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Copyright of Journal of Economics Business & Finance Research / Ekonomi İşletme ve Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Irfan Ersin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences / Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Optimum: Journal of Economics & Management Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Boğaziçi Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies is the property of Bogazici University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of University of Cumhuriyet, Faculty of Sciences & Arts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main problem of developing countries in today's economy is that they cannot increase their per capita income above a certain level. This situation is expressed as middle-income trap. Being stuck at a certain level of gross domestic product per capita for long years, raised the question of whether Turkey is caught in the middle-income trap. Aim: To assess the situation in Turkey in terms of middle-income trap concept and to provide recommendations. Method: The concept of middle-income trap will be defined, relevant literature will be presented, exit strategies brought in the literature will be presented in conjunction with Turkey's current data. Findings: Whether or not in the middle income trap, there are important steps to be taken by Turkey in order to become a developed country economy: These can be listed as increasing the savings rate and investment in R & D and innovation, improving the quality of education, ensuring fairness in income distribution and in particular raising the level of technology used in the manufacturing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is underlined in the extant literature that as one of the countries in the middle income trap, Turkey has to create an innovative economy and thus needs to improve its human capital. The facts that Turkey is in a demographic window of opportunity with its low rates of dependent population and has increasing rates of educational enrolment create advantages for Turkey. This study aims to investigate the human capital level of Turkey and the effects of various socio-economic variables on human capital via PIAAC data collected by OECD. Analysis of PIAAC data reveals that Turkey is far behind OECD countries in terms of adult skills in numeracy, literacy and problem solving in technologyrich environments. Despite an increase in skills from older cohorts to the younger ones, it can be seen that Turkey is far from having the human capital required to escape from the middle income trap. Moreover, it is found that there are severe inequalities in adult skills according to various socio-economic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Middle income trap is the condition of having the per capita income in a specific level and not having any increase in this income level for many years. The concept of middle income trap is a subject that is frequently discussed in the economic literature in recent years. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate whether Turkey is in middle income trap or not. In addition, the effect of manufacturing industry's share in GDP, schooling rate in higher education and the share of domestic savings in GDP on per capita income level was examined by time series analysis in this context and arguments related with the middle income trap was made. The relationship between the variables in the study was analyzed by Engle Granger cointegration and Engle Granger causality analysis methods. According to the obtained results, a long term relationship was found between the variables which we use. The share of the manufacturing industry within GDP occurred as the cause of the per capita income level. No causality relationship was found between the other variables. According to the evaluations, it is determined that Turkey is not in the middle income trap however it has the risk of having middle income trap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of Turkey's 2023 Vision Project, which coincides with the hundredth anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Turkey, is to bring the Turkish economy into the ranks of high-income countries. To reach this goal, strategies have been drawn up with a focus on the mid- and long-term future of the economy. However, the current state of affairs indicates that the Turkish economy has fallen into the middle income trap, and the key to breaking free of that is reconfiguring a model of growth that focuses on production. In light of that situation, the aim of the study is to provide a discussion of the trade policies and strategies that could be used to realize an effective model of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]