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One of the earliest fibers used by mankind is silk, which was first cultivated in China. Mulberry silk is produced from Bombyx Mori which feeds on mulberry tree leaves. Bombyx Mori silkworm, hatching from its egg after 8–10 days of incubation, starts spinning its cocoon around itself on the 25th or 28th day. These cocoons are subjected to dry heat or boiling water which kills the pupae. Most of the silk consumers in Turkey are not aware of the fact that the silkworms are killed before completing their natural life span. On the other hand, the number of consumers has been rising in the world who wants to wear silk without harming the animals. In this study sericulture was done in an ethical way to produce peace silk fabrics and some of the mechanical properties of the fabrics were determined. This study is of value, raising awareness about peace silk and ethical production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is one of noteworthy countries for both fruit genetic resources and amount of fruit production in the world. Mulberry is cultivated throughout Turkey, most commonly in Central, Northeast and Southeast Anatolia. Mulberry has a great market potential thanks to its fresh consumption and usage of processed food products. In June 2019, a disease was observed causing deaths in shoots and branches on mulberry trees in Malatya province of Turkey. The causative agent of the disease was identified as Neoscytalidium novaehollandiae according to morphological characteristics and sequencing of TEF 1-a gene (Accession no. MT362602 and MT362603), ITS (Accession no. MT195554 and MT195555) and LSU (Accession no. MT195552 and MTI95553). Based on the concatenated sequences of the ITS, TEF 1-a, and LSU, a phylogenetic tree was built using Bayesian analysis. Reactions of nine mulberry cultivars against the disease ('Ulukale', 'Aya§', 'Ichinose', 'Poser', 'Kenmochi', 'Arapgir', 'San a§i', 'Horum' and 'Istanbul') inoculated with Malatya isolate of N. novaehollandiae were evaluated under growth chamber conditions. All-mulberry cultivars artificially inoculated with N. novaehollandiae isolate exhibited severe necrosis symptoms on woody tissues of tested plants. It was confirmed that N. novaehollandiae is a fungal pathogen associated with dieback and canker on mulberry trees in Turkey for the first time. New mulberry plantations could be endangered by this emerging new disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., and Morus rubra L. are widely cultivated in many countries due to their nutritive, economic, and medicinal value. In this study, comparative morphological and anatomical studies on three common Morus L. species found in Turkey were carried out. According to the results, differences regarding the morphological and anatomical features of these species were described, and the data were displayed in detailed photographs. Materials and Methods: Specimens collected from different provinces of Turkey were studied. In the anatomical studies, investigations were performed on transversal and superficial sections of the leaves. All sections were stained with chloral hydrate and Sartur solution and were then examined using an Olympus BH2 light microscope. Results: Significant diagnostic characteristics were found, such as trichome types, stomatal measurements, the stomatal index, and the density ratio of the parenchyma and collenchyma layers. Some morphological features of the leaves also showed prominent differences. Conclusion: Our results may contribute to the taxonomy of Morus species for future work and be helpful in species diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberry, Morus spp. (Moraceae) is naturally cultivated in Turkey, and no chemical input used during the production process. Hitherto, major and common species of insect and acari caused the economic yield and quality losses in the mulberry production have not been recorded. On the other hand, lesser mulberry snout moth, Glyphodes pyloalis (Walker, 1859) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), considered being one of the most important pests of mulberry around the world was detected in the province of Yalova in the last week of August in 2018 for the first time. Larvae of this pest caused serious damage to leaves of white mulberry (Morus alba L., 1753), black mulberry (Morus nigra L., 1753), and weeping white mulberry (Morus alba cv. ‘Pendula’) (Urticales: Moraceae) whereas it has newly just occurred. This study was conducted to determine the distribution areas of the pest, mulberry species damaged, and characteristics related to some biological stages of G. pyloalis in Marmara Region (Bursa, Yalova, Kocaeli and Sakarya provinces) between 2018 and 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mulberries are one of the most important traditional fruit in Turkey and either consumed fresh or processed into several traditional products. Mulberry trees (genotypes) belong to Morus alba L., Morus nigra L., and Morus rubra L. shows high phenotypic diversity. In this study, 26 genotypes of Morus nigra, 21 genotypes of Morus rubra and 26 genotypes and landraces of Morus alba sampled from different parts of eastern Anatolia region in Turkey were fingerprinted using 16 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Among SSR markers, the number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 (SS01, SS05) to 11 (MulSTR3) with an average of 5.19. A total of 83 alleles were obtained for the 16 SSR markers. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.43 to 0.84 with an average of 0.61 per locus. In this study, MulSTR3, MulSTR5, MulSTR6, SS04 and SS20 were found to be the most useful SSR markers to detect genetic differences between mulberry species, genotypes and landraces. Genetic similarity ratio ranged from 0.24 to 0.94 with a mean similarity value of 0.41 indicating a high level of polymorphism among the mulberry species, genotypes and landraces. Clustering based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient and an unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) revealed 3 main clusters that corresponded with species. The results of the present study indicate that white mulberry landraces and genotypes were more diverse than the red and black mulberry genotypes. Therefore, white mulberry genotypes can be a good source for the mulberry-breeding programme due to its better genetic diversity as well as its high economical and yield properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food necessary for the survival of man has always been important. Agricultural production, which started with the Neolotic period, has preserved its importance until today and this importance will continue in the future. The Ottoman Empire, whose economy was based on agriculture, recorded the taxes collected from agricultural production through counts such as Tahrir and Temettuat books for different periods under the name of the öşür tax. Temettuat books, which are among these census books and kept between 1839-1840, 1844-1845, make it possible to have an idea about the product variety and quantities related to the agricultural activities of the Ottoman State. In the current study, it was aimed to reveal the agricultural product diversity and agricultural product pattern in 19th century Anatolia based on the graduate theses where Temettuat books were used as a source. By examining the study of forty different settlements, it was understood that grain, fruit and vegetable production had an important place in the agricultural products that were cultivated in Anatolia in the 19th century. Grain and mulberry in fruit production and onion in vegetable are prominent in fruit production, while wheat and barley are the leading ones in grain production. During this period, it is understood that millet, hazelnut, plum, olive, sesame, vetch, sour cherry, almond, black eyed peas, chestnut, walnut, apple, etc. were cultivated. Generally, it is seen that cereals are cultivated predominantly in Anatolia, and fruit and vegetable production is diversified towards coastal regions. It is also included in the records found in Temettuat notebooks, where industrial products such as opium, tobacco, root paint and cotton are grown in different regions of the 19th century Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pekmez, produced from different fruits, such as grape, mulberry, fig, apple and date, is a traditional Turkish food and widely consumed in Turkey. However, pekmez is among the most adulterated food products. This study used carbon isotope values to detect adulteration of carob, fig, grape and mulberry pekmez samples with glucose and fructose syrups at the ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% (by weight). The EA-IRMS chromotograms were recorded and results were used to propose the statistical models. All of the pure pekmez samples were found to be more negative than −23.5‰ and the results decreased by the addition of adulterants. Parametric statistical analysis was used to test the distribution of pekmez and adulterants. Linear fit models were constructed and higher regression coefficient values were obtained for adulterated carob, fig and grape pekmez samples while adulterated mulberry pekmez samples showed lower values. It was determined that the proposed linear fit models can be used as a tool to elucidate the possible detection of varying adulteration levels of pekmez samples, even at low levels. These models may be an introductory step in the detection of adulteration of other Turkish traditional food products. • Adulteration of different pekmez samples was detected using Carbon isotope values. • Results were studied to propose the statistical models by the IRMS-EA chromotograms. • Pekmez and adulterants' distribution was tested by parametric statistical analysis. • Linear fit models and higher regression coefficient values were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea millefolium L., Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna Jacq., Rubus discolor L., Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Morus alba L. and Pistacia terebinthus L. plants are consumed for some medicinal or nutritional purposes. The chemical composition, vitamins, sterols and fatty acid contents