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The present study aimed to establish the relationship between middle school students' attitudes toward science and the environment with their love, respect, responsibility, empathy, aggression, bullying tendencies and attitudes toward reading. One of the most general survey models, the relational survey model was employed in the study, and it was conducted with the participation of 216 secondary school students. Data were collected using the Attitude Scale for Science, Environmental Attitude Scale, Tendency to Love Scale, Tendency to Respect Scale, Personal and Social Responsibility Scale, Cognitive, Affective and Somatic Empathy Scale, Aggression Scale, Cognitions Related Bullying Scale and Attitudes Towards Reading Scale. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS package software. The results of the study revealed that there was a positive and low-level relationship between students' science attitudes and their tendency to love, empathy, aggression, and bullying, and a positive and medium-level relationship between science attitudes and their tendency to be respectful, responsible behaviors and reading tendencies and that these relationships were statistically significant. It was concluded that there was a positive and low-level relationship between students' attitudes towards the environment and their tendency to be respectful, responsible behaviors, aggression and bullying tendencies, and a positive and moderate relationship between their attitudes towards the environment and their love tendency, empathy and reading tendency scores, and this relationship was statistically significant.

This research aimed to examine the value perceptions and attitudes of secondary school students towards physical education and sports lessons. The research, which was designed in a quasi-experimental model with a pretest-posttest control group, was conducted with 91 7th-grade students in the second semester of the 2020-2021 academic year. The students were divided into 4 groups according to the course content applied in the physical education lesson: "Sports Education Model (SEM)," "Physical Activity Card (PAC)," "Traditional Children's Games (TCG)" and "Control Group (CG)." Physical education lessons were carried out with the groups for 10 weeks. The data were collected using the mixed method explanatory sequential design approach. "Physical Education and Sports Lesson Values Education Scale" and "Physical Education and Sports Attitude Scale" were used to collect quantitative data. In the analysis of the data, arithmetic means, correlation, Wilcoxon, Mann Whitney U, and Kruskal Wallis analyzes were performed. Qualitative data, on the other hand, were collected through lesson observations and focus group interviews and analyzed by content analysis. According to the research findings, there has been an increase in secondary school students' physical education lesson value perceptions and attitudes. The most developed value of the students was friendship, followed by self-control, helpfulness, justice, and responsibility, respectively. The students in the TCG and SEM groups showed more improvement in their helpfulness, friendship, and general value perception. Those in the TCG group improved more in responsibility and self-control than the CG and PAC groups. Physical education lesson attitudes of SEM, PAC, and TCG group students improved more than CG students. While there was a development in favor of males in self-control value, no significant difference was found in other values dimensions and course attitudes according to gender. A positive moderate relationship was found between students' value perceptions and course attitudes. In the focus group interview, the students in different groups interpreted the research findings in different ways. As a result of the research, TCG and SEM were at the forefront in the development of students' value perception, and PAC and TCG in the development of course attitudes. Based on these results, it is recommended that teachers teach lessons with different models, methods, and course materials.

Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate a new measure- the Adolescent Strengths Use Scale- to assess school-based strength use among Turkish adolescents. Method The study group consisted 1209 Turkish students in grades 7-12. A 12-item pool was initially created in light of the relevant literature and content analysis of open-ended questions asked to the relevant stakeholders including students, parents, teachers and psychological counsellors. Then, 16 experts evaluated the items in terms of their scope, conformity with language, and compliance with measurement and evaluation principles. The expert evaluation resulted in 7 remaining items which were subsequently tested with a pilot study (n = 103 students). n Results Exploratory factor analysis (n = 596 students) yielded a single factor structure that explained 49.4% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (n = 376) provided a good model fit to the data: X[superscript 2]/df = 2.52, p < 0.001, TLI = 0.96, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.97, and RMSEA = 0.06. Regarding criterion validity, the scale had a significant positive correlation with student subjective well-being and prosociality while it had negative significant correlations with symptoms of internalising and externalising behaviours. Furthermore, the scale produced strong internal reliability estimates ([Alpha] = 0,82, [Omega] = 0,83).The test-retest result was also sufficient (r = 0,88). Conclusions: The results suggest that the newly developed scale can be used as a reliable and valid assessment tool to measure adolescents' strength use in school settings.

Purpose: Drawing from organizational learning theory, social exchange theory and positive psychology approach, this study aims to examine the relationship between commitment to learning and prosocial silence, as well as the mediating role of perceived organizational support (POS) in this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: The authors used path analysis to examine the relationships between research variables. Data were collected from 275 employees of private sector companies in Turkey through an online survey platform. To test the proposed hypotheses, the authors conducted regression and mediation analyses using the bootstrapping method. Findings: The results indicate that the organization's commitment to learning positively and significantly impacts employee prosocial silence, and POS partially mediates this relationship. Practical implications: Managers who aim to promote other-oriented and helping behavior in the organization should understand how prosocial silence can be golden. They should cultivate and model a learning mindset by focusing on strengths instead of weaknesses, reward experimentation and provide employees with timely feedback allowing them to think and reflect on their failures. Originality/value: Although the dominant position of previous studies endorses the detrimental sides of organizational silence, less research has focused on employees' prosocial silence behavior and the underlying mechanisms that may explain employees' tendency to remain silent with helpful intent, a gap this research attempts to fill.

The Power Card Strategy is one of the story-based interventions, and it is an evidence-based intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although international literature includes studies on the effectiveness of this strategy, there is a dearth of reflection articles that examine relevant opinions of educators working children with ASD. In this reflection, perspectives of educators who used this strategy were gathered. Various suggestions were provided based on the opinions of the educators. This article is expected to make a qualitative contribution to the literature together with a cultural contribution from Turkey to the international literature.

