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The current study targeted to perform qualitative and quantitative analysis of medicinal plant taxa used in folk medicine in Trabzon. Due to its historical significance, diversity of plant species, and hosting a wide range of cultures, the Turkish city of Trabzon has significant ethnobotanical potential. Ethnobotanical data including family name, scientific name, local name, used parts, therapeutic uses, preparation methods, administration routes, and cited locations were gathered by face-to-face interviews with 645 participants mostly over 50 years old. The quantitative analyses were executed by the determination of frequency values of citation (FC), use value (UV), fidelity level (FL), and informant consensus factor (ICF). A total of 119 medicinal plant taxa belonging to 55 families were recorded with therapeutic uses for more than 100 different diseases. The most commonly used plant part and administration routes were detected as leaves (32.43%) and oral application (51.58%), respectively. The highest ICF value was assigned for the skin diseases (ICF: 0.96). Piceae orientalis possessed the highest value of FC (82.326%), while Plantago major owned the highest value of UV (0.873). Tilia rubra subsp. caucasica, Vaccinium myrtillus, and Nicotiana tabacum were the remarkable taxa due to their FL value (100%), besides the high number of user reports. The present study supplies comprehensive ethnobotanical qualitative and quantitative data (FC, UV, FL, and ICF) from 80 villages in Trabzon. The obtained ethnobotanical data are expected both provide the preliminary information to discover novel herbal drugs and passing on to next generations as an important heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants are increasingly used to treat skin diseases and as cosmetics. Türkiye has a rich diversity of medicinal flora, and patients have a choice of ethnomedicines to manage various dermatology problems. This comprehensive review aims to summarize the primary information available on the dermatological properties of medicinal plants in Türkiye and provide a baseline for the detection of new plant species having efficacy against skin conditions. In this review, clinical and experimental data were researched using relevant search terms in scientific literature databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Scopus, EBSCO, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, and HighWire Press. The results are presented in different tables along with a regional comparative analysis. The study revealed that 439 taxa belonging to 89 families are used for the ethnomedical treatment of skin diseases or as cosmetics. The most commonly mentioned species are Plantago lanceolata L., Malva neglecta Wallr., Plantago major L., Juglans regia L., Hypericum perforatum L., Rubus sanctus Schreb., Urtica dioica L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Echium italicum L., and Rosa canina L. This is the first nationwide ethnopharmacological review conducted in Türkiye for the treatment of dermatological disorders. Moreover, it is a contributing resource for further studies on using herbal remedies for the treatment of skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mount Nemrut which was inscribed in world heritage list of UNESCO has been householder of different civilizations and cultures over centuries. It is in the South-East part of Turkey and also a part of Eastern Taurus Mountain range. The aim of this study is to document the uses of medicinal plants used in the villages around Nemrut mountain and provide a basic ethnopharmacological knowledge. A 2-year field study had been carried out in 18 villages (2012-2013). Information was obtained from personal conversations and guided fieldtrips with 44 informants which are selected especially as old and traditional healers of villages. Also, Informant Consensus Factor (FIC) of ailments and the use values (UV) of plants were calculated. Data on medicinal uses of 82 taxa, belonging to 36 botanical families, were obtained and presented. According to the calculation mode on the basis of the use value Pistacia terebinthus L. (0.34), Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides (Briq.) Harley (0.3) was reported to be the highest use value. Dermatological disorders (abscess, wound healing etc.) and diseases of musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (rheumatism, etc) scored the highest FIC values (0.5). Alcea apterocarpa, Brunnera orientalis, Pastinaca sativa subsp. urens and Pistacia terebinthus gall for wound healing, Quercus brantii gall for anti-inflammatory, Andrachne telephioides for antiviral, Tanacetum argenteum subsp. argenteum for CNC related activities are suggested as good candidates for further pharmacological researches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the composition of the phenolic compounds for Malva neglecta, Nerium oleander, Quercus brantii and Vitis vinifera, that are registered as traditional folk remedy used for cancer during the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in Türkiye, were analyzed in phytochemical terms. Such analysis revealed very significant (p < 0.01) content of the phenolic compounds in the chemical composition of the plants, and then the effect sizes (χ2) thereof were determined. Thus, the anticancer effect potentials of the plants were established in line with the chemotherapeutic activities of the phenolic compounds, the probable efficacy of which has been demonstrated in the content of the plants, as confirmed by the literature review. The plants, that presented the highest anti-carcinogenic activity potential on 12 established types of cancer, were: Q. brantii in bladder cancer; M. neglecta, N. oleander, Q. brantii and V. vinifera in breast cancer; Q. brantii, and V. vinifera in cervical cancer; Q. brantii and V. vinifera in colorectal cancer; N. oleander in chronic myeloid leukemia; Q. brantii in glioblastoma multiforme; M. neglecta and V. vinifera in liver cancer; M. neglecta, Q. brantii, and V. vinifera in lung cancer; Q. brantii in mesothelioma; V. vinifera in ovarian cancer; M. neglecta, and Q. brantii in prostate cancer; M. neglecta in skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since immemorial, humankind has benefited from plants as nutritient, medicine, cosmetic, or to make tools and shelters for itself. Historically, the trial-and-error method gathered traditional knowledge; practices were developed and sustained. It has been passed on from generation to generation to reach our day. This study aims to gather information on medicinal plants used traditionally against cardiovascular diseases in Türkiye before it is lost forever. In the library of Istanbul University, in the first place, the approachable sources have been scanned thoroughly. Plants' scientific name, Turkish name, family, used parts, method of use, and effects has been put together in a table. As a result, we composed a report of 129 plants from 43 families used for cardiovascular diseases. It has been concluded that of these, the most outstanding herbs are Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Lavandula stoechas L., Melissa officinalis L., Tribulus terrestris L., Urtica dioica L. and Viscum album L. Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae were the most used plant families. It has been detected that people mainly benefit from the leaves, aerial parts, fruit, and flowers of medicinal plants as infusion or decoction. Although the biological activity studies on the plants most used by the people support the use in cardiovascular diseases, more studies are needed to provide scientific evidence for folklore use, especially for L. stoechas. It is thought that this study may be a resource for developing future herbal medicines or treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhus coriaria L., which is from the Anacardiaceae family, is an important as a spice and medicinal plant in Turkey. In recent years, when drugs are insufficient, interest in natural plants has increased and their importance has increased in terms of being a source of raw materials in many industrial areas. In this study, it was aimed to determine the volatile components of sumac fruit samples collected from Kasnak, Kovada Lake, Barla Mountain, Aşağıgökdere and Sütçüler locations in Isparta province and their ethnobotanical use in the region. 