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It is stated that parental psychological control (PC), which appears to hinder psychological development in children and adolescents, is associated with internet gaming disorder (IGD). However, parenting styles and practices vary across cultures. For this reason, to determine the risk of IGD in adolescents who are in the process of psychological development and to prevent it at an early stage, there is a need to better understand the effect of PC on the development of IGD. In this context, this study aims to examine the impact of perceived parental psychological control on the risk of Internet gaming disorder in Turkish adolescents. A cross-sectional design was used. The sample group consisted of 4498 students from eight public high schools in Turkey. Participant Information Form, the Psychological Control Scale, and the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form were used for collecting data. Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of IGD increased as maternal disrespect-maternal psychological control and father disrespect scores increased. Paternal psychological control score had no significant effect on IGD risk. In the multivariate model, age, father's education level, spending money on games, time spent playing daily games on weekdays and weekends, and father's psychological score were found to be associated with IGD risk. The effects of maternal disrespect and maternal psychological control scores on the IGD risk varied according to the number of siblings and the education level of the mother. As a result, parental PC was determined to affect the risk of IGD in Turkish adolescents significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental psychological control has previously been related to negative developmental outcomes. However, fewer studies examined the cultural factors associated with parental psychological control. Several studies suggested that psychological control is used more by mothers in collectivistic (as compared to individualistic) cultures yet did not examine the mother's personal endorsement of the cultural values. This approach ignores the widely reported findings showing within country heterogeneity. In this study, we examined maternal adherence to collectivistic values and their psychologically controlling behaviour directed towards their preschool children. We also examined the indirect role of perceived normativeness of the psychologically controlling behaviour in the association between adherence to collectivistic values and using psychologically controlling behaviours. We hypothesized that mothers who endorsed collectivistic values more would perceive psychologically controlling parenting as more normative and in turn would display more psychological control. To test our research question, we collected data from 318 Turkish mothers, who had at least one preschool‐aged child (child Mage = 59.46 months, SD = 9.23; range = 34–80 months; 160 males). The descriptive analyses are planned to be run in SPSS and path analyses in MPlus are planned for examining the hypothesized mediational model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that parental schoolwork involvement is beneficial for students' academic functioning when parents facilitate their children's autonomy and refrain from psychological controlling practices. However, effects of the quality of parental involvement on child learning outcomes may vary due to cross-cultural differences in children's appraisal and reaction towards these practices. The current study aimed to investigate the link between the quality of parental schoolwork involvement and children's learning-related behaviours in math, and the mediating role of mother-child conflict around math schoolwork in this link in three cultural groups (i.e., German-Turkish, Turkish and German families). Data were collected from 107 German-Turkish, 426 Turkish and 140 German mothers with children in fifth to eighth grades. After testing measurement invariance of the scales across groups, multi-group structural equation modelling was used to examine the direct and indirect paths between the quality of parental involvement, mother-child conflict and child learning-related behaviours. Results showed that the level of mother-child conflict mediated the link between mothers' psychologically controlling practices and children's learning-related behaviours in math in all three groups. No mediation was found for the link between maternal autonomy support and children's learning-related behaviours in any group. However, the direct path from mothers' autonomy support to children's learning-related behaviours was significant in the Turkish and German-Turkish samples. These results suggest that the role of different forms of parental schoolwork involvement in children's academic functioning is more similar than different across cultural groups. Highlights: The links between quality of involvement, mother-child conflict, and children's learning-related behaviours in math are investigated in German-Turkish, Turkish and German families. The quality of parent involvement is measured via mother's autonomy support and psychological control during schoolwork involvement. Results show that mother-child conflict mediates the link between maternal psychological control and children's learning-related behaviours in all three groups. Regarding maternal autonomy support only the direct positive paths to children's learning-related behaviours are significant in Turkish and German-Turkish families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few studies have focused on adolescents' interpretations of parental control in a non-Western context. This study examines the intervening role of Turkish adolescents' interpretations of psychological control (PC)/behavioral control (BC) in the relation between PC/BC and adolescent problem behaviors and the moderating roles of maternal warmth and adolescents' legitimacy beliefs of these control practices. Participants were 689 adolescents (Mage = 13.95; SD = 0.94; 56.9% girls) and their mothers. Structural equation modeling results indicated that (1) adolescents who have experienced greater maternal PC were more likely to interpret specific situations of maternal PC negatively, (2) adolescents who have experienced greater maternal BC were less likely to interpret specific situations of maternal BC negatively, (3) adolescents' interpretations of specific PC/BC practices intervened the relation between PC/BC and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problems, and (4) adolescents' perceptions of maternal warmth moderated the association between their general perceptions of PC and interpretations of specific PC practices. The findings support previous findings regarding adolescents' interpretations of PC practices and indicates the need for further research on interpretations of BC practices. Highlights: There are two types of parental control which are psychological and behavioral control. Turkish adolescents tend to interpret their mothers' psychological control negatively, but do not tend to interpret behavioral control negatively. Adolescents' interpretations of psychological and behavioral control intervene the links between these control practices and adolescent problem behaviors. Perceived maternal warmth seems to shape adolescents' interpretations of psychological control practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medically unexplained physical symptoms are frequently named by adolescents in both clinical and normative samples. This study analyzed the associations between parental rearing styles and adolescents' body complaints in diverse cultural contexts. In a cross-cultural study of 2415 adolescents from eight countries (Argentina, France, Germany, Greece, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, and Turkey), the associations of maternal and paternal support, psychological control, and an anxious parental monitoring style with youth body complaints were tested. Girls reported more somatic complaints than boys, the level of complaints differed between countries, and gender differences varied significantly between countries. Hierarchic multilevel models revealed that the expression of distress via body complaints, after controlling for country, gender, and sociodemographic status, was significantly associated with parental rearing styles. The negative impact of mothers' psychological control on body complaints generalize across countries. In addition, mothers' anxious monitoring had a negative impact on the offspring's health, whereas higher levels of paternal support and lower levels of paternal psychological control contributed to lower levels of somatic complaints. Sociodemographic variables such as family structure, standard of living, and employment status of the parents, did not turn out as significant in the final model. The findings point to the different roles of fathers and mothers play in adolescents' health and their complex interplay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on parental rearing dimensions faced ethnocentric criticism for mainly focusing on adolescents in Western industrialized countries. Over the past decade, the phenomenon of anxious parenting, so called "helicopter parenting", gained attention in popular media as well as scholarly publications in addition to support and psychological control. Whether these parenting dimensions, which were associated with different health outcomes in adolescents, were only occurring in the Western world or are visible cross-culturally, has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, it is unclear whether these links exist also for adolescents from other parts of the world. Additionally, the involvement of fathers in child rearing continues to be neglected in adolescent psychopathology research. The current cross-cultural study tested the association of maternal and paternal rearing dimensions with youth internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in a sample of 2415 adolescents (56% female, 15.33 years, SD = 0.61) from eight countries (Argentina, France, Germany, Greece, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, and Turkey). Hierarchical regression models showed that internalizing symptomatology was associated with mothers' support, psychological control, and anxious rearing as well as fathers' psychological control up and above predictors like country and mother's level of education. For predicting externalizing symptomatology, mother's anxious rearing, mother's psychological control, and father's support as well as father's psychological control were significant up and above adolescents' gender, standard of living, and country. To conclude, across countries, anxious rearing and psychological control experienced from both parents were substantially linked with adolescent mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has shown that frequent, intense, and poorly resolved conflict between parents relates to adolescents' adjustment problems but the mechanisms that explain such a link have not been fully uncovered. In this prospective study, we relied on the spillover hypothesis and investigated through an integrated multi-informant model whether maternal psychological control would account for the associations between interparental conflict and adolescents' relational aggression and loneliness. Participants were 527 Turkish adolescents ( M = 14.36 years, SD = 0.33) and 307 mothers ( M = 41.18 years, SD = 4.47). Analyses through structural equation modeling indicated that interparental conflict (as assessed by both the adolescents and their mothers) related positively to maternal psychological control (as assessed again by both of them) which in turn predicted adolescent-reported relational aggression and loneliness, 8 months later. These findings are in line with the spillover hypothesis and show that dysfunctional relationships between parents are related to poor parenting practices and in turn to adolescents' maladjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]