The aim of this research is to reveal the usability of moral letters, which are intellectual and literary products, as a resource in values education. The research was aimed considering the fact that different materials add excitement to the teaching environment, increase students' interest and motivation in the course, and increase academic success. The research was carried out in a qualitative design and the document analysis method was used. The data source of the research consist of the letters with philosophical content written by Lucius Annaeus Seneca to Lucilius, the Governor of Sicily at the time. Value Review Form, henceforth "VRF" prepared by the researcher was used to collect data from the aforementioned data source. The collected data were analyzed by using the Maxqda 18 qualitative data analysis program, and the content analysis method was used in the analysis of the data. As a result of the analysis process, meaningful word groups and sentence/ sentences were coded around the themes. As a result of the research, it was concluded that, moral letters can be used in the teaching of more than sixty different values that make life meaningful, keep societies and human generation alive, and organize and facilitate human relations. These values which are mentioned as the root values in the Turkish national education program and which all nations aim to see in their individuals include; "Justice", "friendship", "honesty", "self-control", "patience", "love", "respect", "responsibility", "patriotism", "helpfulness", are frequently used. Therefore these values are a wealthy resource that can be used in values education. In the suggestions section, suggestions were also made regarding the use of moral letters for values education inside and outside the school and including the value-content parts of these letters in the textbooks in the form of partial quotations following the purposes of the curriculum.

Children's problem behaviour in the preschool period is a severe obstacle to social-emotional development and a precondition for maladjustment in social relationships during school life. Professionals in the field have been improving existing practices to prevent and intervene in young children's challenging behaviour. To this end, many social-emotional learning curriculums are developed and put into practice. One curriculum that supports children's social-emotional learning during the preschool period is the Second Step Early Learning. The present study looked into the practical experiences of preschool teachers implementing the second step social-emotional learning curriculum. The study group consists of 13 preschool teachers who have received educator training in this learning curriculum and implemented it at schools. The teachers were asked questions about the curriculum's general qualities, its effects on the children's development levels, and their professional development. According to the study results, all teachers stated that the second step curriculum positively contributed to children's emotional and behavioural reactions. It helped them in class management and implementation, such behaviour as having confidence, asking for help, taking responsibility, and taking responsibility-sharing improved. In addition, expressing that they observed differences in hindering anger and in-class problem-solving processes, teachers emphasised that the children were more understanding and polite to each other, especially in free-time activities. Their interaction was healthier than before, and their listening and attention spans increased. Overall, the findings show preschool teachers' experience in implementation. They recommended the curriculum to their colleagues, claiming that it contributed to their professional development.

The present study aimed to allow pre-service social studies teachers to define the citizens of the future and to determine the characteristics of the citizens of the future according to pre-service social studies teachers. The study group included 19 pre-service social studies teachers attending Firat University, Faculty of Education and participated in the study on a volunteer basis. Criterion sampling method was used in the study. Thus, a semi-structured interview form that included open-ended questions was utilized to interview the students. In the study, the data were analzyed with descriptive analysis. The study findings demonstrated that pre-service social studies teachers defined the citizens of the future as individuals who love their homeland, adhere to the state and national ideals, are educated, well-informed, and aware of their rights and responsibilities as active citizens. The characteristics of the citizens of the future were described as well-informed, concerned, research-oriented, prioritizing national unity and solidarity, respectful, honest, charitable, and educated by the students. According to the pre-service teachers, citizens of the future should not be insensitive and irresponsible, betray their homeland and be useful, should not be self-seeking and selfish, uninformed, uneducated, unaware.

The aim of the present study was to determine peer relationship levels of preschool children showing atypical and typical development. The study group consisted of 60 children with atypical development and 60 children with typical development who participated in the inclusion practices in the formal preschools and nursery classes of primary schools in the city centers of Burdur and Isparta and in Soma district of the city of Manisa in the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 academic years. The data was collected using the Child Behavior Scale developed by "Ladd and Profilet (1996)". The data were were analyzed by t-test and correlation calculations. The results of the study showed significant correlations between developing prosocial behavior, being anxious-fearful with peers, developing asocial behavior and hyperactivity among the peer relationships of the children with typical and atypical development attending preschool education.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between team cohesion and prosocial and antisocial behaviors of football player candidates taking groundwork training in the professional football team of Kayserispor. The population of the study consisted of 172 football player candidates getting regular football training for at least 1 year in the Kayserispor football team and were in competition status, and the sample consisted of 104 volunteers. As data collection tools, "Personal Information Form", "Youth Sport Environment Questionnaire" and "Prosocial and Antisocial Sports Participation Motives" were used. The data obtained in the study were analyzed in computer environment. Number, percentage, mean, standard deviation were used as descriptive statistical methods in the evaluation of the data. Pearson's correlation was applied between the continuous variables of the study.Among the subtitles of youth athlete team cohesion; among the subtitles of task dimension and pro-social and anti-social behaviors, a moderate positive relationship between pro-social behavior towards teammate and a low level positive relationship between pro-social behavior against the opponent were detected. While a moderate negative relationship was detected between social behavior, there was no relationship between pro-social behavior to the opponent and anti-social behavior to the opponent, one of the subtitles of social dimension and pro-social and anti-social behavior. A low-level negative correlation was found between anti-social behavior towards teammate As a result, in Kayserispor football team, it has been observed that athletes who take groundwork training have a high level of cohesion both in terms of their duties and social aspects, they have positive attitudes and behaviors towards their teammates and the opponent both in or outside of the training or competition, regardless of the situation of the training or the competition, they think that they should stay away from humiliating and disabling attitudes and behaviors. It is thought that this is due to the strong emotional relationship among the team members and the high level of closeness to each other, and the respect they have for the opponent team players who are moving towards the same goal as themselves.

The current study was carried out to determine the problems that preschool children experience during COVID-19 and also what could be done from perspectives of preschool prospective teachers. The working group of the study was made up of 45 projects prepared by 15 preschool prospective teachers attending to the midterm exam of lecture of "Practices of social service" in Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Faculty of Education, Department of Preschool Education. As a data collection tool, the project preparation form (A unstructured survey form) that was prepared by the researcher was used. The study was carried out by qualitative research methods and the projects comprising the working group of the study were analyzed with content analysis technique. At the end of the study, the problems that preschool children might experience in the pandemic period, the purposes to decrease these problems to minimum, the concepts and values to be attained and recommendations for projects were determined. Various recommendations were made in line with the findings obtained. [This study was presented as an oral presentation in International Conference on Studies in Education and Social Sciences (ICSES)-2020, Istanbul, Turkey.]