159 volatile components of Rhus coriaria, were determined by the Head Void-Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (HS-SPME) technique combined with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The main components were α-pinene (Sütçüler 16.95%; Barla Mount 24.41%, Kovada 16.37%, Kasnak Forest 5.81%, Aşağıgökdere 18.20%, limonene (Sütçüler 7.50%; Barla Mountain 8.35%; Kovada 18.07%; Kasnak Forest 11%, 83; Aşağıgökdere 12.38%), 1,3,6-Octatriene, 3,7-Dimethyl- (Sütçüler 13.76%; Barla Mountain 19.36%; Kovada 7.97%; Kasnak Forest 5.53% ; Aşağıgökdere 15.01%) and β-caryophyllene (Sütçüler 7.70%; Barla Mountain 21.55%; Kovada 12.99%; Kasnak Forest 33.63%; Aşağıgökdere 1.18%). To determine the ethnobotanical use of Rhus coriaria in the region, a face-to-face survey of 22 questions was applied to 150 people selected by the stratified sampling model from the local people. The local people use the leaves and flowers of Rhus coriaria as tea, the fruits as a spice, and the sour sauce obtained from the fruits for food purposes. They also stated that they use it for various ailments, especially against Covid-19, for health purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the medicinal plants used in the treatment of livestock diseases by the rural people living in Ayvalık district (Balıkesir) were determined. In addition, how and for what purposes these plants are used was investigated. A total of 50 informants such as breeders, shepherds and farmers were selected randomly for the study. Data were collected through semi-structured interview, focus group discussions, observation and guided field walk with informants. The collected data were analyzed through RFC, ICF, UV, FL, PPV and FUV. A total of 46 taxa of plants distributed in 44 genera belonging to 25 families were identified as commonly used ethnomedicinal for livestock diseases. The most cited families were Hypericaceae (FUV = 0.7), Oleaceae (FUV = 0.6), Pinaceae (FUV = 0.4) and Amaryllidaceae (FUV = 0.35). The majority of the remedies were prepared from infusion (53.9%). Leaves were the most frequently used plant part (PPV 0.31) and Hypericum perforatum subsp. veronense (UV) was the species most commonly prescribed by local people. The reported ailments were classified into 11 disease categories based on ICF values and the highest number of plant taxa was reported to treat gastrointestinal, lactation, dermatological and parasitic disorders. The results of this study showed that people living in the Ayvalık district are still dependent on medicinal and aromatic plants for animal diseases. The documented plants can serve as a basis for further studies on the region’s medicinal plants knowledge and for future phytochemical and pharmacological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Türkiye has such a rich ethnobotanical value thanks to its rich geographical diversity. Knitting works, on the other hand, constitute the first craft products that come to mind among ethnobotanical products. In Türkiye, a significant accumulation of knowledge in craft activities made with herbal products such as basketry in particular, wicker knitting and rope making is available. Brooms in this group, on the other hand, are cleaning tools and ornaments made with various herbal materials. Straw brooms, which are the subject of our study, are obtained from heather (Sorghum bicolor), which is also grown in Türkiye. In the past, heather, which had a much larger cultivation area, is now grown in Balıkesir, Sakarya, Edirne and a few other provinces on a local scale. On the other hand, even if the craft size of the subject is limited, it is done in many provinces. The regression in broom cultivation resulted in meeting the need through imports. Field studies were carried out in Edirne and Sakarya within the scope of this study, in which broom-making in Türkiye is discussed in terms of both agriculture and craft, as well as folklore. A significant amount of broom production still continues in these two provinces of Türkiye, where the heather exchanges are located. The widespread use of vacuum cleaners and brooms made with plastic materials have been the biggest factor in the decline of straw brooms which is our research subject. The cultivation of heather and the manufacture of brooms, which declined from year to year, led to the emergence of ornamental brooms used as a folkloric symbol this time. Thus, the feature of being an ornament has been added to the mission of brooms to be a cleaning material. In recent years, efforts have been made to bring this product to the fore again in the provinces that produce traditional brooms, especially in Sakarya. In this context, cooperation was made with local governments, various projects were brought to the agenda with development agencies, and most importantly, efforts were made to protect products and increase market power with geographical indications. In the end, for the first time in 2018, "Sakarya Broom" was included in the geographical indication, and attempts were made for Edirne Broom too. However, it is an undesirable situation within the scope of geographical indication that a product within the scope of geographical indication is presented with raw materials obtained through imports to a significant extent. As a result, it is necessary to provide a sectoral structure for the broom business in Türkiye and to plan the subject with agriculture, craft and commercial aspects. In addition, being an environmentally friendly product of broom is another issue that is needed to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have been used throughout history in the treatment of many diseases in traditional Anatolian folk medicine as well as all over the world. The rapid increase in agricultural and industrial activities due to the increasing population around the world causes air, water and soil pollution, and accumulation of potentially toxic elements in medicinal plants. In this study, plant mineral nutrients and potentially toxic elements analyzes were carried out in 38 plant species belonging to the medicinally important families Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. The percentage of macroelements (in %) varies between 0.20 and 1.46 for calcium, 0.08 and 1.35 for potassium, 0.04 and 0.24 for magnesium, 0.01 and 0.34 for sodium, while concentrations of microelements and potentially toxic elements (in mg kg−1) vary between 3.21 and 721.28 for aluminum, 41.33 and 231.01 for boron, 0.01 and 0.61 for cadmium, 1.09 and 47.79 for chromium, 12.90 and 43.13 for copper, 17.75 and 1109.39 for iron, 51.50 and 715.48 for manganese, 0.12 and 9.42 for nickel, 1.58 and 22.11 for lead and finally 80.82 and 260.08 for zinc. In addition, estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for potentially toxic elements, and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values for mineral nutrients were calculated. In some samples in industrial and mining areas, accumulation of some potentially toxic elements was slightly above the permissible limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Summary, the importance of collecting medicinal plants from protected areas such as mountainous rural areas, far from mining, close to clean rivers, and regular control of values with potentially toxic elements analyzes for human health has been understood once again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the ethnobotanical characteristics of some plants distributed in Ceylanlı village (Kırıkhan/Hatay) on the slopes of Amanos Mountain. As a result of the field studies carried out between 2019 and 2021 and the interviews with the local people, it was determined that 75 taxa belonging to 41 families were used by the local people in the research area. The local names of the plants, the harvest season, the parts used, the usage purposes, and forms were determined by face-to-face interviews with different local people in their houses, farms, gardens or natural areas. The families having the highest number of using taxa in the area were determined to be Asteraceae and Lamiaceae (8 taxa each), Rosaceae (6 taxa), Amaryllidaceae, Brassicaceae, and Fabaceae (4 taxa each). In total 116 different uses belonging to the plants in the study area were determined, including uses for medical purposes such as wounds, respiratory tract, and stomachic diseases (47 taxa), food (20 taxa), daily items (6 taxa), spice (4 taxa), firewood (3 taxa), and for other different purposes (14 taxa). The obtained results were discussed by comparing them with the relevant literature. Our results show that most of the plants identified were collected by local people from their natural habitats. The local community in our study area was informed to reduce the collection of natural medicinal plants unconsciously and about the importance of cultivating medicinal and aromatic plants. It is believed that this study will contribute to all relevant studies at national and international scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Cleome quinquenervia (Cleomaceae) species is reported as a new record for the flora of Turkey based on the samples collected from Şanlıurfa, Mardin, and Adıyaman provinces. A detailed description and particular photographs of this species are given based on the large number of specimens collected. The meticulous comparison of the descriptions of the C. quinquenervia species and the information obtained in this study were made by examining the floras of the nearby countries. In addition, the systematical, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological features of the genus Cleome are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This pharmaceutical ethnobotanical research was carried out in Taşköprü District in Kastamonu, in northern Anatolia. It assembles the elaborations of plants used as folk medicines, and the