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Across the developed world, declines in mortality rates associated with the improvement in health conditions and increase in living standards led to declines in fertility rates. The demographic transition process has been experienced as the fertility and mortality rates declined from very high levels to very low levels. Population policies implemented by public authorities to address births have also been effective in the demographic change process. Although the demographic transition is a global process, the development levels and socioeconomic characteristics of the countries have caused the demographic change process to be experienced at different times on a country basis. Significant decreases in fertility and mortality rates since the middle of the twentieth century in Turkey resulted in a rapid demographic transition. This demographic change, which continues as a process, has been effective in changing the structural characteristics of the country's population. In this study, the effects of the demographic transition in Turkey on the total population structure and the future of the country's population have been examined based on the population projections of the United Nations (UN). The study based on the quantitative data obtained from the population surveys of the State Institute of Statistics, Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI) and the UN.The study reveals the necessity of measures to eliminate the negative conditions that prevent parents from having children in order to keep the fertility rate at the level of the reproduction rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Climate change is defined by the United Nations Global Climate Change Framework Convention (UNFCCC) as a "change in the climate as a result of human activities that directly or indirectly disrupt the composition of the global atmosphere in addition to the natural climate changes observed in comparable time periods". Researchers have shown that climate changes, which have been observed to occur in geological periods, have not only changed the geography of the world, but also played a key role in the spread of ecological systems and living things. Global climate change is a different problem from all other problems due to both of its scale and its relation to the future. One of the prominent points in this difference is how existing water resources and water consumption can be affected. The focus of this research is how human water consumption can be shaped in condition of settling the growing refugee population on Turkey's geography in the last period on the basis of population data obtained previously and with the effects of climate change what kind of results can emerge in the coming years. Methods: Turkey's population and population projections related to population growth of the Syrian refugees under temporary protection are obtained from a special report; "Syrian Refugees and Demographic Projections" and top ten provinces' -which chiefly hosting these refugees-daily taken amount of water per person and 2040 projections were calculated. This hypothetical need and the water supply service planned to be presented were also compared. Subsequently, these impacts have been assessed by adding the impact scenarios of climate change on water resources which are obtained from a project carried out by General Directorate of Water Management. Results: It can be seen from the results of the research that as of 2040, the most intensive water consumption need may occur in Istanbul with 3.568.208,868 tons of m3 per day, while Gaziantep takes the second place with 1.089.147,202 tons of m3 and İzmir with 908.527,492 tons of m3. When the impact of climate change on water resources is matched with the scenarios of 2040, it is seen that the data of the provinces of Southeast Anatolian Region are at the most critical levels. Conclusion: In addition to the pressures created by climate change effects on natural resources, sudden asylum seeker or refugee movements in critical regions will lead the regions to be more vulnerable and inadequate to the climate change effects. While managing these massive human movements, the impacts on water and other resources should be calculated and the policies to be formed should be shaped in this framework. "Zero Day" calculations in terms of water resources in Turkey are urgently needed to be done at the scales of the basins and the entire land surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We collected developmental, survival, and reproduction data for Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reared on faba bean, Vicia faba L. 'Sevilla' at four constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30°C), 70% relative humidity, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r = 0.4347 d(-1)) and finite rate (λ = 1.5445 d(-1)) were observed at 25°C. The population projection based on the age-stage, two-sex life table quantitatively revealed the growth potential and stage structure of the aphid. We have included the following suggestions to aid researchers in life table studies: 1) The bootstrap method should be used to estimate the variance and SEs of developmental time, survival rate, fecundity, and population parameters. 2) The required number of bootstraps is dependent on the life table data--the higher the variation among individuals, the higher the number of bootstraps should be. In most cases, we suggest that 100,000 bootstraps should be used to obtain a stable estimate of variance and SEs. 3) Computer projection based on the age-stage, two-sex life table should be used to reveal the stage structure during population growth. 4) We used a simple equation based on the total fecundity, survival rate to adult stage, and first reproductive age to detect possible errors in life table parameters. 5) To assist readers in comprehending results, life table studies should include the cohort size, preadult survival rate, number of emerged female adults, mean fecundity, survival and fecundity curves, and population parameters., (© The Authors 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

The author forecasts the population of the Etimesgut Health District in Turkey for the year 2025 under certain assumptions. "According to these basic assumptions [the] crude birth rate will decrease to 14 per thousand and [the] crude death rate will increase to 9.47 per thousand within 35 years.... According to these results, the population pyramids of the Etimesgut Health District were drawn for different years. As it will be seen, the population structure will not be like today's developed countries' population structure until the year 2070." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

This reassessment is limited to observations concerning trends in mortality and fertility and concerning longrun prospects for population growth. Recorded changes in mortality are compared with 3 projections made many years ago. Projections of European mortality made in 1941-42 understated by a wide margin the actual increase in expectation of life because of unforeseen technological changes in the prevention and cure of fatal disease. On the other hand, a projection made in 1955 for India, foreseeing a rapid rise in the 1950s and slower progress later on because of the exhaustion of the easier gains, appears to have been accurate and also to depict the prospects in other populations of relatively high mortality and low income. A different projection of life expectancy in Mexico was also quite close to actual changes in Mexican mortality; it was based on a universal curve constructed to represent how life expectancy rises, increasing ever more slowly as it approaches an upper limit. This curve (1 for each sex), constructed for projection of Mexican mortality, is employed as a standard of comparison for mortality changes in many countries. A number have followed the standard for females very closely for more than 3 decades; in developed countries, male life expectancy has generally fallen short of the standard. The almost universal low fertility in developed countries contrasts with the great diversity of levels and trends of fertility in developing countries, some of which retain undiminished high fertility and others of which have recently attained rates of childbearing as low as in the developed areas. Instances of surprisingly little change and surprisingly rapid change in fertility are described. In the future, growth of populations of developed countries will probably be slight; the future rate of increase in the developing areas depends on the unpredictable timing and pace of childbearing reduction in populations where fertility remains high. In the long run, world population growth may resume its typical pattern of moderate growth interrupted by catastrophic setbacks.