This research aims to determine the techniques for effective management of organizational rumor and gossip in schools. Rumors are informal conversations circulating among the employees of the organization towards an event. Gossips are informal evaluative speech about people who are not present there. Rumors and gossips are common informal conversations, which should be managed by school administration. In this term, this research investigates the ways of managing them. The study is a phenomenological qualitative research carried out by conducting semi-structured interviews with 33 teachers in Diyarbakir, Turkey. The data were analyzed by using content analysis technique and some themes and categories were created. According to the research results, school administration should organize some informative seminars on awareness, communication and values in order to reduce the harmful aspects of rumor and gossip. The school administration should adopt a transparent management approach, establish a feedback mechanism, provide effective communication, operate formal communication channels and react to those who spread harmful rumor and gossip. The rumors and gossips can be used for organizational purposes such as; improving intimate relationships, recognizing the organization and employees, improving group cooperation and sincerity, understanding the hidden side of events, learning innovations and changes, learning how changes and practices are perceived, identifying deficiencies and problems in jobs, learning employee expectations.

The research examines the concepts of 'friendship' and 'best friend' among preschool children (n=52) who live in different countries (Sweden and Turkey), with the aim of presenting their ideas about the concepts of 'friendship' and 'best friend'. For this purpose, 52 children, 4-5 year olds (25 from Turkey and 27 from Sweden) participated in semi-structured interviews, the content of which was later analysed. A content analysis method included the identification of codes that could be used for comparison across the two populations through statistical analysis. The main results of our study show that, despite the fact that preschools are organized differently in Sweden and Turkey, children from both populations used prosocial behaviour and their perceptions about what a best friend is more similar between children in these different cultures than they are different.

Purpose: In this study, the hypothesis put forward is that empathetic tendency and respectful behaviour are related to conflict resolution skills and that the variable of respectful behaviour can play a role as a mediating variable between empathetic tendency and conflict resolution skills. Within the scope of the research, it is aimed to test these hypotheses. Method: Relational survey model was used in the study. The study group of the research consisted of 324 4th grade primary school students studying in Diyarbakir province during the 2018-2019 academic year and designated through a random sampling method. "Conflict Resolution Skills Scale," developed by Gurdogan Bayir, "KA-SI Empathetic Tendency Scale for Children," developed by Kaya and Siyez and "Respectful Behavior Scale" developed by Erken were used as data collection tools in the research. The data obtained were analysed by Structural Equation Model and Bootstrap analysis. Findings: Within the framework of the findings obtained, predictably, it was found that there is a significant relationship between empathetic tendency and conflict resolution skills and that empathetic tendency can explain conflict resolution skills by 36%. As also suggested in the research hypotheses, in addition to the existence of a relationship between an empathetic tendency and conflict resolution skills through a model in which respectful behaviour is a significant partial mediator, empathetic tendency can explain conflict resolution skills at a level of 54%. Implications for Research and Practice: In future research, it should be investigated, which skill, value, or demographic information etc. other than empathetic tendency and respectful behaviour may help explain the baffling variance ratio.

This study aims to reveal how project-based teaching method affects students' achievement, cognitive load and behaviors in programming teaching. In the study, the pretest-posttest, unequaled control group quasi-experimental model, which is one of the experimental models, was used. The participants of the study were sixth grade students who take the elementary school Information Technologies and Software lesson (N = 55). Achievement test, cognitive load scale and behavior management tool ClassDojo were used as data collection tools in the study. In the experimental group, the subjects were taught with project-based teaching method (student-centered and with teacher guidance). Besides, subjects in the control group were taught with traditional teaching method (teacher-centered). The implementation process took six weeks. Two-Factor ANOVA for Mixed Measures was used to examine the difference between the achievement of the groups. At the end of each lesson, the cognitive load scale was applied to the groups and the data obtained was analyzed by using the Cramer V Coefficient. During the study, the students got positive and negative scores according to their behaviors in the classroom, and the significance of the difference between the two percentages was tested according to their positive behavior percentages. As a result of the study, it was found that the academic achievement and in-class behavior scores of students who learned programming with project-based teaching method differed significantly from those who learned with the traditional method. In addition, it was concluded that project-based teaching method used in programming education did not make a significant difference on students' cognitive load.

The aim of the study is to examine the predictive effect of self-regulation on peer relations. Data were collected from 3486 children. Of the study sample, 1736 were girls (49.9%) and 1747 were boys (50.1%). All the children were from high SES families and attending private preschools in 10 cities in Turkey. The results showed that all peer relations variables were statistically significantly correlated with self-regulation skills of the children. Simple linear regressions analyses showed that self-regulation was statistically significant predictor of all peer relation variables (prosocial behaviours, aggressive behaviours, asocial behaviours, exclusion by peers, hyperactivity-distractibility, and fear-anxiety). Self-regulation explains the greatest variation in hyperactivity-distractibility of the children (15%) and the least variation in asocial behaviour (%3). This study shows that self-regulation in early childhood may lead to problems in peer relations. Problems with peers have long-term effects on children's development and mental health. This finding underlines the importance of promoting self-regulation skills in early years.

This study aimed to investigate the development of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners' speaking skills and intercultural communication skills through three intercultural speaking tasks in the form of video blog recordings. EFL learners (N = 13) enrolled in the English preparatory class voluntarily participated in the study. The learners were clustered into six groups by drawing lots, and each group was given topics related to their course content, which required them to record a video blog at the end of each unit in a series of English course books. The study was designed as qualitative research. A structured written interview, classroom observation, and self-narratives were used to collect the data. Content analysis and thematic coding were utilized to analyze the obtained data from the research. The results revealed that intercultural speaking tasks are fruitful in lessening EFL learners' speaking anxiety and prejudice towards cultural differences. EFL learners developed empathy and tolerance towards cultural differences, deepening their cultural awareness in a positive way and accepting other cultures as they are while realizing their own cultural values and norms.

The aim of this study was to examine the compassion levels of Faculty of Sports Sciences students who study at Inonu University. The sample of the study consisted of 508 students, 191 women and 317 men who voluntarily participated in the study. Compassion Scale (CS) consisting of 24 items and five-point Likert type with six subscales developed by Pommier (2010) and adapted to Turkish by Akdeniz and Deniz (2016) was used to determine the levels of compassion of the students in the study. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA test was used to examine the difference between independent variables and levels of CS. It was found that compassion levels of students were medium. At the end of the study significant differences were found in the indifference and withdrawal subscales according to gender; kindness, indifference, common humanity, separation and disengagement subscales according to the department and kindness, indifference, separation and disengagement subscales according to the income level of families and the exercise habits of the students. There was no significant difference between level of compassion and variable of age and place where the families of students live. As a conclusion, it is useful to examine compassion in various aspects with regard to sports, which is one of the common languages of humanity, with broader and different samples. Thus, it is clear that people who do sports with compassion feelings and thoughts will have positive contributions in reducing violence in sports environments.