ethnopharmacological data collected in the course of in-person semi-structured interviews with an open-ended questionnaire. The study's aims were two-fold: gathering and identifying plants that the local inhabitants use therapeutically, and recording information related to traditional folk medicine (primarily for humans, and if extant for animals). The plants were gathered during several outings between May 2016 and July 2018. The organization of the data was based on the usereports (UR) and was done according to the ICPC-2 classification. In addition, cultural importance index (CI) and informant consensus factor (FIC) calculations were made for the data collected. The research identified 101 plant taxa of 31 families used in folk medicine. Of these, 89 were wild and 12 were cultivated taxa. In total, 499 medicinal uses were determined. The CI values indicated that the most significant medicinal plant specimens were Pinus nigra subsp. pallasiana (0.78), P. sylvestris var. hamata (0.75) and Plantago lanceolata, P. major subsp. intermedia and P. major subsp. major (0.58 each). The most prevalent families were Asteraceae (2.14), Rosaceae (1.93), Pinaceae (1.81) and Plantaginaceae (1.74). Respiratory system (0.95), skin and subcutaneous tissue (0.94), nervous system (0.92) and circulatory system disorders (0.88) and ethnoveterinary uses (0.89) had the highest FIC values. The most frequently used preparation process was observed to be decoction (38.4%) and the most commonly utilized plant parts were aerial (21%). Along with recording 20 plant taxa as medicinal plants for the first time, this study documented a total of 303 new therapeutic uses. This study concludes with the finding that traditional knowledge of medicinal plants remains prevalent in Ta rticularly among its rural inhabitants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, which was conducted between 2020 and 2021 to record the traditional medicinal plant usage culture of the inhabitants of Güroymak (Bitlis), was the first to be conducted in the district. Face-to-face interviews with individuals with advanced ethnobotanical knowledge were conducted in the villages (29) of the district, and the medicinal plants which were used were gathered and identified. The information gathered as a result of the interviews with 120 participants was recorded for this purpose. As a result of the study, it was observed that 60 taxa from 26 families were used to treat 30 different diseases. The most used medicinal plants were from the family "Asteraceae" (13 taxa), followed by "Lamiaceae" (8 taxa), "Rosaceae" (7 taxa) and "Polygonaceae (3 taxa)". The usage value (UV) was calculated for each species. Malva neglecta, Rosa canina, Crataegus pseudoheterophylla, Crataegus monogyna, Juglans regia, Crataegus orientalis, Rumex scutatus, Celtis tournefortii, Alcea setosa, and Taraxacum kurdiciforme were the most commonly used taxa in the study area. Furthermore, diseases for which medicinal plants were used were classified using The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC), accepted by the WHO, and the Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) values for each disease category were calculated. Diseases with high ICF values are digestive problems (27 taxa). This is followed by the respiratory and skin disease categories (11 taxa for each). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study contains the results of ethnobotanical investigations carried out to determine what plants are used by the people of Elmasuyu village in the Sivrice district of Elazığ. For this purpose, several field studies were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Elmasuyu village. During the field studies, 76 plant specimens were collected and identified and ethnobotanical information concerning these plants was recorded. The voucher specimens were stored in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University (ISTE) and in the personal herbarium of Rümeysa GÜL (RG). Ethnobotanical uses of the plants were recorded by interviewing volunteers from the people of Elmasuyu village. The study was focused on identifying the collected species, on the diseases treated by them, parts of the used plants, methods of preparation and administration. FIC values and Use Values were calculated to identify the potentially effective medicinal plants. Data obtained in Elmasuyu village were compared with those from the earlier ethnobotanical studies in Eastern Anatolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to document the traditional uses of plants in the district of Datça peninsula in Turkey. Ethnobotanical data on 85 plants from a total of 67 informants were collected between February 2018 and June 2019. Demographic characteristics of the informants, vernacular names of the plants, their used parts, and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The data was analysed using quantitative indices of use-value (UV), information consent factor (ICF), and fidelity level (FL). The plants were used for different purposes, mainly for medicinal, food, and handicraft. Origanum onites L. (FL: 100, UV: 0.50), Salvia fruticosa Mill. (FL: 100, UV: 0.50), and Sideritis leptoclada O.Schwarz & P.H.Davis (FL: 100, UV: 0.50) have been determined as the taxon most commonly used for medicinal purposes. If Olea europaea L. var. europaea (FL: 96, UV: 0.50) has been determined as the taxon most used for handicrafts. The highest ICF was cited for rheumatism (0.80), followed by respiratory diseases (0.79) and diabetes (0.74). Additionally, different uses and purposes of some plants were observed in the study, some medicinal uses of Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn, Rumex amanus Rech.f., and Opopanax hispidus (Friv.) Griseb. were recorded for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Folk medicines in Kızılcıhamam has not been investigated in detail so far. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of folk medicine in the Kızılcahamam district. Materials and Methods: Nine scientific field trips were organized to Kızılcahamam between April 2007 and July 2008. Data were obtained by field interviews with local people using open and semi-structured questionnaires. Results were evaluated statistically with the "use-value", "informant consensus factor" and cultural importance index. Results: Sixty-five species (69 taxa) that belong to 58 genera of 31 families were determined to be used as folk medicines. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to record four of these species as folk medicines. Plants from Compositae, Lamiaceae and Rosaceae families were used most frequently as folk medicines in Kızılcahamam. Plants in the study area are mainly used for gastrointestinal system problems, respiratory disorders, and urinary tract diseases. Residents from 41% of the villages where the scientific trips were carried out, declared that they are not using or interested in folk medicines. Conclusion: This study highlights once again the gradual reduction of folk medicinal knowledge and the urgent need for folk medicine investigations in all parts of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ethnobotanical studies investigating a large number of traditional herbs and uses have an important role in the discovery of new drugs. Nowadays, some of these traditional herbs are researched directly in the clinical trials. In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the 19 plant species that have been identified in the clinical trials among 300 plant species belonging to 79 families with traditional use for skin problems in Turkey. Main body: Natural sources are very important to treat diseases for thousands of years. The ethnopharmacological research of natural products ranges from the collection of biogenic samples such as plants to preclinical and clinical studies with the aim of developing drug templates or new drugs. In the ethnopharmacological approach, it is aimed to reach the result based on the traditional and modern knowledge about natural resources. The biggest advantage of this approach is synthesizing new and old information. After the plant or natural compound is determined, other processes work similarly with conventional drugs. Methods: Ethnobotanical papers, thesis and projects in Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) have been sought and results were synthesized. Results: Most of the clinical uses of herbs have been seen similar to their traditional uses. On the other hand, there are some plants on which their clinical uses differ from the traditional uses such as Borago officinalis, Calendula officinalis or Euphorbia peplus. When the frequency of traditional uses of herbs are compared, Plantago species, Plantago major and Plantago lanceolata are the most used taxa in Turkey, secondly, Hypericum perforatum comes. However, Plantago species are not of much interest in clinical trials. It is seen that most of the plants in the clinical research are tried for wound healing occuring due to different origins such as cancer, surgery and injury. Side effects were observed only during the application of Allium cepa, Cydonia oblonga