of these plants were presented in this study. Vitamin and sterol contents were high in A. millefolium flowers in comparison to leaves and seed. Vitamins E, K, and total sterol levels in C. monogyna subsp. monogyna fruit were higher than leaves and flower. For R. discolor fruit; vitamin and sterol contents were higher than leaves, flower and unripe fruit. For S. multicaulis, vitamin content was higher in leaves and the sterol content was higher in seed than other extracts. α-Tocopherol, vitamins K, D and total sterol levels in M. alba fruit were higher than leaves and unripe fruit. In P. terebinthus, retinol and α-tocopherol levels were higher in leaves, vitamins D, K, sterol levels were higher in flower than other extracts. The present study indicates that these plants can be a good natural source of fatty acids, vitamins and sterols. This study is first report about the phytochemical properties ofR. discolor, and S. multicaulis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achillea millefolium L., Crataegus monogyna subsp. monogyna Jacq., Rubus discolor L., Salvia multicaulis Vahl., Morus alba L. and Pistacia terebinthus L. plants are consumed for some medicinal or nutritional purposes. The chemical composition, vitamins, sterols and fatty acid contents of these plants were presented in this study. Vitamin and sterol contents were high in A. millefolium flowers in comparison to leaves and seed. Vitamins E, K, and total sterol levels in C. monogyna subsp. monogyna fruit were higher than leaves and flower. For R. discolor fruit; vitamin and sterol contents were higher than leaves, flower and unripe fruit. For S. multicaulis, vitamin content was higher in leaves and the sterol content was higher in seed than other extracts. α-Tocopherol, vitamins K, D and total sterol levels in M. alba fruit were higher than leaves and unripe fruit. In P. terebinthus, retinol and α-tocopherol levels were higher in leaves, vitamins D, K, sterol levels were higher in flower than other extracts. The present study indicates that these plants can be a good natural source of fatty acids, vitamins and sterols. This study is first report about the phytochemical properties of R. discolor, and S. multicaulis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Pestil' and 'köme', well known as traditional Turkish foods, are prepared from a mulberry, honey, walnut, hazelnut, and flour mixture. Although they have been produced for the last few decades on an industrial scale, the production methods and properties of the products are not standardized yet. Gümüşhane pestil and köme have been registered and attained Geographical Registration Certificates from the Turkish Patent Institute with their unique production methods and properties, among many similar products in the world markets. Thus, some biochemical, physical, and sensory properties of pestil and köme were investigated. In addition, the main raw material (mulberry) and semifinished product ('herle') were analyzed for some biochemical, physical, and rheological parameters. The characteristics of pestil and köme ranged from 9.78% to 20.06% for moisture content, 0.52% to 1.48% for crude fiber, 4.34% to 7.42% for protein, 41.04% to 62.54% for total sugar, and 37.52% to 56.23% for invert sugar, and the thickness, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), total phenolic content, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power antioxidant activity ranged from 0.80 to 1.25 mm, 18.15 to 27.94 mg kg-1, 25 to 32 mg GAE per 100 g, and 81 to 92 mM TE g-1, respectively. Strong correlations between sugar contents and HMF content and between HMF and antioxidant activity (r > 0.5) were identified separately. The consistency index for herle was determined as 9.7-65.9 Pa s. Color parameters (L, a, and b) were read, and the difference in L between the product types was found to be statistically significant. Gümüşhane pestil and köme were found to be very different from other similar fruit leather products that are commercially available in terms of production method, composition, and biological and physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study was carried out to determine the organic acid content, phenolic compound content, sugar content, vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content and total antioxidant capacity of white mulberry (Morus alba L.), black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) and red mulberry (Morus rubra L.) fruits grown in Van province of Turkey. It was determined that the chief organic acid in these mulberry species was malic acid ranging from 1.32 to 4.47g 100g−1 fw, followed by citric acid ranging from 0.39 to 1.08g 100g−1 fw. Looking at the contents of phenolic compound, chlorogenic acid and rutin had come to the fore ranging from 0.12 to 3.11mgg−1 fw and from 0.85 to 1.42mgg−1 fw, respectively. Fruit glucose contents of the studied species were higher than their fructose contents, varying between 6.07 and 7.75g 100g−1 fw. Total antioxidant capacity and vitamin C contents of the mulberry species ranged from 4.49 to 13.99μmol TEg−1 fw and from 11.30 to 24.42mg 100g−1 