The purpose of the research is to reveal the individual values perceptions of the teachers working in the Burdur Provincial Directorate of National Education operating under the body of the Ministry of National Education. Participants comprised 131 male and 169 female teachers. When the mean and standard deviation values regarding the teachers' perceptions of individual values in their workplaces were examined, it was seen that they agreed with the discipline and responsibility dimension, they were undecided about the trust and forgiveness dimension, and they agreed with the honesty and sharing dimension as well as the respect and truth dimension. When perceptions were examined according to range values for the respect and truth dimension, there were significant differences the trust and forgiveness dimension and the sharing and respect dimension. Accordingly, male teachers' perception levels in the trust and forgiveness dimension were significantly higher than the levels of the female teachers. On the other hand, the perception levels of the female teachers in the sharing and respect dimension were significantly higher than the levels of the male teachers. The perception levels of the single teachers in the trust and forgiveness dimension were significantly higher than the levels of the married teachers. On the other hand, the perception levels of the married teachers in the sharing and respect dimension were significantly higher than the levels of the single teachers. According to the results that we evaluated by the task type variable, a significant difference between groups was observed only in the trust and forgiveness dimension. Accordingly, the perception levels of the contracted teachers in the trust and forgiveness dimension were significantly higher than the levels of the permanent teachers.

Working outside can be harder than inside; one may be physically more active, regularly battling against the elements and often more alert -- watchful for potential dangers. Overall education out of doors is physically and mentally taxing. We have to be convinced all the effort is for a good reason (Bilton, 2010, p. 12). The researchers applied the mixed method with covergent parallel design (Creswell, 2016). The results showed that 1) The initial description of prosocial behaviour of young children in "Joy Kids" Kindergarten, "Mangasa" Subdistrict, "Tamalate" Makassar District, showed that teachers paid attention to improve and look for activities in the form of play so that things that were worse towards prosocial behaviour of children could be avoided. 2) The traditional game-based outdoor learning module produced has been accepted from the results of an assessment of the utility, feasibility and accuracy, carried out by two experts in the field of education and an education practitioner. 3) The traditional game-based outdoor learning module that is produced affects the development of prosocial behaviour of young children. Based on the validator's evaluation, it is declared valid to be used, its practical value is feasible to be used in the field without the need for revision, and all the devices previously presented can be declared valid for use.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between children's prosocial behavior and self-regulation skills. To collect the data of the study, demographic information form developed by the researcher was used for the demographic information of children, the prosocial behavior sub-dimension of the social behavior scale was used for the prosocial behavior, and the self-regulation skills scale was used for the self-regulation skills of the children. The collected data were analyzed by independent sample t-test, Pearson's product moment correlation analysis and simple linear regression analysis in a computer package software. As a result of the research, while the self-regulation and prosocial behaviors of children differed according to gender and age of children, the situation of the children whether they have siblings and duration of the pre-school education did not make any significant difference. According to these results, girls' self-regulation and prosocial behavior scores were higher than that of boys and 6 years of age children's scores were higher than that of 5 years of age children. While there was a moderate positive significant relationship between self-regulation skills and prosocial behavior, it was concluded that the prosocial behavior of children predicted self-regulation skills at the level of 11%.

Evidence suggests an impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, particularly among emerging adults. However, theories on altruism born of suffering or adversarial growth suggest that we might also see prosocial behavior as a function of the pandemic, which may protect against mental health challenges. Because cultural values are central in determining prosocial behavior, the current study explored how cultural values were differentially associated with adaptive prosocial behaviors that might protect against mental health challenges. Participants for the current study included 5,682 young people aged 18-25 years from 14 different countries around the world (68% female, 62% college students). Path analyses suggested that there were few differences in patterns as a function of culture, but revealed that horizontal individualism and horizontal and vertical collectivism were indirectly associated with lower levels of depression via prosocial behavior toward family members. Discussion focuses on the importance of coping by strengthening family relationships via prosocial behavior during the pandemic.

One of the lessons that contribute to the education of individuals who have national and cultural values as well as universal values such as tolerant, virtuous, healthy, honesty, responsibility, scientific, love and respect is Life Studies course on primary schools. Life Studies course is one of the courses taught by students in primary schools and the main objective is to provide students with knowledge, skills and value. One of the highlighted values and skills in the 2018 Life Studies Course Curriculum is Recognition of National and Cultural Values (Ministry of National Education, 2018). The aim of this study is to reveal the perceptions of third grade students about their national and cultural values. In this study, the perceptions of third grade students about national and cultural values are examined based on their opinions and drawings. The method was art-based research. 40 students (22 female and 18 male) participated in this study, which aimed to reveal the perceptions of third-grade elementary school students on national and cultural values. In order to determine the participants, criterion sampling was used. In this research, which aims to reveal the perceptions of third-year elementary school students on national and cultural values, the findings were presented as two main themes: "Reflection of National and Cultural Values in drawings and written opinion" and "Characteristics of National and Cultural Values" and sub-themes under each theme. While some of the students draw an object or figure as a national and cultural value, some students drew more than one figure or object related to different national and cultural values in the drawings. Some students emphasized different national and cultural value in their written opinions and paintings.

Respect, subjective vitality, and subjective happiness can be associated with positive psychological functioning. In this study, subjective vitality was examined as a mediator on the relationship between respect toward partner and subjective happiness on a teachers' sample. The study is a quantitative cross-sectional mediation study. The data were collected from 172 married teachers by a questionnaire package that included the Respect toward Partner Scale, the Subjective Vitality Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Findings show that subjective happiness is predicted positively by respect toward partner and subjective vitality. Subjective vitality is predicted positively by respect toward partner. Also, the relationship between respect toward partner and subjective happiness is partially mediated by subjective vitality. Understanding the role of respect within close relationships could facilitate the development of interventions to enhance communication between partners about safety attitudes and decrease partner violence. Implications and limitations have been discussed within the scope of the relevant literature.