and H. perforatum. Conclusions: When clinical trials are evaluated in terms of efficacy and overall results, significant differences and effective results are seen in treatment groups given herbs in comparison with placebo or control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive ethnobotanical study carried out in Mersin province, which is located in the southern part of Anatolia, east of the Mediterranean Sea, compiles details on plants used in folk medicine and ethnopharmacological information obtained through face-to-face interviews. The aim was to collect and identify plants used for therapeutic purposes by local people and to record information on traditional herbal medicine. Plant specimens were collected in numerous excursions. Additionally, informant consensus factor and use value (UV) were calculated for information gathered. This study identifies 93 plant taxa belonging to 43 families and records their usage in folk medicine; 83 taxa are wild and the remaining 10 are cultivated. The most commonly used plants belong to Lamiaceae, representing 15.0% of the total, while the Rosaceae, Malvaceae, Hypericaceae, Asteraceae and Cupressaceae families each represented another 5.4%. As a result of this investigation, we determine 189 medicinal usages of 93 taxa. The UV values indicate that the most important medicine plants are Hypericum perforatum (0.80), Cedrus libani (0.78), Quercus coccifera (0.77), Arum dioscoridis (0.76) and Juniperus drupaceae (0.74). We observed that most of the drugs are prepared using the infusion method (27.6%). As a conclusion, the study finds that traditional folk medicine usage is still common, especially among the rural population of Mersin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to record the medicinal plants and plants used as food by the people living in and around Derecik district (Hakkari) between 2014-2017. One-on-one interviews were conducted with people living in the region and those who had knowledge about their use were asked to answer a survey. Demographic characteristics of the participants, local names of plants, parts used and usage patterns were recorded. The local names of some plants differ in different parts of Anatolia due to differences in language and dialect. As a result of the study; 55 plant taxa belonging to 27 families with medical use and 59 plant taxa belonging to 24 families with food use were determined. Plant use is very common in the regional culture. These plants can be used fresh, dried or can be stored in the refrigerator and be used throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oak molasses, called "Gezo," have been produced by the local people of Southeastern Anatolia. In this study, the ethnobotanical characteristics, production stages, health effects, and chemical composition of Gezo were determined. Traditional Gezo molasses is produced from the acorn of Quercus brantii Lindl. The survey was carried out in seven provinces with large populations. Molasses samples were collected from local producers in the region alongside the local names, usage, sorting, and grading methods used by the local people. The total contents of phenolics and flavanoids were found to vary between the range of 1.60-2.56 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) and 0.62-0.72 mg rutin (RE) per g of Gezo molasses, respectively. Gezo displayed scavenging activity against DPPH radicals ranging from 7.57 to 9.44 µM Trolox/g. The CUPRAC assay results showed that molasses also possessed reducing power activity with a value of 8.57-10.20 µM Trolox/g. Gezo is typically consumed by local people as a breakfast food. However, it is also used for medical purposes to treat bronchitis, cough, asthma, and diabetes. The region's oak species are used by locals for fuel, feed, handicrafts, and games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted an ethnobotanical field study of traditional medicinal plants in 91 villages of Artuklu District among four ethnic groups: Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, and Assyrian. We interviewed 365 elderly informants and recorded traditional uses of 85 identified botanical taxa, including four endemic species previously unidentified as medicinal plants: Arum rupicola Boiss., Gundelia mesopotamica Fırat, Alkanna trichophila Hub.-Mor., and Crocus leichtlinii (Dewar) Bowles. We gathered data specifically on medicinal uses of these taxa to determine the relative importance of the species surveyed and calculate the informant consensus factor (FIC) in relation to medicinal plant use. The highest use values were recorded for the species Teucrium polium L. (0.78), Urtica dioica L. (0.60) and Crataegus azarolus L., (0.59), while the highest FIC was for gynecological diseases (0.93). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the plants as natural beings have important functions such as nutrition and treatment, they are attributed holiness all over the world. Songs, hymns and poems are created for them. They are tabooed and taken to the centre of worship, beliefs, rituals and ceremonies. The tree is one of the natural beings in this context. The dedication of holiness to the tree, which began in the early ages, is seen in almost every part of the world. Belief systems and living conditions stemming from Central Asia within the Turkish culture have carried the holiness of the tree from the mystical universe to the epic works and to the practices of the daily life in the wide geographies in which culture has spread. The carob tree, which is proved to have a history of thousands of years in the countries of the Mediterranean region, has also gained a sacred value in that geography, which has been the source of a wide range of religions. It is interesting to see that Jewish, Christian and Muslim peoples attribute the same sacred value to the carob tree in the Mediterranean region. In particular, narratives related to John the Baptist (St. John) are more striking in this common belief. In the reflections of this common belief in Cyprus since the 16th century, new colours and textures of the locality have emerged in parallel with those in Anatolia. In this research, Descriptive-Case Study Research Design was used. In this research, Descriptive-Case Study Research Method was used. Data were collected by means of interview techniques, and then they were examined and interpreted. In addition to the written sources, the data were collected from the local people especially from those living in rural areas, which made this study original and updated. The universal features of global products and especially their effects on the local culture are outlined on the basis their resemblance rates; and the ethno-botanical, folkloric and industrial dimensions of the carob in the Turkish culture in Anatolia and Northern Cyprus are stated with examples.As a result of the study, it is proved that for centuries the carob, which exists in folk literature, in beliefs, in traditions, has always been an important source of love and sacredness and the source of culture that connects the past to the present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The present research was conducted to document the usage of medicinal plants, plant parts utilized, and methods of preparation by the people living in Aziziye district, situated in the western part of Erzurum. Materials and Methods: The medicinal plant species utilized by local public for remedial aims were collected and identified. The related knowledge about conventional herbal medicine was collected, herbarium materials were prepared, and they were deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of Science, Atatürk University. Results: A total of 77 medical plants pertaining to 30 families were defined in this research. Amongst these, 62 species grew naturally and 15 species were cultivated. The most widespread medicinal plant families were Asteraceae (14), Rosaceae (7), Lamiaceae (5), and Apiaceae (5). The most widespread preparation was decoction. Conclusion: The ethnobotanical outcomes documented in this study provide practical evidence about the use of medicinal plants among the inhabitants of Aziziye District. Furthermore, the results revealed that the medicinal plants of the region are a major source of herbal drugs for primary healthcare utilized among the rural communities. This study can be utilized as baseline knowledge for further scientific research to improve new plant-based commercial drugs, and may transfer the traditional information as regards usage of medicinal herbs to new generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biga, located in the southwestern part of the Marmara Region of Turkey, is the largest district of Çanakkale. Wild edible plants and the ways in which they are used in Biga have not previously been documented. This ethnobotanical study of Biga was conducted between June 2011 and September 2014. In this study, we recorded information such as the local names of plants, the manner in which they are used, and the particular parts of the plants used. Te cultural importance index was calculated for each taxon. One hundred and