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Background television has been found to negatively impact children's language development and self‐regulatory skills, possibly due to decreased parent‐child interactions. Most of the research on the relationship between background TV and caregiver‐child interactions has been conducted in laboratory settings. In the current study, we conducted home observations and investigated whether infants engage in fewer interactions with family members in homes where background TV is more prevalent. We observed 32 infants at the ages of 8, 10, and 18 months in their home environments, coding for dyadic interactions (e.g., parent talking to and/or engaging with the child), triadic interactions (e.g., parent and infant play with a toy together), and infants' individual activities. Our findings revealed that background TV was negatively associated with the time infants spent in triadic interactions, positively associated with time spent engaging in individual activities, and not significantly related to the time spent in dyadic interactions. Apart from the relationship between background TV and individual activity time at 8 months, these associations remained significant even after accounting for families' socioeconomic status. These findings imply a correlation between background TV exposure and caregiver‐infant‐object interactions, warranting a longitudinal analysis with larger sample sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of video calling between preterm infants treated in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and their mothers on the physiological parameters of infants and mother-infant bonding. Background: Preterm infants need prolonged treatment in the NICU, and their families may have difficulty seeing their babies during this treatment process. Methods: This is a prospective, randomized-controlled, experimental study. The study sample consisted of 75 preterm infants and their mothers. The data were collected using a maternal introductory information form, a preterm infant introductory information form, a preterm infant physiological parameters follow-up form, and the Mother-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS). The study included 3 study groups: the video call group, the video call with lullaby group, and the control group. Video calls between preterm infants and their mothers were made through Zoom for 5 to 10 minutes daily for 7 days. The mothers filled out the MIBS online before and on the 7th and 30th days of the study. Results: Preterm infants in the video call and the video call with lullaby groups had higher MIBS mean scores on the 7th and 30th days of the study than their pretest MIBS scores. Preterm infants in the video call and the video call with lullaby groups had statistically significantly higher MIBS mean scores on the seventh day of the study than those in the control group. At the end of the 7-day study period, there was an improvement in the physiological parameters of preterm infants in the video call group and the video call with lullaby group compared with those in the control group, and this relationship was statistically significant. Conclusions: In conclusion, the implementation of video calls between mothers and preterm infants in NICUs had a healing effect on the physiological parameters of preterm infants and increased mother-infant bonding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted in a descriptive cross-sectional design to investigate the impact of spousal support provided to expectant mothers during pregnancy on paternal bonding. DESIGN AND METHODS: Both longitudinal and cross-sectional analyses are presented in this article. An information form, the Perceived Spousal Support Among Women in the Early Postpartum Period Scale (PSSSEPPP), and the Paternal–Infant Attachment Scale (PIAS) were used to collect data. FINDINGS: The mean PSSSEPPP score of mothers was 57.93 ± 13.86, and fathers' second- and fourth-month PIAS scores were 63.32 ± 13.76 and 66.73 ± 13.66, respectively. There was a statistically positive correlation between PSSSEPPP and PIAS. A directional and significant relationship was found (r = 0.714, p =.001). CONCLUSION: Supporting expectant mothers during pregnancy and in the early postpartum period has positively affected paternal–infant attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Supportive care during labor is the primary role of intrapartum nurses and midwives and provides comfort for women allowing them to have a positive experience. It is argued that supportive care during labor reduces fear and resultant side effects. However, evidence for different parameters of mental health is insufficient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of continuous intrapartum supportive care on the fear of childbirth, perceived control and support at birth, birth trauma and maternal attachment. This is a randomized controlled study with an intervention group and a control group. The intervention group included 40 women receiving continuous intrapartum supportive care and the control group included 40 women receiving routine care. Thirty women in the intervention group and 29 women in the control group completed the study. No significant differences were detected between the two groups at baseline (p >.05). Continuous intrapartum supportive care significantly decreased fear of birth and birth trauma, and significantly increased perceived intrapartum control and support and postpartum maternal attachment (p <.01). Results from this evidence-based study suggest that continuous intrapartum supportive care could protect and maintain perinatal mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to investigate the effect of simulation-supported breastfeeding program given to women in pregnancy during the