fw, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Mineral contents of four mulberry fruits and their pekmez samples growing particularly in the Malatya province in Turkey were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. All samples contained high amounts of calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus and sulphur. The highest mineral concentrations for mulberry fruits were measured between 1,873.65 and 4,437.52 mg/kg for calcium, 10.860 and 15.269 g/kg for potassium, 904.48 and 1033.11 mg/kg for magnesium, 115.29 and 252.33 mg/kg for sodium, 1.831 and 2.329 g/kg for phosphorus, and 493.35 and 642.25 mg/kg for sulphur. These values for pekmez samples varied between 135.76 and 575.84 mg/kg for calcium, 5.853 and 8.146 g/kg for potassium, 187.96 and 389.86 mg/kg for magnesium, 20.40 and 43.55 mg/kg for sodium, 285.10 and 517.72 mg/kg for phosphorus and 121.21 and 303.57 mg/kg for sulphur. Potassium content was high compared with other minerals. The highest potassium level was 15.269 g/kg for red mulberry fruit, whereas the lowest potassium content was 5.8523 g/kg for black mulberry pekmez sample. The mineral content of pekmez samples of black and red mulberry fruits decreased at the important levels compared with those of white mulberries during pekmez production. As a result, mulberry fruits and their pekmez samples contain nutrient elements of vital importance in man's metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this study, phytochemical and antioxidant properties of anthocyanin-rich mulberry species of Morus nigra L. (black mulberry) and Morus rubra L. (red mulberry) fruits harvested from across Turkey were investigated. Fruit color, total phenolics (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), titratable acidity (TA), and individual sugar and organic acid compositions were determined. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of fruits was assessed by both the trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Black mulberry exhibited higher TP, TMA, TAC and TA when compared to red mulberry. The average TP contents of M. nigra and M. rubra were 2737 and 1603μg gallic acid equivalent in g fresh weight basis (GAE/g fw), respectively. M. nigra had the richest amount of anthocyanin with an average of 571μg cy-3-glu/g fw. Overall, TAC averaged 10.5 and 12.0mmol TE/L by the TEAC and FRAP methods, respectively. We found that FRAP, TEAC, TP and TMA were significantly correlated (r =0.64–0.99) with each other. Fructose (5.27g/100mL) and glucose (5.81g/100mL) were determined to be the major sugars in both mulberries. M. nigra displayed a higher TA (2.05g/100mL) than M. rubra (0.78g/100mL), with citric acid as the major acid. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, some selected physico-chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, fatty acids, fruit colour, fruit juice yield, fruit weight, organic acids, pH, total phenolic and total soluble solid contents) of five black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes grown in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey was investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of black mulberry fruits were determined according to Folin-Ciocalteu and β-carotene bleaching method assays, respectively. Fatty acids of mulberry fruits were determined by using gas chromatography. Total phenolic content was observed in black mulberry fruits between 1943 and 2237mg gallic acid equivalents/100g fresh mass. The vitamin C content of genotypes varied between 14.9 and 18.7mg/100ml. The major fatty acids in all mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (53.57–64.41%) and palmitic acid (11.36–16.41%). Antioxidant activity of black mulberry genotypes was found between 63% and 76%, which lower than standard BHA and BHT. Regarding organic acid content, malic acid was the most predominant with a range of 123–218mg/g followed by citric acid (21–41mg/g). The results of the study are helpful for attempting crop improvement in black mulberry for bringing to cultivation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, the chemical composition of white (Morus alba L.), red (Morus rubra L.) and black (Morus nigra L.) mulberry fruits grown in the East Anatolia Region of Turkey was investigated. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in black mulberry (1422mg gallic acid equivalents/100g fresh matter and 276mg quercetin equivalents/100g fresh matter). M. alba had the highest total fat content (1.10%), followed by M. nigra (0.95%) and M. rubra (0.85%), respectively. The major fatty acids in mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (54.2%), palmitic acid (19.8%) and oleic acid (8.41%), respectively. The total soluble solids content of mulberry species varied between 15.9% (M. rubra L.) and 20.4% (M. alba L.), acidity between 0.25% (M. alba L.) and 1.40% (M. nigra L.), pH between 3.52 (M. nigra L.) and 5.60 (M. alba L.), ascorbic acid 19.4mg/100g (M. rubra L.) and 22.4mg/100g (M. alba L.), respectively. Mineral compositions of the mulberry species were 0.83% N, 235mg/100g P, 1141mg/100g K, 139mg/100g Ca, 109mg/100g Mg, 60mg/100g Na, 4.3mg/100g Fe, 0.4mg/100g Cu, 4.0mg/100g Mn and 3.1mg/100g Zn, respectively. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Turkey is one of the most important mulberry fruit producers in the world. In particular, in Eastern and Inner part of Turkey, mulberry fruits are processed into several products such as `Mulberry Pekmez', `Mulberry Pestil', `Mulberry Kome' etc. Therefore, mulberry fruits give higher economic returns thus have greater employment potentials in Turkey. In order to improve the yield and fruit quality through breeding, the genetic variations and relationships among 15 selected white mulberry genotypes ( Morus alba L.) were evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD). A total of 101 DNA markers were generated by 16 random primers, with an average of 6.3 easily detectable markers per primer. Several RAPD markers showed unique patterns of mean frequency that differed among the white mulberry genotypes. The distance matrix showed that the highest genetic distance (0.902) was between EMS13 and EMS8 and the least (0.413) was between EMS12 and EMS15. According to the results, RAPD analysis can be used for the characterization and grouping of mulberry genotypes. The genetically divergent genotypes identified from this study would be of much use in the future breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new virus-like disease in black mulberry trees was identified. • A novel virus (BMIV) was identified and characterized. • Mulberry badnavirus 1 (MBV-1) was also identified in the diseased trees. • BMIV and MBV-1 are seed transmitted. A virus-like disease with symptoms including mosaic structure, deformation, vein clearing and necrosis on the leaves and deformation, crumbling, and scab on the fruits was detected in black mulberry trees (Morus nigra L.) in Kayseri province of Turkey. A novel positive single‐stranded RNA virus with a bipartite genome and the mulberry badnavirus 1 (MBV-1) were detected in the black mulberry trees by high throughput sequencing and bioinformatic analyses. The novel virus RNA1 (5,796/7 nt) encodes a polyprotein (1,808 aa, 204.31 kDa) with three conserved domains, [MTR (aa 294–705), Hel (aa 971–1,226) and RdRp (aa 1,348–1,788)], whereas RNA2 (2,243 nt) encodes two putative proteins, MP (374 aa, 40.98 kDa), and CP (272 aa, 30.59 kDa), separated by an intergenic region of 97 nt. The highest amino acids identities were 70, 57 and 70 % with raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) for ORF1, MP and CP genes, respectively. The genome organization and phylogenetic analyses suggested that the novel virus is likely a putative new member of the genus Idaeovirus and it has been tentatively named black mulberry idaeovirus (BMIV). Virus survey showed both the BMIV and MBV-1 are likely prevalent in the region. Seven complete (six Turkish and one Iranian) and 41 partial genome sequences of the BMIV isolates revealed moderate genetic diversity (0.033 ± 0.001 %, 0.020 ± 0.002 % and 0.016 ± 0.002 % for RNA1, RNA2, and partial genomes, respectively). Both the BMIV and MBV-1 were detected in all tested pollens (n = 24, 100 %), in seed-borne balck mulberry saplings (n = 96, 100 %).This situation clearly revealed the potential spread risk of both viruses in black mulberry plantations and the necessity of taking precautions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted to determine the effects of treatments with indole-3-butric acid (0, 2, 4 and 6 g l-1 IBA) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Burkholderia gladii-BA7,Bacillussubtilus-OSU142 and Bacillusmegatorium-M3) strains have on rooting and root growth of hardwood stem cuttings of black and white mulberry both alone and in combination with each bacterial strain. Cuttings in the control group were treated with 50% ethanol + 50% distilled water. The hardwood stem cuttings (middle parts of one-year-old shoots) for rooting were selected from 15-year-old healthy donor black and white mulberries trees on February 1, 2015 and 2016 in Bolu, Turkey. The treated cuttings were placed in perlite medium in unheated trays of a greenhouse with automated misting system for 90 days. The rooting rate, root number, root length and diameter were evaluated. The rooting rate varied from 12.0 to 85.0%. The number of root varied from 2.05 to 10.19. The root length varied from 2.75 to 8.72 cm. The root diameter varied from 0.81 to 2.49 mm. The results indicated that treatment with 4 g l-1 IBA plus B. megatorium-M3 solution had a profound effect in increasing rooting capacity and quality in comparison to the control, and all other PGPR and IBA treatments. Overall, rooting rate and root quality of black mulberry hardwood cuttings was found to be lower than those of white mulberry. Moreover, 4 g l-1 IBA was the most appropriate dose and B. megatorium-M3 bacterial strain was the most appropriate rhizobacteria for rooting of mulberry cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the powdery mildew disease on mulberry caused by Phyllactinia guttata in Turkey. Damages caused by mildew in the mulberry production areas; Impact of the disease on silkworm production; Incidence of the disease.