sixty-five interviews were conducted in 49 villages. Te study revealed that 55 wild edible plant taxa belonging to 41 genera are used in this area. Te most frequently used families are Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae, and Apiaceae. Te genera that represented the greatest number of taxa included Rumex (six taxa),Tymus, Eryngium, Mentha, Oenanthe, Papaver, Prunus, Rubus, and Urtica (each containing two taxa). Te most culturally important species were Urtica dioica, U. urens, Malva sylvestris, Thymus longicaulis subsp. longicaulis var. subisophyllus, and Cornus mas. Local people consumed plants in the form of vegetables, fruits, beverages like herbal teas, spices, and other products. Edible parts of plants included leaves, aerial parts, young stems, and fruits. Te results of our study showed that even in districts located close to cities, the use of wild edible plants still continues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We interviewed 91 people who use plants for medicinal purposes regularly in Altınova (Balıkesir) and Kozak (İzmir) during 2009–2010. We recorded the local names of plants, useful parts of plants, ailments treated, preparation and application methods during the interviews. We performed a use value (UV) calculation to assess the relative importance of local species. We carried out informant consensus factor (FIC) analysis to find out the level of disease homogeneity. Finally, we identified 63 plant taxa belonging to 32 families. Among these were 47 wild and 16 cultivated. Lamiaceae (14.3%), Asteraceae (12.7%), Rosaceae (9.5%), Chenopodiaceae (6.3%) and Brassicaceae (4.8%) families were the most common. Use values showed Urtica dioica L. and Malva sylvestris L. were the most commonly used species. Homogeneity of diseases (FIC) values were the highest for dermatological, gastrointestinal and blood disorders, 0.93, 0.92 and 0.91, respectively. In our study, herb medicinal species showed more ecological differences than shrub and tree species in terms of altitudinal range and flowering period. Our results also showed that herbal remedies are substantially important among the local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of premature death and hence an important public health problem. Hypertension is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Herbal medicines, a complementary approach for treating hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, have been traditionally used worldwide for many years, either alone or in combination. In order to understand the mechanisms of antihypertensive action of plants, the mechanisms that are effective in the development of hypertension should be examined. In this study, the mechanisms of action of traditionally used plants on hypertension and the efficacy and safety of these plants were investigated. Based on ethnobotanical studies and surveys, 15 plants commonly used in Turkey were selected. The data on these plants obtained from various literature sources were compiled for this study. As a result of the evaluation of ethnobotanical studies and surveys, 15 commonly used medicinal plants were selected: Allium sativum , Crataegus spp., Olea europaea , Punica granatum , Nigella sativa , Camellia sinensis , Citrus spp. , Melissa officinalis , Urtica dioica , Viscum album , Lavandula stoechas , Petroselinum crispum , Rosa canina , Teucrium polium , and Tribulus terrestris. The data obtained from various literature sources about these 15 medicinal plants were compiled for this study. In addition to the general uses of these plants, preclinical and clinical studies were examined to elucidate the pharmacological action mechanisms of compounds that may be effective against hypertension. Drug interactions, contraindications, and side effect profiles were investigated to evaluate their safety. Clinical studies on the use of plants in hypertension are insufficient, and more clinical studies are needed to prove their efficacy and safety in humans. • Hypertension is the leading risk factor for all-cause mortality. • Fifteen frequently used plants used in the treatment of hypertension were selected. • Preclinical and clinical studies of these traditionally used plants were examined. • The safety and efficacy of these plants have been researched. • The lack of sufficient clinical studies is an important problem of the use of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to collect, record, and document local knowledge of medicinal practices in Düzce, a northwestern Anatolian province. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive ethnobotanical study has been reported from this province. Information was acquired through semistructured interviews and personal conversations using a questionnaire and numerous guided field trips with local knowledgeable people. For quantitative analyses and comparisons, recorded data such as informant consensus factor (FIC) and use value (UV) were calculated, respectively. As a result of extensive field studies, 122 taxa were determined as folk medicines; 76 of were wild and 46 were cultivated. The identified medicinal plants were mainly from the family Rosaceae, followed by Compositae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, and Solanaceae, respectively. Among the preparations used, liquid forms such as infusions (30.2%) or decoctions (16.4%) represented the most favored ways to administer medicinal plants. Dermatological disorders had the highest FIC score with a value of 0.75 followed by skeletomuscular (FIC = 0.7466), gastrointestinal (FIC = 0.6666), immunological (FIC = 0.6615), and respiratory (FIC = 0.6292) system disorders, among others. The most prominent medicinal plants were Urtica dioica (UV = 0.4352), Plantago major (UV = 0.3056), Rubus ulmifolius (UV = 0.2279), and Sambucus ebulus (UV = 0.2279). According to the present study, the number of people who recognize and use the wild plants of Düzce, and those of the rest of Anatolia, is steadily decreasing. The ethnobotanical knowledge cannot be passed to the next generation in its entirety if it is not properly recorded. In addition to this gradual loss of knowledge, modern information pollution and contamination via the popular media highlight the urgent need to record this precious knowledge before it is lost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hasankeyf is an ancient city located on the shores of the Tigris River in Batman Province, southeast Turkey. The town and some of its surrounding villages will be soon submerged, due to the construction of Ilısu Dam, which will force the residents to move to new settlements. The aim of the present study was to collect and record the traditional knowledge regarding the indigenous wild plants that will be submerged by this flooding. The study was carried out between March 2017 and April 2019. Interviews were conducted with 72 women and 53 men in the town center and 22 rural settlements, with a focus on the five villages that are due to be submerged. Information about a total of 86 wild edible plants belonging to 32 families was recorded. Interviewees reported that these were used as green vegetables (45 taxa), ripe fruits and seeds (25 taxa), seasoning and preservatives (16 taxa), beverages (nine taxa), and children's snacks (seven taxa). In addition, the data were analyzed on the basis of the cultural importance index to determine the cultural significance of these wild edible plants and the informants' knowledge about them. Culturally, the most significant species included Mentha longifolia, Polygonum cognatum, Rosa canina, Chenopodium album, Urtica dioica, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Malva neglecta. In addition, the data were compared with relevant data in the ethnobotanical literature of Turkey and its neighboring countries. Several uses mentioned here are documented here for the first time. Our research highlights the importance of wild edible plants in the daily lives of inhabitants and their potential for economic use. The present study also provides information for future archaeobotanical studies in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is aimed at reporting some of the plants traditionally used in the treatment of diseases by the local people living in the centre of Torul district and its surrounding villages. A face-to-face two-part questionnaire survey was conducted with 82 local people. Identification of 29 taxa belonging to 18 families has been confirmed and their medicinal uses have been recorded. In addition, the usage patterns of plant parts and purposes are recognized. Plants are mostly used in the treatment of cold and flu, stomach disorders, gynecological, cardiovascular, and respiratory diseases. The highest use value (UV) was recorded for Rosa canina (0.54) and Mentha longifolia subsp. longifolia (0.46) and the highest Informants Consensus Factor (FIC) was cited for cold and flu (0.83) followed by stomach disorders (0.75). New information for folklore medicines have been collected from the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamiaceae/Labiatae family includes the highest number of commercially used species such as mint, rosemary, thyme, oregano, lavender, marjoram and sage. These species are generally used as flavoring additives in meat dishes, sausage products, seafood, stews, salads, canned foods, sauces and soups. In this study, the species diversity of Lamiaceae family members in Akseki-İbradı-Manavgat districts of Antalya in southern Turkey and their ethnobotanical utilization in the region and in the literatures were presented. 