found to be 2.15, Nei's expected heterozygosity (H) 0.49, and Shannon's information index (I) 0.81. Cluster analysis through the unweighted pair-group mean average (UPGMA) method revealed that 61 forage pea landraces were divided into three main clusters. Genetic dissimilarity between the genotypes, calculated with the use of NTSYS-pc software, varied between 0.10 (G30 and G34) and 0.66 (G1 and G32). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that three principal coordinates explained 51.54% of the total variation. Moreover, population structure analysis showed that all genotypes formed three sub-populations. Expected heterozygosity values varied between 0.2669 (the first sub-population) and 0.3223 (third sub-population), with an average value of 0.2924. Average population differentiation measurement (Fst) was identified as 0.2351 for the first sub-population, 0.3838 for the second sub-population, and 0.2506 for the third sub-population. In general, current results suggest that SSR markers could be constantly used to illuminate the genetic diversity of forage pea landraces and can potentially be incorporated into future studies that examine the diversity within a larger collection of forage pea genotypes from diverse regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is the palynological characterisation of all Vinca species naturally grown in Turkey. In this context, six Vinca (Apocynaceae) taxa from Turkey were investigated – V. herbacea Waldst & Kit., V. ispartensis Koyuncu & Ekşi, V. minor L., V. major subsp. major L., V. major subsp. hirsuta (Boiss.) Steam, and V. soneri Koyuncu – by a palynological approach, and palynological characters of the more closely related taxa (especially two new species and subspecies) were defined. Thus, pollen structures of the six taxa and their systematical relations could be discussed. The pollen type of the studied taxa was determined to be colpate and the sculpture psilate. The results confirm that palynological characters show minor differences between the investigated taxa of the genus. Nevertheless, these features can be used to discriminate among the taxa. PAST-multivar-cluster and principal component analysis were applied to the obtained data to compare the palynological characters of the six taxa and prove the similarities among their pollen. The results shed light on the relationship between two new Vinca species (V. soneri Koyuncu, V. ispartensis Koyuncu & Ekşi) and their closest taxa (V. herbacea). The statistical results determined the simmilarities of morphologically closer taxa (V. herbacea, V. ispartensis, V. soneri) and indicate that V. herbacea and V. ispartensis are much closer to each other compare to V. soneri, with regard to the palynological features. Also, the two subspecies (V. major subsp. major and V. major subsp. hirsuta) were observed to be most closely related to each other. In conclusion, with a few exceptional states, the palynological findings support the morphological classification. As the results demonstrate, palynological parameters can be helpful for taxonomical classification of plant taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eiselt's pond turtle (Emys orbicularis eiselti) was described in 1998, based on only 4 museum specimens collected in the 1960s and 1970s. Its distribution range has been massively reduced by large-scale drainage measures and only little suitable habitat remains near the Turkish–Syrian border. During 20-yr-long fieldwork we could locate only 18 individuals of this subspecies. We estimate the number of surviving Eiselt's pond turtles to be less than 100 mature individuals in the wild. The distribution range (area of occupancy) in the Amik Maraş Rift Valley shrank from originally 11,612 km2 to only 206 km2 at present (approx. 2%), qualifying E. o. eiselti as a Critically Endangered taxon. Without immediate conservation measures and the strict protection of the remaining habitat, the subspecies will soon be extinct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to reveal the chemical diversity of some Thymus sipyleus subspecies growing wild in Turkey and to compare the volatile compound profiles by using micro(hydro)distillation technique. For this purpose, volatile compounds isolated by microdistillation from nine samples (three plant samples collected from different regions in Antalya) of Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus, T. sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. davisianus Ronniger, and T. sipyleus Boiss. subsp. rosulans (Borbas) Jalas were analyzed by GC and GC-MS systems. 