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This paper examines the relationship between the level of attachment to society and cognitive deviance in modern Turkey. Applying Social Bonding Theory, we argue that stronger attachment to society leads to higher conformity to society's socially accepted norms and less cognitive deviance. We conceptualize cognitive deviance as nontraditional attitudes toward sexuality and marriage. Using the 2011 World Values Survey, we find that the level of attachment to society reduces cognitive deviance. Moreover, the effect is stronger toward more extreme cognitive deviance, such as tolerance toward homosexuality, than less extreme cognitive deviance, such as tolerance toward divorce and abortion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While contemporary theories associate gender equality with the process of modernization and economic development, we find that Turkey does not follow this pattern. We investigate changes in patriarchal attitudes from 1990 to 2011 in Turkey, and how the country has been influenced by religiosity and political conservatism. By studying how institutional changes affect gender inequality in Turkey, we find that Turkey has become more patriarchal since the 1990s. Moreover, the effect of religion on patriarchal attitudes has diminished over time while the effect of political conservatism has remained stable. The effect of religion is strongest for economic and weakest for educational patriarchy, while the effect of political conservatism does not vary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]