149 taxa (131 at species level) belonging to 27 genera of Lamiaceae were identified in the study area. Of these, 50 taxa (33.56%) are endemic to Turkey. The native people harvest species from wild populations and generally air-dry them under sun or on shadow places. They consume and sell mainly air-dried Origanum onites (Turkish oregano) leaves. They obtain essential oil traditionally by steam distillation from Origanum majorana (white marjoram) due to its high oil yield and efficiency. Herbal treatments are used for cure various diseases such as strong cough, chronic cold, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders and skin problems. Wild-crafting of populations may cause genetic erosion of the species. The sustainability of these species should be maintained by genetic resource conservation programs by in situ and ex situ conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify wild plants collected for medical purposes by the local people of Karlıova District located in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey and to determine the uses and local names of these plants. A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 4 years (2013--2016). During this period, 99 vascular plant specimens were collected. Among them, 91 species are wild and 8 species are cultivated plants. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. 99 plants were found to be used for medical purposes before in the literature analysis of the plants used in our study, while 9 plants were found to have no literature records. In Turkey, local plant names display differences especially due to local dialects. The plants used in Karlıova are known by the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia. In the research area, local people were found to use 99 plants from 26 families for curative purposes. The medicinal uses of Stenotaenia macrocarpa Freyn & Sint., Inula helenium L., Scorzonera incisa DC., Tripleurospermum caucasicum (Willd.) Hayek, Astragalus chamaephaca Freyn, Geranium libanoticum Schenk, Rhinanthus serotinus subsp. aestivalis (N.W.Zinger) Dostál, Verbascum songaricum Schrenk. and Bunium elegans (Fenzl) Freyn that we found were used in our study area and recorded for the first time. These plants, used for the treatment of various diseases, are abundantly found in this region. Drying of the medicinal plants enabled the local people to use them in every season of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive ethnobotanical study was conducted in Acipayam, situated in the western part of Turkey. This paper includes details of plants used in folk medicine and ethnopharmacological information obtained during this study. The aim of the authors was to collect and identify plants used by local people for therapeutic purposes and to present information about traditional herbal medicine. Plant specimens collected during field‐work form the subject of this investigation. Information was obtained by means of open and semi-structured interviews with local people. In addition, cultural importance index (CI) and use report (UR) values were calculated. Ninety-one taxa of plants used in folk medicine and belonging to 38 families were identified in this study. Of these, 82 species were wild, and 9 species were cultivated. The most common families were Lamiaceae (18.7%), Asteraceae (14.3%) and Rosaceae (6.6%). Consequently, 191 medicinal uses (remedies) of 91 taxa were recorded. According to the use reports (UR), the most important medicinal plants were Cydonia oblonga (99 UR), Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus (99 UR), Pinus brutia (98 UR), Hypericum perforatum (90 UR), Viscum album subsp. austriacum (82 UR) and Salvia tomentosa (80 UR). Infusion (38.2%) was the most common preparation method used within the research area. The ethnomedicinal capabilities of eight species ( Amelanchier parviflora var. dentata , Echinops viscosus subsp. bithynicus, Onopordum sibthorpianum, Origanum hypericifolium, Quercus trojana, Salvia adenophylla, Sideritis montana . subsp. remota and Tamarix smyrnensis ) have been recorded for the first time in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnobotanical study was planned to carried out in villages of Savaştepe district (Balıkesir, Turkey) between May 2012 to October 2015. The settlements (44 villages) in Savaştepe were visited during the field work. With this study, we aimed to document traditional uses of edible plants in Savaştepe (Balıkesir). Interviews were made with the local people. A total of 205 individuals (107 men, 98 women) interviewed in the area. The plant samples were collected in company with local people. The collected specimens were identified and were deposited as herbarium samples at ISTE (The Herbarium of the Faculty of Pharmacy of Istanbul University). Among these collected plants 71 taxa belonging to 27 families are edible plants. The plants were mostly used as food (55 taxa), spice (14 taxa), beverage (3 taxa) and honey paste (2 taxa). Mostly used parts of plants were leaf (27 taxa), aerial part (20 taxa), fruit (19 taxa) and seed (5 taxa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of leaves for the traditional dish sarma is the result of human experience and observation, and the transfer of traditional knowledge in regions differing in the richness of their species. The purpose of this study is to update the list of leaf vegetable plants that are used to prepare the traditional dish sarma and to analyse the biodiversity of the species used and their status in the Turkish flora. Seventy-three taxa whose leaves are used to prepare sarma in Turkey are reported. The prevalent species are those of Rumex (11), Salvia (5), Beta and Malva (4), Alcea, Arum, Brassica, Morus, and Plantago (3). Wild herbaceous plants (69.5%) dominate. Trees (8) and shrubs (2) mostly belong to the Rosaceae, Moraceae, Betulaceae and Malvaceae. Grapevine and cabbage predominate, together with beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, European lime tree, bean, and spinach. The use of leaves of three endemics was recorded: Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and Rumex olympicus. Some toxic plants are used following preliminary treatment, including those of Arum, Convolvulus, Tussilago and Smilax species. Colocasia esculenta is a novel sarma plant that has been used in cuisine in the last decade, following its introduction to Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study identifies wild plants collected for medical purposes by local people of Karaisalı County in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey, together with the uses and local names of these plants. A field study was carried out over a period of approximately 2 years (2008–2010). During this period, 129 vascular plant specimens were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, local plant names, parts used and methods of preparation of the plants were investigated and recorded. Within the scope of the study, relevant plant species were collected; herbarium materials were prepared; and the specimens were labelled. In addition, the use-value of the species was determined and calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study. A total of 129 medical plants belonging to 59 families were identified in the region. The most common families were: Lamiaceae (14 plants), Asteraceae (11 plants), Rosaceae (10 plants), Apiaceae (5 plants), Euphorbiaceae (5 plants). A comparison of the data obtained in this study with experimental data obtained in previous laboratory studies, confirmed most of the ethnobotanical uses. The plant flora of Karaisalı is threatened by such factors as grazing, expansion of new agricultural lands, and unsustainable harvesting of plants to generate income. Steps should be taken immediately to ensure the inclusion of relevant flora within conservation designations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was carried out in selected districts of the Black Sea region of Turkey, in Trabzon (center), Çorum (İskilip town), Karabük (Yenice town), Amasya (Kapıkaya village), and Amasya (Belmebük village) in order to document the wild plants used by the local inhabitants, i.e. as a remedy or foodstuff or for other purposes. The data were collected from 352 individuals residing in these districts and volunteering to participate in the research through face-to-face interviewing. Depending on the data collected, the parts of the plants used, the purpose in using them, and the ways of preparation (simply cooking or decoction, infusion, poultice, ointment, etc.) were documented. Wild plants that are said to be used were collected with guidance from the informant and herbarium materials