1,8-Cineole, p-cymene, a-terpineol and carvacrol were identified as major compounds in T. sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus samples. Geranial, neral, 1,8-cineole and ß-caryophyllene, and a-terpineol and geranial were the main compounds in T. sipyleus subsp. sipyleus var. davisianus samples. ß-Caryophyllene, intermedeol, 1,8-cineole and a-terpineol, a-pinene were the major compounds in T. sipyleus subsp. rosulans samples. As known, thymol is the main compound in most Thymus species in Turkey, but, according to our study, chemical polymorphism has been found among the T. sipyleus subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying trees by images of barks via Deep Learning method has a potentially useful contribution to many areas, such as revision of forests, preparation of sustainable management plans for forest resources, operations and processing of trees for paper and furniture industries, preservation of trees having vital importance to environments, definition of species and sub-species of fruits for orcharding, for amateur purposes, and entirely for handling tree sources efficiently. Even though the current progress in Deep Learning has proven to be impressive, the lack or insufficiency of datasets has limited the use of Deep Learning on identification of tree species from barks images. In order make contribution to the researches on this field, and to prove that tree identification via images of barks with high accuracy is possible, 24686 bark images of 59 tree species from different parts of Turkey has been collected within a span of a year, and the data set is used for this work. With the use of seven pre-trained convolutional neural networks, AlexNet, DenseNet201, ResNet18, ResNet50, ResNet101, VGG16, VGG19. It has been demonstrated that identification of tree species by images of barks is possible through transfer learning method. Additionally, it has been inferred that transfer learning method provides fast and accurate solutions to classification problems. Furthermore, the impact of the depth, layer, number of parameters and batch size of the networks has been analyzed. While the average accuracy of all the networks, regarding the ratio of number of images and training data, is between 93.21% and 95.89%, the average of accuracy of the two most successful networks is 99.46%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study includes the current list based on moss and liverworts studies done done so far up to now for in B9 grid square of Turkey according to the grid system of Henderson (1961) according to Turkey grid square of Henderson (1961). There are 143 taxa belonging to 18 families and 54 genera for mosses, 6 taxa belonging to 4 families and 5 genera for liverworts, in other words totally 149 taxa (species and subspecies) belonging to 22 families and 59 genera in the list. In this square, the richest families in terms of the number of genera are Pottiaceae (13), Brachytheciaceae (11), Amblystegiaceae (6). Onthe other hand, the richest families in terms of the number of taxa are Pottiaceae (43), Brachytheciaceae (21), Grimmiaceae, Bryaceae (17), and Orthotrichaceae (12). The richest genera in terms of taxa diversity are Grimmia (12), Syntrichia (10), Didymodon (9), Ptychostomum and Tortula (8), Bryum and Orthotrichum (7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, six einkorn (Triticum monococcum L. ssp. monococcum) landrace populations, and two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) populations collected from farmers' fields in Bolu and Kastamonu provinces were characterized in terms of genetic diversity by using 12 Intel Simple Sequence Repeat primers, which produced a total of 247 loci, 238 (96.36%) polymorphic and 9 monomorphic (3.64%). The mean numbers of allele, effective allele, and value of genetic diversity were observed as 2, 1.3, and 0.2, respectively. According to species, Triticum monococcum had 233 (93.93%) polymorphic loci, while Triticum aestivum had, 123 (49.80%). The genetic diversity was observed as h = 0.20 in T. monococcum, and h = 0.14 in Triticum aestivum. A dendrogram constructed according to the genetic distance values by using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method. Triticum aestivum and Triticum monococcum populations are clustered into different clusters. The number of sub-populations was identified as the optimal value for K = 7. ISSR markers were successful to determine the genetic diversity and population structure within and between species. Triticummonococcum, a valuable genetic resource, is currently under extinction risk. Not only does this important genetic resource to be protected by ex situ conservation, but also it must continue to be cultivated by local farmers through on farm conservation. In this way, the dynamic evolutionary process will continue and be genetically compatible with current ecological conditions. Besides, as it is a suitable plant species for organic farming and contains important nutrients for human health in terms of food content and, therefore, its popularity is increasing for the production of local products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it has been evaluated the species of the Helophoridae, Hydrochidae and Hydrophilidae collected from Erzurum Geological Formations which have unusual wetland habitats and Muş Hamurpet (Akdoğan) lake. The specimens have been collected from various localities between June 2016-August 2017. Totally, 23 taxa have been determined which of them 10 species belonging to the Helophoridae, one species belonging to the Hydrochidae and 11 species and one subspecies belonging to the Hydrophilidae. Of these taxa, one species is first record for Erzurum, 14 species are for Muş and one species is reported as a new record for both Erzurum and Muş. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the phylogenetic relationships among taxa within the genus Echinops, in particular the taxa distributed in Turkey, since their systematic characterization and sectional taxonomy have not previously been fully determined. We used sequences of the plastid trnL‐trnF, rbcL, matK and nrDNA ITS gene regions obtained from this study and GenBank to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among Echinops taxa based on Bayesian inference. In addition, divergence times of taxa within the genus were estimated by the Bayesian method using a relaxed clock model. In the phylogenetic tree, E. acantholepis, an annual species, was first split from all other echinops taxa and this split was estimated to have occurred approximately 19.99 Mya. Next, E. emiliae, a biannual species, separates from the other species, and finally forms a group with the perennial Echinops taxa. We were also to predict differences in the rate of speciation by comparing different gene regions. The results indicate that the number of sections of the genus Echinops distributed in Turkey should be increased from three to five by the addition of the sections Psectra and Acantholepis. Furthermore, it is indicated that some taxa currently treated as subspecies may deserve recognition at the species level. Our results also support previous studies suggesting that it is appropriate to incorporate the monotypic Acantholepis in Echinops and transfer A. orientalis to the genus Echinops under the name E. acantholepis. Consequently, it is concluded that the studied gene regions were significant and informative for resolving phylogenetic relationships among the taxa of Echinops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the chromosomal data of Paronychia anatolica subsp. anatolica are provided for the first time. The diploid chromosome number and karyotype formula are 2n = 2x = 18 = 16m + 2sm with metacentric chromosomes out of submetacentric chromosome 1. No all chromosomes have satellite and secondary constriction. The values of total haploid length and mean chromosome length are very low with 14.47 and 1.61 µm, respectively; because the taxon has low numbers and relatively small of chromosomes, which are range from 1.21 to 1.84 µm. The karyotype is symmetrical type. Within the scope of all the results, the data will provide important contributions to the cytotaxonomy of genus Paronychia. Especially, taxon contains very different karyotypic data from other subspecies and it is very important knowledge for cytotaxonomic point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ornithogalum malatyanum subsp. aricakense is a new subspecies from Elazığ province in eastern Turkey, differing from the typical subspecies in its flat, broader leaves and longer inflorescence of slightly larger flower. A description, photographs, ecology, distribution and conservation status of the new taxon are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of five subspecies of Scutellaria orientalis L. (subsp. carica, subsp. haussknechtii, subsp. macrostegia, subsp. orientalis and subsp. santolinoides) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), simultaneously. According to essential oil analysis in five subspecies of S. orientalis, germacrene D (57.2%), bicyclogermacrene (7.4%) and β-caryophyllene (5.2%) in subsp. carica; germacrene D (23.5%), β-caryophyllene (14.2%), bicyclogermacrene (9.0%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.1%) in subsp. haussknechtii; germacrene D (47.8%), β-caryophyllene (16.3%) and bicyclogermacrene (12.0%) in subsp. macrostegia; caryophyllene oxide (23.5%), germacrene D (20.1%) and β-caryophyllene (14.5%) in subsp. orientalis; germacrene D (42.1%), β-caryophyllene (13.7%) and bicyclogermacrene (11.3%) in subsp. santolinoides were determined as major components. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical composition of the essential oil of four subspecies of S. orientalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The land snail genus Schileykula Gittenberger, 1983 is distributed in arid limestone areas from western Turkey to north‐western Iran. It comprises eight species, which display high variation in shell size and morphology. The cylindrical shells are 5–12 mm in height and the last shell whorls bear several inner lamellae and plicae. Two taxa differ in their chirality having sinistral shells, while all the others are dextrals such as the vast majority of orculids. The aim of this study was to establish a molecular genetic phylogeny of Schileykula and to test whether it conforms to the current morphology‐based classification. Furthermore, we were interested in the phylogenetic position of the two sinistral forms in order to assess whether one or two reversals happened in the evolution of the genus. Nine out of ten species, including all four subspecies of Schileykula trapezensis and three of six subspecies of Schileykula scyphus, were investigated. A section of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was analyzed in 54 specimens of Schileykula and from a subsample, partial sequences of the mitochondrial genes for the 12S rRNA and the 16S rRNA, and a section of the nuclear H4/H3 histone gene cluster were obtained. The phylogenetic trees based on the mitochondrial sequences feature high support values for most nodes, and the species appear well differentiated from each other. The two chiral forms evolved independently and are not sister lineages. However, some groupings disagree with the present morphology‐based classification and taxonomical conclusions are drawn. Schileykula trapezensis is polyphyletic in the molecular genetic trees; therefore, three of its subspecies are elevated to species level: Schileykula acampsis Hausdorf, 1996 comb. nov., Schileykula neuberti Hausdorf, 1996 comb. nov., and Schileykula contraria Neubert, 1993 comb. nov. Furthermore, Schileykula sigma is grouped within S. scyphus in the mitochondrial and nuclear trees and consequently treated as a subspecies of the latter (Schileykula scyphus sigma Hausdorf, 1996 comb. nov.). Schileykula nordsiecki, whose shell morphology is indistinguishable from that of the neighboring Schileykula scyphus lycaonica, but who differs in its genital anatomy, was confirmed to represent a distinct lineage. The phylogenies produced by the mitochondrial and nuclear data sets are to some extent conflicting. The patterns differ concerning the grouping of some specimens, suggesting at least two independent hybridization events involving S. contraria, S. scyphus and S. trapezensis. The results exemplify the importance of integrating both mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data in order to complement morphology‐based taxonomy, and they provide further evidence for hybridization across distantly related lineages in land snails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tragopogon porrifolius occurs in Turkey with 3 taxonomically confused subspecies: T. porrifolius subsp. eriospermus, T. porrifolius subsp. longirostris, and T. porrifolius subsp. abbreviatus. In the present paper, T. porrifolius subsp. abbreviatus endemic to Turkey is raised at specific level based on morphological and molecular analysis. After detailed assessment of original herbarium specimens and literature studies, we found that this name is not typified yet. Thus, a lectotype is provided together with an emended diagnosis; synonym, distribution map, and conservation status for the first time. Additionally, a preliminary phylogenetic position of this little-known taxon is given on several newly sequenced data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity of ecological conditions in Anatolia enables many species to adapt to different environments. Thus Turkey is inhabited by various strains of A.m. mellifera Linnaeus, 1978; A.m. mellifera carnica, A.m. mellifera anatoliaca, A.m. mellifera caucasica, A.m. mellifera syriaca, and A.m. mellifera meda. Analysis of mtDNA variants is a widely used tool to determine the phylogenetic relationships at the species and subspecies levels. In this study sequencing results of tRNAleu-COX2 and ND5 gene segments of mtDNA were presented in comparison with some previously published mitochondrial haplotypes. According to the UPGMA dendogram and estimates of evolutionary distances, divergence among the subspecies and ecotypes were not verified strongly. Reproductive isolation barriers could be uneffective and lead to the exchange of the genetic materials between the populations. Intensive care should be taken while managing the colonies of different subspecies in bee yards. Degradation of biodiversity of honey bee subspecies through hybridization was also reported at wider geographic areas rather than small breeding units in some studies. Broad ranges of isolated colonies of subspecies should be established with proper selection studies to reduce the hazards of migratory beekeeping activities. Succesful management practices are needed through better beekeeping technologies and beekeeper training programmes to prevent the homogenization of the genetic structure of different subspecies and to conserve honey bee diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the research area, 223 moss samples were collected from 44 different localities between 2017-2019. As a result of identifying the samples, 87 species and subspecies taxa belonging to 17 families and 41 genera were identified. 