COVID-19 pandemic period on breastfeeding success, breastfeeding self-efficacy, and mother-infant attachment. They carried out this study 73 pregnant women who presented to the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of a hospital and were selected by using the simple random sampling method. The researchers used a quasi-experimental design in this study. After the simulation-supported breastfeeding program, they found that breastfeeding success and breastfeeding self-efficacy were increased in the experimental group compared to the control group. The researchers were used the structural equation model, regression analysis, and independent samples t-test in the data analysis. The education given to pregnant women in this period when social interaction decreases becomes more important. Researchers are recommended that breastfeeding education should start in the antenatal period and continue in the postpartum period by using different education methods together. Simulation-supported breastfeeding program is a model that can be used to provide breastfeeding education for pregnant women in public health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. With this program, the number of visits to the hospital for breastfeeding education will decrease, and more remote counseling will be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges for sick preterm babies and their parents. This study aimed to explore the factors affecting the postnatal bonding of mothers who were not permitted to visit and touch their babies who were in the neonatal intensive care unit during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This is a cohort study conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in Turkey. The participants consisted of mothers who were offered full rooming in with their baby (group 1, n = 32) and mothers whose newborns had been admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit immediately after delivery and were hospitalized for at least 7 days (group 2, n = 44). The Turkish versions of Beck Anxiety Inventory, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, Adjustment Disorder–New Module 8, and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire were applied to mothers. Tests were performed once in group 1 at the end of the first postpartum week (test1) and twice in group 2 before the baby was discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit (test1) and 2 weeks after the discharge (test2). Results: None of the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale, Adjustment Disorder–New Module 8, and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire scores was abnormal. Although the scales were within normal ranges, Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire 1 and Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire 2 had statistically significant correlation with gestational week (r = −0.230, P = .046; r = −0.298, P = .009), Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale score (r = 0.256, P = .025; r = 0.331, P = .004), hospitalization (r = 0.280, P = .014; r = 0.501, P < .001), and neonatal intensive care unit anxiety (r = 0.266, P = .02; r = 0.54, P < .001). Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire 2 had statistically significant correlation with birth weight (r = −0.261, P = .023). Conclusion: Low gestational week and birth weight, increased maternal age, maternal anxiety, high Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale scores and hospitalization negatively affected maternal bonding. Although all self-reporting scale scores were low, being in the neonatal intensive care unit and not being able to visit (touch) the baby is a major stressor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the duration of breastfeeding and the effect of only breastfeeding on the level of Mother-infant attachment and Postpartum Depression. Design and Methods: The study was conducted with 230 mothers with children between 6 months and 1 year of age. Findings: The mean MAI score of mothers who only breastfed was 74.67±4.35; EPDS average score of 5.73±4.34 were found. It was found that there was a negative, statistically significant correlation between the mothers depression and attachment score (r=-0.153, p=0.021). Practice Implications: The support provided by nurses who are primarily responsible for this issue can increase the time and attachment level of the mother to feed her baby with "breast milk"; As the level of attachment increases, the risk of developing postpartum depression can be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to determine the effects of antenatal education on the paternal bonding and empathic tendency levels of men who would become fathers for the first time. There are a limited number of studies in the literature that have investigated the effects of antenatal education programmes on fathers. This prospective, controlled quasi-experimental study was conducted in a hospital in Istanbul. The men in the antenatal educational group (EG) and their wives participated in training in antenatal classes. The men in the control group (CG) came for routine prenatal follow-up examinations with their wives. The Empathic Tendency and Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scales were used to collect the data. The Empathic Tendency Scale was applied before the education (1) – after the education (2) and at the 6th postpartum week (3), whilst the Paternal Postnatal Attachment Scale was used at the 6th postpartum month (4). EG had higher emphatic tendency levels in the 2nd and 3rd measurements and higher paternal bonding levels in the 4th measurement in comparison to CG (p < 0.05). Antenatal education increased the emphatic tendency of the fathers and the effects of this education continued in the postpartum period and affected