were prepared. All plant specimens collected were identified botanically and deposited at the Herbarium of the Faculty of Education of Hacettepe University (HEF). In the survey, the use of 72 plant taxa from 35 families was documented. Most of them belonged to the families Rosaceae (14 taxa), Lamiaceae (5 taxa), and Asteraceae (5 taxa). Among the 150 wild plant used in total, 106 were documented to be used in the treatment of several health problems. In descending order, these health problems were respiratory system disorders (25 remedies; 23.6%), dermatological disorders (21 remedies; 19.8%), gastro-intestinal disorders (20 remedies; 18.9%), endocrine and metabolic diseases (11 remedies; 10.4%), and urinary disorders (11 remedies; 10.4%), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The traditional knowledge about plants and their uses in Turkey is disappearing in recent years because the new generations of villagers migrate to big cities for a better life. Afyonkarahisar located at the intersection of roads and phytogeographical regions (Mediterranean, Iran-Turan, and Euro-Siberian) has more than 2500 plant species. This richness of plant diversity promotes the indigenous commuity for the traditional use of wild plants. The aim of the study is to show wild plants' ethnobotanical usages associated with medicinal, food, fodder, and household goods in 31 settlements within the boundaries of Afyonkarahisar province. Methods: The ethnobotanical data were collected from 46 informants by means of semi-structured interviews from 2012 to 2014. Ethnobotanical uses of plants of the study area were conducted in the vicinity of Afyonkarahisar (5 districts, 8 towns, 15 villages, and 3 neighborhood centers). Results: One hundred and thirty plant taxa belonging to 39 families were recorded and collected. Hundred and seventy-eight different uses of these plants were documented and used generally for medicinal (84), food (68), fodder (16), household goods (3), dyes (3), handicrafts (3) and religious (1). Conclusion: This study provides interesting uses of plants in the local community of Afyonkarahisar and its surrounding area, in what purpose they make use of plants, how they make use of them and obtained results will contribute to economy of villagers. Since the local people, especially in villages, are poor and do not have health care, they use the plants to treat illnesses, food, fodder, household goods and other uses (evil eye). Also this study will light the way for posterity for next generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Pedanius Dioscorides has been praised as the father of Pharmacy and his work Περί Ύλης Ιατρικής – De Materia Medica , served as the reference Pharmacy manual for almost twenty centuries. Though greatly celebrated among botanists of all ages׳ indisputable identification of numerous Dioscorides plants is still in quest. Present essay aspires to resolute the botanical status of the Umbelliferae (Apiacae) plants, through data extraction and recombination from a 7th century manuscript. Materials and methods Codex Neapolitanus Graecus 1 (CN) is the fundamental study material. From this source were extracted data, both from text and figures, in relation to plant nomenclature, habitat, morphology and geographical distribution; consequently those data were translated into present botanical terminology and then recombined according to the Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands covering the area that Dioscorides was born and studied. Results, and conclusions All of the 40 CN plants indicated as Umbelliferae, presented a substantially documented identification. For 19 of them a novel combination was indicated and 4 of them proved new pharmaceutical plants. Applied methodology generated a documented correspondence between CN entries and contemporary Umbelliferae taxa nomenclature forming thus a promising new systematic tool for the study of relevant sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnobotanical relevance Turkey is one of the richest countries in terms of plant diversity, owing to its unique geographical location with different climatic and geomorphological structures. For this reason interest in ethnobotanical studies has been rising. The goal of this study is to document traditional uses of medicinal plants and supply phytomedicines with efficacy and safety for use in primary health care in Bozüyük in Bilecik district, located in the nortwestern part of Anatolia in Turkey. Materials and methods The ethnomedicinal data was collected during 2009–2010 using semi-structured questionnaires, personal interviews and group discussion with 60 informants (22 men and 38 women). As a statistical method, informant consensus factors ( F IC ) and fidelity level (FL) values were calculated to analyze the importance of ethnobotanical plant species. Results 104 Plant species belonging to 47 families were found in this study. Among them 59 species were wild and 45 species were cultivated plants. The most common wild species belongs to Lamiaceae (15.3%), Apiaceae (6.8%), Fabaceae (5.1%), Asteraceae (5.1%), Polygonaceae (5.1%) and the most common cultivated species belongs to Rosaceae (24.4%), Apiaceae (11.1%), Fabaceae (11.1%), Brassicaceae (8.9%) and Poaceae (6.7%) families. The most common preperation method is infusion with the rate of 45%. According to use value (UV) the most important plant is Linum usitatissimum L. (0.86). The highest Consensus Informants Factor ( F IC ) of the ailments are skeletomuscular and conjunctivitis diseases with the same value of 0.80. The most frequent species is Mentha longifolia (L.) Hudson which is used for diuretic ailments with the amount of 88.33% fidelity level. Conclusions This paper reserves valuable ethnobotanical information for research area. The importance of traditional medicines and indigenous knowledge should be conserved and encouraged. In addition to this further laboratory investigations should be conducted on plants to produce pharmaceutical output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants in the villages of Çatak in the Eastern Anatolia Region. Recording such data calls for urgency. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of FIC method in Eastern (Van) part of Turkey. Aim of the study This study aims to identify the wild plants collected for medicinal purposes by locals of Çatak which is located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, and to identify the uses and local names of these wild plants. Materials and methods A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2010–2012). During this period, 78 plants taxa were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. The plant taxa were collected within the scope of the study; and herbarium materials were prepared. In addition, the relative significance value of the taxa was determined, and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study. Results We have found out in the literature review of the plants included in our study that 78 plant taxa are already used for medicinal purposes while 19 plants are not available among the records in the literature. The most common families are Asteraceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Malvaceae. We include in our study and report for the first time the medicinal uses of Alchemilla buseriana Rothm., Astragalus longifolius Lam., Cephalaria microcephala Boiss., Euphorbia grisophylla M.S. Khan, Fritillaria crassifolia Boiss. & Huet. subsp. kurdica (Boiss. & Noe) Rix, Fritillaria pinardii Boiss., Malabaila lasiocarpa Boiss., Nepeta betonicifolia C.A. Mey., Onobrychis altissima Grossh., Onobrychis carduchorum C.C. Townsend, Papaver bracteatum Lindl., Phlomis tuberosa L., Psephellus karduchorum (Boiss.) Wagenitz, Scutellaria orientalis L. subsp. pichleri (Stapf.) Edmondson, Stachys kurdica Boiss. & Hohen var. kurdica, Tanacetum kotschyi (Boiss.) Grierson, Tanacetum zahlbruckneri (Nâb.) Grierson, Turanecio eriospermus (DC.) Hamzaoğlu, Verbascum pyramidatum M.Bieb. Names of local plants in Turkey vary especially due to vernaculars. The plants that the locals of Çatak use are called with the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia. Conclusion We found out that locals living in the research area use for therapeutic purpose 78 plants taxa which belong to 22 families. Turkish citizens with different ethnic backgrounds took the questionnaire. These people use these wild plants in treatment of several diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies on the wild plants which grow in Çatak proved ethnobotanical usages to a great extent. Literature review indicated that the therapeutic plants that grow in Çatak are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of similar diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance With this study, we aimed to document traditional uses of medicinal plants in the western part of Aladaglar/Nigde. Materials and methods This study was conducted between 2003 and 2005. The research area was in the western part of the Aladaglar mountains. The settlements in Aladaglar (5 towns and 10 villages) were visited during the field