12 of these taxa were recorded for the first time in the province of Çankırı. There are no examples of liverwort and hornwort in the area. The largest families in terms of the number of taxa they contain are Pottiaceae (22), Grimmiaceae (11), Brachytheciaceae (10), Bryaceae (9), Dicranaceae (6), Orthortichaceae (5), Amblystegiaceae (4), Hypnaceae (4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Molecular systematic revision of all but three European Nannospalax taxa. • Evolutionary history of Nannospalax (superspecies leucodon) sensu lato. • Statistical species delimitation helps to define species limits. • Three superspecies, 11 species and several additional subspecies recognised. Species delimitation is a powerful approach to assist taxonomic decisions in challenging taxa where species boundaries are hard to establish. European taxa of the blind mole rats (genus Nannospalax) display small morphological differences and complex chromosomal evolution at a shallow evolutionary divergence level. Previous analyses led to the recognition of 25 'forms' in their distribution area. We provide a comprehensive framework to improve knowledge on the evolutionary history and revise the taxonomy of European blind mole rats based on samples from all but three of the 25 forms. We sequenced two nuclear-encoded genetic regions and the whole mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for phylogenetic tree reconstructions using concatenation and coalescence-based species-tree estimations. The phylogenetic analyses confirmed that Aegean N. insularis belongs to N. superspecies xanthodon , and that it represents the second known species of this superspecies in Europe. Mainland taxa reached Europe from Asia Minor in two colonisation events corresponding to two superspecies-level taxa: N. superspecies monticola (taxon established herewith) reached Europe c. 2.1 million years ago (Mya) and was followed by N. superspecies leucodon (re-defined herewith) c. 1.5 Mya. Species delimitation allowed the clarification of the taxonomic contents of the above superspecies. N. superspecies monticola contains three species geographically confined to the western periphery of the distribution of blind mole rats, whereas N. superspecies leucodon is more speciose with six species and several additional subspecies. The observed geographic pattern hints at a robust peripatric speciation process and rapid chromosomal evolution. The present treatment is thus regarded as the minimum taxonomic content of each lineage, which can be further refined based on other sources of information such as karyological traits, crossbreeding experiments, etc. The species delimitation models also allowed the recognition of a hitherto unnamed blind mole rat taxon from Albania, described here as a new subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasia subspecies of Apis mellifera L.) is one of the most common and prominent honey bee breeds in Turkey. The morphometry of endemic honey bee breeds has been extensively studied, but little attention has been given to the microscopic morphology of these bees. The aim of the current study was to describe for the first time the histomorphology of the midgut and hindgut of the Caucasian honey bee in Turkey. A total of 20 local Caucasian adult honey bee workers were sampled for histomorphological and histochemical analysis. The midgut epithelium consisted of epithelial cells with different morphologies. Acidic, neutral, and mixed mucosubstances were found in the luminal surfaces of the cells and peritrophic membranes. The ileum mostly consisted of an epithelium containing columnar cells that usually had basal nuclei. The rectum of adult workers had a single-layered epithelium externally, involving a layer of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. There were 6 long hollow rectal pads in the median-anterior area of the rectum. These results contribute in detail to our understanding of the histomorphology of the Caucasian (A. m. caucasia) honey bee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, morphological and anatomical features of two morphologically similar species (Iris peshmeniana Güner & T. Hall. and Iris aucheri (Baker) Sealy) within the Scorpiris Spach subgenus (Juno iris) of the genus Iris L. were determined and similarities and differences between the two species were discussed. Iris peshmeniana is endemic to Turkey and its spreading area is protected because of exctinction threat. Iris aucheri is not endemic to Turkey and it has a limited distribution in the country. The cross-sections from root, scape and leaves and surface-sections from leaves of species were taken. Anatomical and morphological evaluations of the collected and obtained samples revealed differences in plant size, leaf number, width and length, periant tube length, fall length, standard structure, capsule length and width, bract and bracteole structure, length of style branches and testa structure of seeds and in the number of exoderma and cortex layers, margin structure of cortex paranchyma cells, structure of the root center cylinder, xylem strand number, status micropapillae in lower epiderma, layer number of palisade and spongy parenchyma and status of sclerenchyma cap. Although there were some differences in morphological and anatomical features, based on similar anatomical and morphological features revealed in the present study, it has been suggested that I. peshmeniana may be a subspecies of I. aucheri. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saxifraga artvinensis V.A.Matthews, which is endemic to Turkey, was discovered on Tiryal Mountain (A8 Artvin, northeastern Turkey). Approximately 175 km from its type locality, a new population of the species was discovered, in the Picea orientalis forest in the Altındere Valley National Park, in A7 Trabzon (northeastern Turkey). A comparison with the known population of S. artvinensis confirmed that this new population represented a new taxon and is described as S. artvinensis subsp. meryemii Terzioğlu & Coşkunç. An identification key and comparison with closely related taxa, based on both morphological and molecular properties, are also provided. The studied samples, belonging to subsp. artvinensis and subsp. meryemii, had identical sequences in the entire internal transcribed spacer region. On the other hand, subsp. meryemii was easily distinguishable from subsp. artvinensis by its hairy flowering stem, 3-8 flowers, subsessile pedicels, and sepals hairy at base. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the first extensive distributional checklist of all the species of Lucanidae (Coleoptera) recorded from Turkey. A total of 13 species and 4 subspecies belonging to 4 genera of Lucanidae are listed from Turkey. New locality records, distributional records and ecological data are given. Because of reduced populations, some of these species under the threat of extinction in Turkey are in the IUCN Red List. It is important to protect them. Therefore, one aim of this study is to draw attention to these threatened species in Turkey and to add new information about them since not many studies have been conducted on these species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Caucasian lynx, Lynx lynx dinniki, has one of the southernmost distributions in the Eurasian lynx range, covering Anatolian Turkey, the Caucasus and Iran. Little is known about the biology and the genetic status of this subspecies. To collect baseline genetic, ecological and behavioural data and benefit future conservation of L. l. dinniki, we monitored 11 lynx territories (396 km2) in northwestern Anatolia. We assessed genetic diversity of this population by non-invasively collecting 171 faecal samples and trapped and sampled 12 lynx individuals using box traps. We observed high allelic variation at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers, and found no signs of inbreeding despite the potential isolation of this population. We obtained similar numbers of distinct genotypes from the two sampling sources. Our results indicated that first order female relatives occupy neighbouring territories (female philopatry) and that territorial male lynx were highly unrelated to each other and to female territorial lynx, suggesting long distance male dispersal. Particular male and female resident territorial lynx and their offspring (kittens and subadults) were more likely to be trapped than resident floaters or dispersing (unrelated) lynx. Conversely, we obtained more data for unrelated lynx and higher numbers of territorials using non-invasive sampling (faeces). When invasive and non-invasive samples were analysed separately, the spatial organisation of lynx (in terms of female philopatry and females and males occupying permanent ranges) affected measures of genetic diversity in such a way that estimates of genetic diversity were reduced if only invasive samples were considered. It appears that, at small spatial scales, invasive sampling using box traps may underestimate the genetic diversity in carnivores with permanent ranges and philopatry such as the Eurasian lynx. As non-invasive sampling can also provide additional data on diet and spatial organisation, we advocate the use of such samples for conservation genetic studies of vulnerable, endangered or data deficient territorial species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The taxonomic review of the tenebrionid genus Calyptopsis Solier, 1835 (Tenebrionidae: Tentyriini) of Turkey and Western Transcaucasia is given. Four new species and one new subspecies are described: C. capnisiformis volcanica subsp. nov. (from calderas of extinct volcanoes in Karaman and Manisa provinces), C. fouquei sp. nov. (Artvin Province), C. egecemi sp. nov. (Izmir