paternal bonding positively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sound symbols, such as "woof woof" for a dog's barking, imitate the physical properties of their referents. Turkish is a sound symbolically rich language that allows flexible use of such words in different linguistic forms. The current study examined Turkish‐speaking parents' use of sound symbolic words to their 14‐ and 20‐month‐olds and the concurrent and longitudinal relations between parents' sound symbolic input and infants' vocabulary knowledge. Thirty‐four (n = 34) infants were observed at Time‐1 (Mage = 14.23 months, SD = 1.11) and Time‐2 (Mage = 20.30 months, SD = 1.24) during free play sessions with their parents to examine parental input. Infants' vocabulary knowledge was assessed by a parental report. Both the quantity and quality of parental sound symbolic input changed between 14 and 20 months of age. Furthermore, infants' earlier vocabulary knowledge at 14 months negatively predicted parents' later sound symbolic input at 20 months. Last, parents' sound symbolic input was positively and concurrently associated with 14‐month‐olds' vocabulary knowledge but was negatively and concurrently associated with 20‐month‐olds' vocabulary levels. These findings suggest an early interaction between infants' exposure to sound symbolic input and their vocabulary development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infantile colic is defined as paroxysms of uncontrollable and unexplained crying in the first three months of life. Complementary and alternative therapy methods are one of the methods used to treat infantile colic, which has negative effects on parents and infants.Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the complementary and alternative therapy methods used to treat infantile colic.Methods: The PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for complementary therapies for infantile colic. Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) were used to determine the search terms. Combination of infantile colic and acupuncture therapy, musculoskeletal manipulations, massage, phytotherapy, aromatherapy were used as the search terms.Results: A total of 13 interventions were found from Sweden, Norway, Russia, Italy, Turkey, Iran and Finland. In two randomized and controlled trials, acupuncture therapy was found to be effective in the treatment of infantile colic. One study found it to be ineffective. No serious side effects were reported in these studies. A variety of aromatic oils have been used by orally, by inhalation and topically to treat infantile colic and have been found to be effective with no serious side effects. Massage has also been found to effectively reduce the symptoms of infantile colic.Conclusions: Further study of the complementary and alternative therapy methods will help to increase the evidence for their effective use in the treatment of infantile colic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to measure the level of knowledge of parents about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and provide insight into programs that can be designed to raise awareness in parents about ROP. Materials and Methods: The study enrolled parents of infants who were born before the 32th week of gestation, and brought to retinopathy of prematurity examination between the 4th and 6th postnatal weeks. Prior to the ROP examination, an 11-item survey was administered to measure the level of knowledge of the parents about ROP. Results: The study included 200 parents with premature infants. Of the parents, 43% (86) were mothers and 57% (114) were fathers. Of the patients, 78% were referred by a pediatrician/neonatologist, 14% by another ophthalmologist, 8% by a family physician, and 7.5% presented to the hospital without any doctor’s reference. 72% of the parents knew for which examination they had presented to the hospital. 63.5% did not know what ROP was, and 75% were not aware of the fact that ROP is a disease that causes blindness. Only 31.5% of the parents had obtained information about ROP and they mostly obtained information from doctors. It was found that as the education level of the parents increased, their awareness about ROP increased. Conclusion: In order to protect premature babies from irreversible blindness, there is a need for informative programs for parents on retinopathy of prematurity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study was performed to determine the use of technological devices among 0–3 year old children and the attitudes and behaviours of their parents for the use of technological devices. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in five family health centers located in Zonguldak City Center. Study group was composed of a total of 500 parents who admitted to five family health centers between April 04-June 01, 2018, who had a child of 0–3 years old and who approved to participate in the study. Data of the study were collected through face-to-face interview technique by using Data Collection Form. Results: In this study, the majority of the parents (82.4%) and children (81.8%) were using at least one of the technological devices. Smartphones (40.8%) were the most commonly used technological devices among the children; and it was followed by television (39.6%) and tablet/computer (19.6%), respectively. Nearly half of the children were using at least one of the technological devices for an average of 2–5 h per day. Parents allowed their children to use technological devices in order to do housework, silence the child when cried, to feed the child, to be able to make him/her sleep, to entertain her/him when he/she spoiled and to spend some time with friends, respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study reveal the necessity for the parents to get counseling