In the current study, the relationships between aggression, self-compassion and sleep quality of high school students have been examined. 529 high school students (66% females and 34% males) participated in the study. Data were collected from participants through using a Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), and Descriptive Questionnaire. The predictors of aggressiveness of the variables determined by simple correlation were investigated by multiple linear regression. According to the results, there was a positive and significant relationship between aggression levels and all sub-dimensions of self-compassion and sleep quality. In addition, it was observed that the levels of aggressiveness were significantly predicted by the sub-dimensions of self-compassion and sleep quality, and that the first three most effective predictive variables were over-identification, self-judgment and sleep quality.

The aim of this study is to examine the tales in Turkish textbooks in terms of the values they convey. In this study, organized according to qualitative research method, the data have been obtained by document examination which is one of the qualitative data collection tools. A total of 29 tales in Turkish textbooks of 3-8 grades in the 2017-2018 academic year, were examined. Content analysis of qualitative data analysis techniques was conducted to analyze the data. In the analysis of the data the coding reliability was made and all the tales were analyzed together by two researchers. The total frequency of the sub-values determined in the examined tales is 70. When the distribution of lower values to the main values determined by MEB (2017) is examined, it is seen that there are 17 lower values related to responsibility main value, 11 lower values related to friendship and respect main values and 7 lower values related to self-regulation main value. While there is only 1 lower value for patience main value, there is no lower value for patriotism main value. Transfer method of 70 subvalues in the tales becomes different. These transfers were mostly positive sample behavior (f = 31), negative sample behavior (f = 21) and direct transfer (f = 12). The least used transfer method in tales is indirect transfer (f = 1). Almost all of the most frequently encountered humility sub-value is conveyed through negative examples; industriousness sub-value is mostly conveyed through direct (word) transfer. Among the main values (deep values) that are intended to be given in the whole of the tales in Turkish textbooks, friendship and responsibility take place 3 times; confidence, perseverance, humility, sense of mission, cooperation and empathy take place 2 times; and the other values take place once. When sub-values obtained from investigating tales as a whole are examined in the context of main values, it is seen that there is no sub-value reflecting the main value of justice and patriotism, and therefore no tale text was encountered on that.

In this study, it is aimed to examine the perceptions of pedagogical formation teacher candidates about the safe and supportive school climate according to various variables. The population of the research, which was designed in the descriptive survey model, was composed of the pedagogical formation teacher candidates of the Faculty of Education of Sinop University in 2018 academic year. One hundred fifty-six teacher candidates participated as volunteers. Since six of the completed scales were not correctly filled, the study was carried out with 150 participants. The data of the study was collected by the personal information form of the researcher and the Maryland Safe and Supporting School Climate Scale. Data were analysed by using SPSS package program and descriptive and statistical techniques. The mean and standard deviation examined formation pedagogical formation teacher candidates' demographic characteristics, frequency and percentage, the school's safety and supportive climate. According to the findings of the study, the perceived safety of pedagogical formation teacher candidates high level significant positive and moderate correlations between the other dimensions and sub-dimensions.

The aim of this study is to investigate relationship between children's social behaviors and parenting styles. Specifically, the study examines children's aggressive, prosocial and socially inhibited behaviors in association with parenting dimensions namely warmth, inductive-reasoning, obedience-demanding and punitive. In addition to this, children's social behaviors and parenting styles are examined in relation to children's gender. The research was conducted on 60-72 month-old 276 children attending preschools in Konya, Turkey. In order to assess parenting styles, the Child Rearing Questionnaire developed by Sanson et al. and adapted by Altan was used. This questionnaire has four subscales, namely inductive reasoning, punishment, obedience demanding behavior and warmth. The questionnaire was completed by mothers. In order to assess child social behaviors, the Teacher Assessment of Social Behavior Scale developed by Cassidy and Asher and adapted by Seven was applied. This scale was completed by the teachers. According to the study results, children's social behavior (aggressive, prosocial and shy/withdrawn) can be predicted significantly by parents inductive reasoning, warmth and punitive styles toward children. In addition to this, boys' aggression scores are found to be significantly higher than girls and girls shyness scores are found to be significantly higher than boys.

This article is based on the premise that the constructed image of the national self is a fundamental criterion shaping the conceptions of history teaching in the Turkish educational system. In this regard, I argue that examining how particular ethno-religious groups are discursively positioned in relation to the idealised self-image can reveal whether and how history textbooks can be revised. Having described the historical and political context for the only curriculum revision occurred in 2013 concerning a non-Muslim community, the Assyrians, the article demonstrates that specific discursive strategies are used to position the Assyrian community in relation to the favourable national self-image, rather than a fixed categorization for non-Muslim communities. Adopting the methodological framework of critical discourse analysis, the author examines the portrayal of the Assyrian community in the secondary school Turkish history textbooks taught over the last three decades and identifies how the topoi of justice and tolerance, as well as allegiance and betrayal allow a particular group to be a member of the larger body of 'acceptable citizens.'

This study examined the protective roles of early prosocial behaviours (at age 4) on later internalizing and externalizing problems (at age 6) and to what extent emotion regulation skills (at age 5) mediated these longitudinal associations in children from Turkey. Participants were 293 Turkish preschool children (M[subscript age] = 49.01 months; 141 girls). Results showed that higher prosocial behaviours at age 4 were linked to higher emotion regulation at age 5, which, in turn, was linked to less internalizing problems at age 6. Additionally, prosocial behaviours at age 4 were negatively linked to emotional lability at age 5, which, in turn, was positively linked to externalizing problems at age 6. We also found that higher prosocial behaviours at age 4 were directly and negatively linked to both internalizing and externalizing problems at age 6. These results were robust for boys and girls and children who lived in big and small cities. Overall, there was supportive evidence on the protective roles of earlier prosocial behaviours on later internalizing and externalizing problems. These findings extend existing models of risk and resilience to a sample of children from a non-Western, relatively collectivist-oriented culture and inform our understanding of these posited relations in young children.