Province), C. kaszabi sp. nov. (Bayburt Province), C. ottoi sp. nov. (Turkey: Hakkari and Van provinces; NE Iraq: Zagros Mts.). The lectotype of Calyptopsis lineimargo Reitter, 1897 is designated. The key and images for the Turkish and Western Transcaucasian species are given. In total, eleven species and one subspecies are known from Turkey, of which eight taxa are endemic for Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First-ever mitogenome assembly of golden jackal samples from Turkey and Thailand. • Phylogenetic analysis revealed distinct subspecific status of Indochinese jackal. • Larger cytochrome b dataset further confirms distinctness of Indochinese jackal. • Findings can inform golden jackal evolutionary history and conservation status. The golden jackal (Canis aureus) is a canid species found across southern Eurasia. Several subspecies of this animal have been genetically studied in regions such as Europe, the Middle East, and India. However, one subspecies that lacks current research is the Indochinese jackal (Canis aureus cruesemanni), which is primarily found in Southeast Asia. Using a genome skimming approach, we assembled the first complete mitochondrial genome for an Indochinese jackal from Thailand. To expand the number of available Canis aureus mitogenomes, we also assembled and sequenced the first complete mitochondrial genome of a golden jackal from Turkey, representing the C. a. moreotica subspecies. The mitogenomes contained 37 annotated genes and are 16,729 bps (C. a. cruesemanni) and 16,669 bps (C. a. moreotica) in length. Phylogenetic analysis with 26 additional canid mitogenomes and analyses of a cytochrome b gene-only data set together support the Indochinese jackal as a distinct and early-branching lineage among golden jackals, thereby supporting its recognition as a possible subspecies. These analyses also demonstrate that the golden jackal from Turkey is likely not a distinct lineage due to close genetic relationships with golden jackals from India and Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was planned to investigate colony feeding practices, the selection methods of colonies, the control methods of diseases, yearly losses from 2008 to 2011 in each operation and included both migratory and local colonies in Turkey. The beekeepers (92.6%) used to feed their colony in early spring and autumn with supplemental food. The most of local (37.7%) and migratory (62.4%) beekeepers preferred to feed their colonies with both syrup and supplemental food. The beekeepers generally prefer colonies that are not aggressive and with high honey production (47.6%) and also tendency to high swarming (14.2%), resistant to diseases (5.2%) and other factors such as subspecies and physiological characteristics of queens are causes of preference. The colony losses due to winter in 2008-9; 2009-10; 2010-11 were observed as 14.5%, 18.6%, 12.6%, respectively and also the significant correlation (P<0.01) were found between 2009-2010. Our study reveals regular survey studies play a crucial role to improve both colony management and monitoring of colony losses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based on the material of the families Pompilidae and Mutillidae collected from different localities of Turkey in 1990-2014. In this study, 70 species and subspecies in 21 genera of the family Pompilidae and 38 species and subspecies in 18 genera of the family Mutillidae are listed. Among them: Deuteragenia variegata erythropa (Kohl, 1888); Priocnemis (Priocnemis) pellipleurus Wahis, 2006; Agenioideus (Agenioideus) gentilis (Klug, 1834); Arachnospila (Ammosphex) wesmaeli (Thomson, 1870) and Arachnotheutes turgidus (Tournier, 1890) from Pompilidae and subfamily Kudakrumiinae Krombein, 1979; genus Pseudomyrmosa Suárez, 1980 and Pseudomyrmosa minuta (Morawitz, 1894); Pseudophotopsis armeniaca (Skorikov, 1935); Physetopoda rameli Pagliano, 2009; Physetopoda deserta (Lelej, 1984) and Smicromyrme (Astomyrme) asiaticus Lelej, 1985 from Mutillidae are newly recorded from Turkey. New generic names are used in Pompilidae: Deuteragenia Šustera, 1912 for Dipogon sensu auct. and Parabatozonus Yasumatsu, 1936 for Batozonellus Arnold, 1937. In addition, new localities have been found for many species and subspecies, which have already been reported from Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apis mellifera anatoliaca had a mitochondrial genome that was 16,256 bp long, with 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes, and an AT-rich control region. The phylogenetic tree showed that A. m. anatoliaca was closely related to other subspecies found in Turkey, A. m. caucasica and A. m. meda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf beetle fauna of Turkey is reviewed and a complete checklist with provincial distributions is presented for the first time. Seven hundred and seventy-six species are catalogued in total. This represents