service about the health risks that may occur in children due to long-term use of technological devices and about spending effective time with children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents' use of spatial language and gestures is closely linked to children's spatial language development. Little is known about the quantity and quality of early spatial input and how infants' individual characteristics may be related to the spatial input they receive. Here, we examine (1) the amount and type of spatial input 16‐ to 21‐month‐old Turkish‐learning children (n = 34) received in the context of a spatial activity (puzzle play) and (2) whether parental spatial input in the form of speech and gesture varies based on children's age, sex, and early spatial vocabulary comprehension assessed in an earlier session. Results of the regression analyses showed that parents' use of spatial words was predicted by children's age over and beyond earlier spatial word comprehension and sex. In particular, parents used more spatial speech as their children got older even in this restricted age range. Children's early spatial word comprehension also correlated with parents' spatial word production. Yet, parents' overall gesture use and gestures with spatial words were not predicted by children's age, sex, or early spatial word comprehension. These findings suggest that in the spatial domain, early verbal input, but not gestural input, can change depending on children's age and children's spatial vocabulary comprehension may also be related to parental use of later spatial language. Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subject?Parents enhance their children's spatial skills using spatial language and gestures.Parental spatial talk is related to children's later spatial skills.What does this study add?We assess both spatial talk and gesture in early childhood.We examine the children's characteristics (age, sex) in relation to spatial talk and gesture.We present how children's earlier vocabulary competence relates to parental input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this report, coparenting behaviors during triangular interactions among families raising a 3-month-old infant in Turkey are examined. Given the significant role played by extended family members in Turkish culture, coparenting dynamics were examined as mothers and babies played together with grandmothers, as well as together with fathers. Forty-five families took part, and 42 father-mother-baby and 33 grandmother-mother-baby triangular interactions of approximately 10 min in length were filmed during the Lausanne Trilogue Play. From videotapes of the interactions, individual and mutual coparenting behaviors were evaluated using the Coparenting and Family Rating System: 3 Month Adaptation (CFRS3M). Results indicated that while mothers’ own parenting behavior when in the LTP role of Active Parent (AP) was comparable whether with fathers or grandmothers, their behavior when in the LTP role of third party parent (TPP) was comparatively more engaged while with fathers than while with grandmothers. Fathers were comparatively less engaged when occupying the TPP role than were mothers in the TPP role, while grandmothers showed more flirting and distracting behavior in the TPP role than did either fathers or mothers. These findings are significant in documenting meaningful distinctions in Turkish grandmothers’ as well as in Turkish fathers’ and mothers’ coparenting propensities when engaging in triangular interactions with babies during the LTP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a mental disorder in the mother is one of the key factors affecting attachment. The present study aimed to evaluate prenatal and postnatal attachment among mothers diagnosed with a mental health disorder by comparing them to a healthy group. The patient group included women who received follow-up care in a psychiatric clinic (74 pregnant and 75 postpartum), and the healthy group consisted of women who attended a follow-up polyclinic (118 pregnant and 82 postpartum). Data were collected using questionnaire forms, including the Prenatal Attachment Inventory and the Maternal Attachment Scale. Mothers diagnosed with a mental health disorder were determined to have lower attachment scores than the healthy group, both during the prenatal and postnatal periods. The literature suggests that mothers diagnosed with a mental health disorder showed low maternal attachment scores during pregnancy and/or the postnatal period. Psychiatric nurses should be involved in initiatives that may increase the prenatal and maternal attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the breastfeeding problems encountered in the postpartum period and effect of interventions done in relation to the problems based on breastfeeding studies in Turkey. This study is a systematic review and was conducted by performing a scan of the Turkish and English literature over the period October 2016-February 2017. The study included 27 articles and seven theses, which were published in 2000-2015 in Turkey and published in 2008-2017. Data are presented tabulating and the aggregate percentages were calculated for some data showing common characteristics. A total of 6736 parents and 592 babies were included in these studies. As a result of the combined percentage calculation based on the data of cross-sectional and case-control studies, the most frequently reported problems were having breastfeeding problem (24.5%), mother's milk deficiency/worry about milk deficiency/thinking her baby is not satisfied/baby's inadequate weight gain (15.7%), lack of knowledge and experience about breastfeeding/need for education and support (17.8%). Again, these studies showed that women stated the problems about have flat/depressed/small nipple (7.7%), pain/sensitivity (3.9%), swelling/fullness/ engorgement (10.8%), redness (28.8%), crack/wound/ bleeding (26.1%) and mastitis (5.6%). Methods of prenatal education/ counselling/motivation/follow-up, strong motivation, proactive lactation management and social support, moist warm application, using of breast milk and olive oil and using of breast shield and feeding with container and pacifier using have been reported to be effective in the experimental/quasi-experimental and case report studies included in this systematic review. This study showed that women experienced a lot problem with breastfeeding and that more prenatal education/counselling/monitoring was used in reducing problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To determine whether congenital anomaly visibility affects maternal-infant attachment levels. Design and Methods The study population consisted of mothers who had infants with cleft lip/palate or congenital heart anomalies who were receiving treatment in a university hospital. The data were collected using the Structured Questionnaire Form and the Maternal Attachment Inventory. Results Statistically significant differences in maternal-infant attachment levels were observed between infants with cleft lips/palates and healthy infants and between infants with congenital heart anomalies and healthy infants. Practice implications It is important to apply appropriate nursing interventions for these mothers during the postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We aimed to determine the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the breast milk; to assess the effect of detectable OCPs on maternal–infant characteristics and; to evaluate the relation between OCPs and the maternal psychopathologies [Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ), Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale (MIBS) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)] and infant growth. DDT, beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), aldrin and heptachlor were detected in 89.3, 70.7, 58.7 and 34.7 % of the samples, respectively. Mothers with low monthly family income had detectable DDTs less frequently. The frequencies of detectable heptachlor epoxide were significantly higher in mothers with gestational nausea. Anaemic mothers had more frequently detectable alpha-HCH. Z scores of head circumference were inversely correlated with beta-HCH and DDT levels. The heptachlor epoxide levels were positively correlated with PBQ, MIBS and indexes of BSI. No relation was detected between EPDS and OCPs. Further studies are needed for changes in maternal psychopathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study determined the factors associated with parenting behavior during the early postpartum period in first-time mothers. This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in the postpartum ward of a state hospital in Aydın, Turkey. The study included 207 first-time mothers selected by non-probability sampling method. A significant weak, positive correlation was found between the Postpartum Parenting Behavior Scale score at the time of initial acquaintance with her infant and the Labor Agentry Scale score. Stepwise multiple regression analyses, performed to determine factors associated with the parenting behavior score of the mothers in the early postpartum period, revealed two statistically significant variables, which increased the strength of the model: maternal age and infant's birth weight. Midwives should observe early parenting behaviors, particularly of younger mothers having babies with low birth weight, appreciate their positive behaviors, and encourage them to develop appropriate behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The present study aimed to compare children newly diagnosed as having pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) to those with developmental delay (DD) for the sociodemographic, clinical and parental characteristics. Methods: The sample consisted of 35 PDDs and 29 DD patients aged 17-45 months. The Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory was used to assess the developmental level of the children. Multiaxial diagnostic classifications were made by using the Diagnostic Classification of Mental Health and Development Disorders in Infancy and Early Childhood: Revised Edition (DC:0-3 R). Parent-Infant Relationship Global Assessment Scale (PIR-GAS) and Emotional and Social Functioning (ESF) scores of the children were measured based on the DC:0-3 R. The Family Assessment Device (FAD) and the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) were administered to the parents. Results: The proportion of single parent families in the DD group was higher than in the PDDs group. According to DC:0-3 R, patients with DD had a significantly higher rate of comorbid psychiatric conditions compared to those with PDDs. No significant differences were found in the mean PIR-GAS scores between the two diagnostic groups. The mean ESF scores were significantly lower in the children with DD than in those with PDDs. Worse parent-child relationship and mothers' GHQ-12 scores correlated with negative emotional and social functioning in the DD group. Mothers' and fathers' affective responsiveness and mothers' communication ratings of the FAD scale were poor in the children with DD compared to those with PDDs. The developmental level of the children negatively correlated with mothers' GHQ-12 scores in both patient groups and with fathers' GHQ-12 scores, as well as with mothers' behavior control scores of the FAD scale in the PDDs group. Conclusion: Identication of the clinical characteristics of children with PDDs and DD using multiaxial diagnostic classifications may have important clinical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]