This study examines preschool children's play tendency and their prosocial behavior. The screening method was used in the study, and it was carried out with a total of 319 four- to six-year-old children who attended state kindergartens. "Children's Playfulness Scale" and "Child Prosocialness Scale" were used as data collection tools. According to the results, no significant difference was found in the play tendency and prosocial behavior scores in relation with gender and parent's employment status. However, a significant difference was found in the play tendency and prosocial behavior scores in relation with age and family income. In terms of the number of siblings, while there was no significant difference in prosocial behavior scores, a significant difference was found in the play tendency. A significant positive relationship was found between the play tendency and prosocial behavior scores. The findings are discussed with regard to the relevant literature.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics and sources of a peaceful and happy life. The research usesthe sequential exploratory design from the mixed research designs. The grounded theory design has been used in the qualitative part of the study. In-depth interviews were performed in the qualitative section with 26 participants between the ages of 21 and 82. The structural equation model has been used in the quantitative section of the study. A total of 900 participants (548 women) between the ages of 18 and 75 (M = 30.46, SD = 12.94) form the sample of the study. According to the findings from the qualitative stage of the research, peaceful and happy living means having comfort and positive feelings and not having negative feelings. In spite of peace and happiness being related to each other and intertwined, peace is understood to be more permanent, prioritized, and significant compared to happiness. Sufficiency in relationships and trust, personal virtues, social virtues, acceptance, spirituality, developmental strength of problems, optimism, nature, health and economics, as well as activities and superficial solutions constitute the sources of peace and happiness. The quantitative stage of the research has found peace and happiness to positively correlate with the characteristics of tolerance, helpfulness, beliefs and spirituality, responsibility, purposefulness, worthiness, trust, and reliability. Relationships among the variables have been tested using different structural equation models. The research results are considered to contribute to the literature on positive psychology and its applications.

The aim of this study is to develop a scale in order to determine the attitudes of students in secondary school towards etiquette. The working group of the study consisted of 266 students who have attended three secondary schools in Erzurum. Factor analysis has been carried out by the obtained data to ensure validity. As a result of the factor analysis, a structure consisting of two factors defined as "personal rules and social rules" which accounts for 52.25% of the total variance of the scale has been formed. The Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients have been calculated to determine the reliability of the scale. It has been found as 0.748 in the personal rules sub-dimension and 0.797 in the social rules sub-dimension.

The aim of the study was to examine the mobbing via humour of the lecturers at Schools of Physical Education and Sport. The sample of the study consisted of 470 lecturers dutied at those schools. In order to analyze the lecturers' perception levels about mobbing via humour behaviours, the "Scale of Humour Behaviours" was used. T-test and One Way ANOVA were used to determine whether the lecturers' humour styles differ or not according to independent variables. The data showed that the lowest average point was in the group aged 22-32 on average rather than the other age groups in the sub-dimension of Rejecting and Sarcastic Humour Styles (p<0.05). As a result, the relevant lecturers in the low age group were more interested in positive humour styles such as affirmative social humour although they were exposed to rejecting and sarcastic humour styles from time to time. When the lecturers have social humour styles and use these humours in a positive way, they will contribute to run more properly and to make more constructive decisions in favour of students in the process of having terminal behaviours which is a reason for having universities.

The purpose of this descriptive study is to examine respect level of the undergraduate students for differences according to the various variables such as gender, department and foreign language preparation class education. The participants of the study consisted of 242 students studying at Afyon Kocatepe University, Turkey in the spring term of 2016-2017 academic year. Simple random sampling method was used in selecting the participants. To collect the data, a "Respect of Difference Survey" developed by Öksüz and Güven (2012) was used. The survey consists of three subscales of 'informational', 'social categories' and 'value' differences. In the analyses, firstly, descriptive statistics such as frequencies, means, and standard deviations were computed to display the subjects' overall responses to the respect level for differences. Secondly, t-test was conducted in order to determine whether there were any significant differences in respect level of undergraduate students for respect in terms of gender, department and prep class education variables. It has been found that undergraduate students have a high respect level for differences.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the undergraduates' personality traits and self-esteem predict their forgiveness. Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive research designed as a relational survey method. The study group consists of 323 undergraduates, of whom 250 (77.2 %) are female and 73 (22.5%) are male. The Adjective Based Personality Scale (ABPT), developed by Bacanli, Ilhan and Arslan (2009), "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale", developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted to Turkish by Çuhadaroglu (1986), and "Heartland Forgiveness Scale", developed by Thompson, Snyder and Hoffman (2005) and adapted to Turkish by Bugay and Demir (2010), were used for data collection procedure. Results: The results indicate that the undergraduates' five-factor personality traits and self-esteem are correlated with their forgiveness levels. In addition, the undergraduates' personality traits of openness, neuroticism and extraversion predict their forgiveness levels.

So far, there is no consensus in psychology research with regard to the relationship between religiosity and prosocial behaviour. However, this relationship is quite important for understanding the dynamics underlying prosociality in adolescence. In the present study, 1,170 Turkish adolescents (aged 12-17) from both religious and general schools were compared in terms of their prosociality (empathy, altruism and kindness), values and religiosity. The results indicated a positive relationship between religiosity and prosociality; however, there was no significant difference between the types of schools in terms of prosocial characteristics. Additionally, as hypothesised, intrinsic religiosity was positively correlated with self-transcendence and conservatism and negatively correlated with self-enhancement and openness to change. These findings suggest that religious schooling does not lead to greater prosocial behaviour, although religiosity was associated with prosociality in adolescence.

Objective: Social ostracism is a serious psychosocial pattern because of its detrimental impact on adolescents' adjustment and school functioning. The objective of present study was to examine whether academic self-concept and prosocial behaviour mediated the association of social ostracism with conduct problems among adolescents. Method: Participants of the study comprised 337 adolescents (48.2% girls), and ranged in age from 11 to 13 years (M = 11.95, SD = 0.799). Results: Findings from mediation analysis revealed that social ostracism had a significant effect on academic self-concept, prosocial behaviours, and conduct problems. Academic self-concept and prosocial behaviours also had significant effects on conduct problems. Further, academic self-concept and prosocial behaviour simultaneously served as mediators on the association between social ostracism and conduct problems in adolescents. Conclusions: These results suggest that academic self-concept and prosocial behaviour may help to explain the effect of social ostracism on adolescents' conduct problems and contribute to developing prevention and intervention strategies in school settings to foster healthy development and adjustment among students. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

This study investigates the predictive effects of 5-6-year-old children's relationships with their parents and the parents' marital satisfaction on children's relationships with their peers. The study sample comprised 504 children and their parents in the 5-6 age group attending independent kindergartens in Yunusemre and Sehzadeler districts of the Manisa Province. The research is designed according to the relational model of quantitative research methods. The Child-Parent Relationship Scale, Married Life Satisfaction Scale, Ladd and Profilet's Child Behaviour Scale, and General Information Form were used for data collection. The data obtained from the study were analyzed using the Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. There was a significant relation between the 5-6-year-old children's relationships with the parents and the parents' marital satisfaction and the children's relationships with their peers. Parent-child relationships and the parents' marital satisfaction had a significant predictive effect on the children's relationships with their peers.