approximately 22% of the known Palaearctic leaf beetle fauna. The Turkish leaf beetle fauna is characterized by 81 endemic species. Distributions of the species in Turkey are given based on available literature records. Some new materials from new localities are also examined. Taxa in the list are arranged systematically under family, subfamily, genus, subgenus (when recognized) and species. The subspecies are not included in the list but mentioned in the notes given for certain species. The species whose occurrences in Turkey need conformation are not included in the list but are given separately. Additionally, two new synonymies are stated:Psylliodes diversicolorNadein 2006 = P. kasnakensisGök et Aslan, 2007 syn.nov.;Phyllotreta maculicornisPic, 1906 = Ph. ispartaensisGök, 2005 syn.nov. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is based upon material of the family Vespidae collected at a series of localities in Turkey between 1964 and 2010 and a review of the previous studies on the Vespidae of Turkey. Stenodynerus trotzinai (Morawitz, 1895) and Antepipona dentella Gusenleitner, 1991 are new records for the Turkish fauna. With these 2 additions and the data from previous studies, a total of 298 species and subspecies from 53 genera belonging to 4 subfamilies, Vespinae, Polistinae, Eumeninae, and Masarinae, of the family Vespidae have now been recorded from Turkey. Among them, the type localities of 3 genera, 71 species, and 16 subspecies of Vespidae are situated in Turkey. Separately, 65 species and subspecies are considered to be endemic. In addition, new localities were found for some species and subspecies that have already been reported from Turkey. Furthermore, the authors present an updated checklist of the Turkish fauna of Vespidae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Allium arsuzense Eker & Koyuncu sp. nov. and a new subspecies, Allium roseum L. subsp. gulekense Koyuncu & Eker subsp. nov. (Alliaceae) from Turkey are described. Diagnostic characters, descriptions, detailed illustrations, geographical distribution, conservation status, observations and taxonomic comments on the new taxa are provided. They are also compared with the closely related A. ertugrulii Demirelma & Uysal and A. roseum L. subsp. roseum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an initial part of a revisional study based on the genus Salvia L. (Lamiaceae), extensive field studies, herbarium and literature surveys have been conducted on the basis of the S. brachyantha (Bordz.) Pobed and S. modesta Boiss. in order to understand their taxonomic status. As a result of the present study, S. brachyantha and S. modesta are accepted as distinct species. Moreover, S. brachyantha subsp. tankutiana Bagherpour, Celep, Kahraman & Doğan subsp. nova is first described from central Anatolia, Turkey. The diagnostic morphological and micromorphological characters of S. brachyantha subsp. brachyantha, S. brachyantha subsp. tankutiana and S. modesta are discussed. Distribution, conservation status and photograph of the taxa are also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Pulsatilla Mill., which was considered a subgenus of the genus Anemone L. in Flora of Turkey, is accepted as a separate genus. Pulsatilla albana (Steven) Bercht. & J.Presl subsp. albana and P. violacea Rupr. subsp. violacea are declared as new records for the flora of Turkey. Anemone albana Steven subsp. armena (Boiss.) N.Busch, which was already known from Turkey, is accepted as a synonym of Pulsatilla violacea subsp. armena (Boiss.) Luferov. Descriptions, distribution maps, and identifıcation keys are provided for these taxa in order to aid in the distinguishing of the genera Anemone and Pulsatilla as well as for species and subspecies of Pulsatilla in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eastern Mediterranean Hydroporus bodemeyeri species complex, which so far includes three species, H. bodemeyeri Ganglbauer, 1900, Hydroporus anatolicus J.Balfour-Browne, 1963 and Hydroporus cuprescens Fery and Miller, 1995, is revised. Three new taxa are described: H. anatolicus koksali ssp. nov. from north-eastern Turkey, H. bodemeyeri cariaensis ssp. nov. from south-western Turkey and Rhodes, and Hydroporus kurdistanicus sp. nov. from south-eastern Turkey. Hydroporus guignoti Gschwendtner, 1935 described from Albania and Greece and previously regarded as a synonym of H. bodemeyeri, is treated as a distinct subspecies H. bodemeyeri guignoti stat. nov. A geometric morphometric analysis of body shape within the complex is presented, which confirms the separate status of all recognized taxa, with considerable overlapping between the subspecies of H. anatolicus and H. bodemeyeri. We provide an initial hypothesis on the origin of the contemporary distribution of H. bodemeyeri and H. cuprescens, assuming their vicariant diversification from an Anatolian ancestor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]