work. The plants collected by the help of medicinal plant users. The plants were identified and voucher specimens prepared. These voucher specimens were kept at the Herbarium of Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy (ISTE). We collected the information by means of semi-structured interviews with 170 informants (90 men and 80 women). In addition, the relative importance value of the species was determined and the informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants researched in the study. Results According to the results of the identification, among 126 plants were used by the inhabitants and 110 species belonging to 40 families were used for medicinal purposes. Most of the medicinal plants used in Aladaglar/Nigde belong to the families Lamiaceae (25 species), Asteraceae (16 species), Apiaceae (7 species), Fabaceae (6 species) and Brassicaceae (5 species). The most commonly used plant species were Hypericum perforatum Thymus sipyleus var. sipyleus , Rosa canina , Urtica dioica , Malva neglecta, Thymus leucotrichus, Salix alba, Mentha longifolia , Berberis crataegina, Juniperus oxycedrus , Viscum album subsp. abietis , Allium rotundum and Taraxacum stevenii . The most common preparations were infusion and decoction. The traditional medicinal plants have been mostly used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (86%), hemorrhoids (79%), urinary diseases (69%), diabetes (68%) and respiratory diseases (61%). Conclusion The use of traditional medicine was still widespread among the inhabitants of Aladaglar mountains/Nigde region. Due to the lack of medical facilities in the villages of Aladaglar mountains, local people prefer herbal treatment rather than medical treatment. This study identified not only the wild plants collected for medical purposes by local people of Aladaglar/Nigde, but also the uses and local names of these plants. This paper helps to preserve valuable information that may otherwise be lost to future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sarma - cooked leaves rolled around a filling made from rice and/or minced meat, possibly vegetables and seasoning plants - represents one of the most widespread feasting dishes of the Middle Eastern and South-Eastern European cuisines. Although cabbage and grape vine sarma is well-known worldwide, the use of alternative plant leaves remains largely unexplored. The aim of this research was to document all of the botanical taxa whose leaves are used for preparing sarma in the folk cuisines of Turkey and the Balkans. Methods: Field studies were conducted during broader ethnobotanical surveys, as well as during ad-hoc investigations between the years 2011 and 2014 that included diverse rural communities in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. Primary ethnobotanical and folkloric literatures in each country were also considered. Results: Eighty-seven botanical taxa, mainly wild, belonging to 50 genera and 27 families, were found to represent the bio-cultural heritage of sarma in Turkey and the Balkans. The greatest plant biodiversity in sarma was found in Turkey and, to less extent, in Bulgaria and Romania. The most commonly used leaves for preparing sarma were those of cabbage (both fresh and lacto-fermented), grape vine, beet, dock, sorrel, horseradish, lime tree, bean, and spinach. In a few cases, the leaves of endemic species (Centaurea haradjianii, Rumex gracilescens, and R. olympicus in Turkey) were recorded. Other uncommon sarma preparations were based on lightly toxic taxa, such as potato leaves in NE Albania, leaves of Arum, Convolvulus, and Smilax species in Turkey, of Phytolacca americana in Macedonia, and of Tussilago farfara in diverse countries. Moreover, the use of leaves of the introduced species Reynoutria japonica in Romania, Colocasia esculenta in Turkey, and Phytolacca americana in Macedonia shows the dynamic nature of folk cuisines. Conclusion: The rich ethnobotanical diversity of sarma confirms the urgent need to record folk culinary plant knowledge. The results presented here can be implemented into initiatives aimed at re-evaluating folk cuisines and niche food markets based on local neglected ingredients, and possibly also to foster trajectories of the avant-garde cuisines inspired by ethnobotanical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ethnobotanical study was carried out in Pertek (Tunceli, Turkey) between April 2009-June 2012. For this purpose, the center of Pertek and all of the 45 villages were visited. During the field works, 627 plant specimens were collected and various ethnobotanical information regarding these plants was classified. In this paper which is a part of ethnobotanical study, wild edible plants of Pertek are presented. This investigation revealed that 109 taxa belonging to 30 families are being used by local people for nutrition. The plants were mostly used as food (73 taxa), beverage (30 taxa) and spice (12 taxa). This study is the first comprehensive survey of ethnobotanical aspects of Pertek region and all taxa presented in this paper are recorded as food for the first time in Pertek. All of the 73 plants utilized as food in Tunceli and 3 taxa of them in Turkey are recorded for the first time [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medicinal plants in Espiye in the Black Sea Region. Recording such data calls for urgency. This is the first ethnobotanical study in which statistical calculations about plants are carried out by means of FIC method in Northern (Espiye-Giresun) part of Turkey. This study aims to identify the wild plants collected for medicinal purposes by locals of Espiye which is located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, and to identify the uses and local names of these wild plants. Materials and methods A field study had been carried out for a period of approximately 2 years (2012–2014). During this period, information about medicinal use of 55 wild and 15 cultivated plants were collected. Demographic characteristics of participants, names of the local plants, their utilized parts and preparation methods were investigated and recorded. Through face-to-face interviews, we identified and recorded demographic characteristics of the respondents. We interviewed 128 persons who are over the age of 29. The plant taxa were collected within the scope of the study; and herbarium materials were prepared. In addition, the relative significance value of the taxa was determined, and informant consensus factor (FIC) was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study. Results We have found out in the literature review of the plants included in our study that 70 plant taxa are already used for medicinal purposes while 3 plants are not available among the records in the literature. The most common families are Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Ericaceae. We include in our study and report for the first time the medicinal uses of Alchemilla crinita Buser, Stachys sylvatica L., and Thymus leucotrichus Hal. var. leucotrichus Hal. Names of local plants in Turkey vary especially due to vernaculars. The plants that the locals of Espiye use are called with the same or different local names in various parts of Anatolia. Conclusion We found out that locals living in the research area use for therapeutic purpose 70 plants taxa which belong to 36 families. Turkish citizens with different ethnic backgrounds took the questionnaire. These people use these wild plants in treatment of several diseases. Comparison of the data obtained in this study with the experimental data obtained in the previous laboratory studies on the wild plants which grow in Espiye proved ethnobotanical usages to a great extent. Literature review indicated that the therapeutic plants that grow in Espiye are used in different parts of the world for the treatment of similar diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains significant ethnobotanical information on folk-medicinal plants and their ethnopharmacological uses in Kadışehri. The aim of the study was mainly to collect and identify the plants used therapeutically by the local people, and to make available information about traditional herbal medicine. It was undertaken during the period 2011-2012 and is based on plants collected during field work. Fifty-six plants used in folk-medicine and belonging to 34 families were identified in this study. Of these, 48 species were wild, and 8 species were cultivated plants. The most common families were Rosaceae (12.5%), Lamiaceae (8.9%) and Asteraceae (7.1%); and the most common preparations were decoctions (36.7%). In addition, a cultural importance index (CI) and use report (UR) were calculated for each species. Based on the CI, the most important plants were Cydonia oblonga (0.77), Ecballium elaterium (0.66), Urtica urens (0.66), Vitis vinifera (0.66), Plantago lanceolata (0.65), Plantago major subsp. major (0.65) and Rosa canina (0.62). We found three species of plant (Astragalus noaeanus, Populus ×canescens and Salvia cyanescens) which had never before been reported to have medicinal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]