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This paper tries to ascertain the position and the role of the Balkan wars in the typology of 21st century conflicts, based on an analysis of both historical and contemporary research material on greater armed conflicts. In an effort to do so, it starts by the notion that war, as a socio-historical category, has characteristics that can be considered as general for identification with other wars, and distinctive characteristics that can be used to make distinction between wars. In the category of distinctive characteristics, we can also include the Macedonian people and territory, where the Balkan wars were mostly fought, and which mostly sparks the interest of the neighbouring countries and the great powers alike. It has been conjectured that the lessons and messages of these wars may serve a useful purpose to the Macedonian people and the Macedonian country, in the sense of overcoming the problems created by armed conflicts in all situations of life and in the development of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the lessons from the European Union's (EU's) eastern enlargement relevant for Turkey. The EU's approach to candidates, developed during the last enlargement, was founded on asymmetry, objectivity and conditionality, with the latter evolving as the key policy tool. Clearly, some of the tools and rules of the previous enlargement cannot work as well with Turkey. The article examines the mechanisms underlying the success of conditionality and sketches some of the scope conditions needed for it to work in Turkey's case. Ultimately, the success of conditionality will depend on EU credibility and the preferences of domestic actors, which are more heterogeneous than in Central and Eastern European states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of Values Education is the property of Journal of Values Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)