This paper aimed to examine whistleblowing in point of individual level. Three sets of hypotheses were developed concerning the relationships between (1) religiosity and ethical ideology, (2) ethical ideology and intentions to different modes of whistleblowing, and (3) religiosity and intentions to different modes of whistleblowing. Descriptive statistics, Correlation matrix, and regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The sample includes 323 teachers in Turkey. The results confirmed that religiosity was negatively associated with relativism, and positively associated with idealism while they rejected any relation between the ethical ideology and intention to whistleblowing modes. The results confirmed only the positive relationship between religiosity and internal whistleblowing, while rejecting the other hypotheses. Few studies have investigated the relationship between whistleblowing modes and ethical ideology. Therefore, examining religiosity, ethical ideology, and whistleblowing in an education context in Turkey, this paper believed to contribute the literature with regard to Islamic perspective.

The present study explored the associations among positive psychological traits, school functioning, and psychological adjustment of elementary schoolchildren. Participants included 392 children in Grades 6-8 attending a Turkish public elementary school. There were 48.2% (189) female and 51.8% (203) male participants, and they ranged in age from 11 to 14 years (M = 12.83, SD = 0.94). Findings of the study indicated that youths with high positive psychological traits reported higher levels of prosocial behaviour, school belonging and academic achievement, and lower levels of externalising and internalising problems. Path analysis outcomes revealed that the positive psychology constructs had significant and large associations with prosocial behaviour, school belonging, internalising and externalising problems, as well as small-to-large associations with student academic achievement. Overall, the combination of these positive traits, namely covitality, had stronger associations with youths' school functioning and psychological adjustment than the constructs that comprise covitality. The outcomes suggest substantial associations between positive psychological traits and youths' school-based and psychological characteristics.

Problem statement: The main responsibility in the implementation of multicultural education, which includes notions like equality, respect, and peace, as well as an equal opportunity for success for all students, belongs to teachers. The teachers' perception of and attitude towards multicultural education are directly related to how they will implement multicultural education. Some past studies indicate that there is an undeniable effect of culture on education, yet teaching candidates and managers often don't have sufficient knowledge of multicultural education. Data gathered from this study is expected to contribute to the literature on multicultural education practices expected to be included in Turkey's educational programs. Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study is to find out the perception of and the evaluation of multicultural education by participants who work as primary and secondary education teachers who are continuing their doctorate level education in curriculum and instruction. Method: In this inquiry, a qualitative case study approach was used. It has been carried out in the setting of a doctorate level multicultural education class at one of largest state university in Turkey's Educational Science Department. The participants in this study consisted of nine doctorate students taking this course in the Spring of the 2013 academic year, five of which were teachers and four were academicians. Data was collected based on informal interviews, observations, field-notes, and document analysis. A weekly discussion board of reflections, examination papers, and observation forms were also used for more objective results. Gathered data was evaluated through the "content analysis" technique and the results are presented as a report. Findings and Results: The findings of this study indicate that equality, democracy, and justice are the most emphasized notions and it has been stated that multicultural education will reinforce these notions. In addition to this, all participants stressed the necessity of taking individual differences into account and expressed that this is cultural richness. Tolerance, respect, and peace are also some of the most commonly mentioned notions. Conclusions and Recommendations: The need for people with different characteristics and cultures to live with equal rights and every group of the society to have an equal and democratic structure make multicultural education a necessity. Even though the number of studies on multicultural education conducted in Turkey is limited, we recommend that more studies should be conducted like they are in countries with more advanced democracies and that the educational programs should be extended to include multicultural education.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the Values Education Programme (developed for pre-school children) on the children's social skills, psycho-social development, and social problem solving skills. The sample group consisted of 66 children (33 experimental group, 33 control group) attending pre-school. The Values Education Programme was applied in the experimental group of 33 students, with session time lasting 30 minutes in each 11 week session. In this research the following was used in order to measure the dependent variables: Family Registration Form, Values Education Programme Assessment Interview developed by the researcher, Social Skills Evaluation Scale, Psycho-social Behaviour Scale for Pre-school Children (developed by the Turkish Psychology Association Committee on Pre-school), and the Wally Child Social Problem-Solving Detective Game Test. In the analysis process, descriptive statistics, t-test for independent groups, paired-samples t-test, frequencies, descriptive statistics, and typology analysis techniques were used. At the end of the values education programme, it was seen that the experimental group's social skills, psycho-social development, and social problem solving skills points rose from the pre-test towards the post-test and, that it increased at a significant pace compared to the control group's social skills, psycho-social development and social problem solving skills points. Also, after completing the three month training programme, it was found that there were no significant differences between the points of the experimental group's and control group's pre-test retention test. Conversely, parents indicate that values education program increased children's appropriate behaviours and decreased undesired the behaviours of children.

Past research has shown that, while psychological control increases the risk for adolescents' antisocial behavior, maternal knowledge of adolescents' activities decreases this risk. Yet, research is somewhat inconclusive about the role of psychologically controlling parenting in parental knowledge. Also, the role of both predictors in prosocial behavior remains largely unknown. In this 1-year, multi-informant, prospective study, we investigated these issues by recruiting a sample of Turkish early adolescents (N = 229, M[subscript age] = 11.89 years, SD = 0.32, 47.0% boys) and their mothers. After controlling for baseline adolescent-reported maternal knowledge, we found mother-reported psychological control to negatively predict adolescent-reported maternal knowledge 1 year later. In turn, maternal knowledge related negatively to antisocial behavior and positively to altruistic prosocial behavior (but not to instrumental prosocial behavior). These findings highlight the key role that maternal psychological control and knowledge can have in adolescents' social functioning.

Purpose of this study was to investigate civilized and uncivilized behaviors in the classroom, the emotions and reactions towards them, as well as the strategies aiming to prevent these kinds of behaviors from the point of view of students and teachers attending second stage of primary education (6th, 7th and 8th grades). As a qualitative research model was employed in this study which was designed. Sample of the study consisted of 80 students and 28 teachers attending second stage of primary education at Eskisehir city. Data were collected via interviews. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as the data gathering tool. Based on the findings of the study, students perceived civilized behaviors of the teachers as educational whereas teachers evaluated civilized behaviors of the students being towards the course. Being respectful was interpreted as a common civil behavior. Both teachers and students felt positive sentiments towards civilized behaviors and became happy. Another finding of the study revealed that teachers performed uncivilized behaviors, containing violence, towards students. When faced with uncivilized behaviors, students either got negative emotions (as an introverted reaction) or got angry (as an extroverted reaction). Students' reactions were often being passive and keeping their silence whereas teachers often reacted by warning the students. For the prevention of uncivilized behaviors, teachers prefered to talk with the parents, forward the students to the counselor and make one-to-one conversation.

The purpose of this study is to set forth the effect preschool inclusive education practices have on the peer relations of 5-6 year olds with typical development. The study comprised of two sample groups. The children in both groups were attendees of kindergartens at primary schools governed by the Ministry of National Education located in the Karatay district of Konya. The kindergartens of the primary schools in the district of Karatay were classified under two groups; those that exercised inclusive education and those that did not exercise inclusive education. Results of this study, conducted to investigate the effect inclusive education practice has on the peer relations and social skills of 5-6 year old children, concluded the in general inclusive education practice has a positive effect on the level of aggression, prosocial behaviour, asocial behaviour, and victimisation, which are related to peer relations, and interpersonal skills, anger management skills and adaptation to change, self-control skills and task completing skills, which are social skill variables. The was no significant difference between the score means of chosen peer relations and social skill variables for the children in both groups based on first measurements taken before inclusive education practice. (Contains 2 tables.)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-efficacy perception of mothers' towards parenting on the peer relations of children aged between 5 and 6. The sample group of this study comprised of 200, 5-6 year old children (girls = 96, boys = 104), and their mothers. The Ladd and Profilet Child Behaviour Scale, the Peer Victimisation Scale and the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale--Mother Form were used to collect data of this study. Study results concluded that there was a negative significant relationship between the level of self-efficacy perceived by mothers towards parenting and variables of aggression, exclusion, fearful-anxiety, hyperactivity, and peer victimisation of their children. Another conclusion obtained from this study was that the level of self-efficacy perceived by mothers towards parenting had a predictor effect on their child's level of aggression, exclusion, fearful-anxiety, hyperactivity, and peer victimisation. There was no significant relationship between the level of self-efficacy perceived by mothers towards parenting and their child's level of prosocial and asocial behaviour.

The present study investigated the family characteristics of bullies, victims, and positively behaving adolescents. The study was conducted in three elementary schools in Adana central province with students who were attending 6th-7th, and 8th grades. A who-is-who form prepared by the researchers was used for the determination of the family characteristics of the students in the sample. The form was completed by 1713 students. A total of 273 students (99 girls, 174 boys) are identified according to the results: 118 bully students, 81 victim students, and 74 positively behaving students. The Family Assessment Survey, developed by Epstein, Baldwin, & Bishop (1983) and translated into Turkish by Bulut (1990), was used to measure family functions. One way ANOVA and Logistic Regression Analysis were used for statistical analysis. In conclusion, it is determined that bully and victim students perceived their families more negatively than the other students in terms of problem solving, communication, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control, and general functioning. All the subscale scores of Family Assessment Survey were successfully classified 70.3% for bullies and 68.4% for victims. It is determined that problem solving, communication, and roles subscales of the Family Assessment Survey have significant support in explaining bullying. Communication, roles and behavior control subscales have significant support in explaining victimization.

This study investigated the psychometric properties of a Turkish-language adaptation of the Social and Emotional Health Survey-Secondary (SEHS-S), a measure of core psychological assets hypothesized to be associated with adolescents' flourishing mental health. Convenience samples of students (Grades 9-12) from six Turkish high schools were used; one sample had 402 students (45% male and 55% female) and the second sample had 452 students (44% male and 56% female). Using Sample 1, confirmatory factor analysis replicated the previously identified SEHS-S higher-order factor structure, consisting of 12 subscales that formed four first-order latent traits (belief-in-self, belief-in-others, emotional competence, and engaged living) and a second-order trait (covitality). Using Sample 2, additional validity analyses showed that covitality was positively correlated with psychological resilience and prosocial behaviors. There was a negative correlation with externalized and internalized psychological distress. Acceptable alpha reliability coefficients were found for the four SEHS-S domains (males = 0.74-0.89; females = 0.75-0.81) and the covitality total score (0.89 for males and females). The findings supported the use of the SEHS-S as a valid and reliable measurement instrument for use in positive mental health research with Turkish adolescents and generalized the SEHS-S covitality measurement model to another cultural context.

It has been argued that children who possess an advanced theory of mind (ToM) are more likely to act prosocially, yet the empirical findings are mixed. To address this issue definitively, a meta-analytic integration of all prior literature that met appropriate inclusion criteria was conducted. In total, 76 studies including 6,432 children between 2 and 12 years of age contributed to these analyses. Collapsed across all studies, a significant association emerged (r = 0.19), indicating that children with higher ToM scores also received higher scores on concurrent measures of prosocial behavior. The magnitude of this effect was similar across ToM assessments requiring identification of others' cognitions versus emotions, and it existed irrespective of whether the ToM measure imposed demands on false belief reasoning or not. The association with ToM was also evident for different subtypes of prosocial behavior (helping, cooperating, comforting). ToM had a similar effect for boys and girls, but was slightly stronger in children aged 6 years or older, relative to their younger peers. Taken together, these findings provide the strongest evidence to date that being able to explicitly consider what other people are thinking and feeling is related to children's tendencies to act prosocially, although the magnitude of the association is relatively weak.