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Copyright of African Journal of Reproductive Health is the property of Women's Health & Action Research Centre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: The banking industry, which is one of the most significant industries when taking into account both deposit sizes and employment statistics in Turkey, is one of the country's primary economic drivers. In this regard, it is highly important to evaluate banks as it is necessary to present to what extent they use their resources efficiently. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the efficiencies of Turkish banks by the two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI). Design/methodology/approach: The authors aim to analyze both the efficiency and productivity of Turkish banks by two-stage DEA and the MPI, which enable decomposing into sub-sections of production processes. Hence, more detailed insight into the Turkish banking system can be presented through two-stage efficiency and production approaches. Findings: DEA results indicate that two out of three state-owned banks achieved resource efficiency while none of the investigated banks performed profit efficiency throughout the investigated period. Besides, average resource efficiency is found higher than average profit efficiency in Turkish banks. MPI results reveal that both technological and technical improvement prospects exist for Turkish banks. Originality/value: The original contribution of this paper is to employ two-stage DEA and the MPI, which reflect both the static and dynamic performance of the Turkish banking sector. In this regard, this study aims to be a pioneer by both reflecting the static and dynamic performance analysis of Turkish banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey ranks among the top five olive oil-producing countries in the world, and the olive crop plays a crucial role in its economy, economically, environmentally, and socially. One of the primary challenges facing the agricultural sector is its profitability. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyse the olive sector in terms of economic efficiency, to identify productive and organizational variables directly associated with higher economic efficiency. Data were obtained from 193 organizations in the sector. A dual methodology is employed, comprising Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and, subsequently, Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). The findings highlight the relevance of variables such as organization size, irrigation usage, focus on olive oil, or cultivation on sloping terrain as factors associated with a higher level of economic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of hospital reforms introduced in 2011 in Turkey, public hospitals were grouped into associations with joint management and some shared operational and administrative functions, similar in some ways to hospital trusts in the English National Health Service. Reorganization of public hospitals effect hospital and market area characteristics and existence of hospitals. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of closure on competitive hospital performances. Using administrative data from Turkish Public Hospital Statistical Yearbooks for the years 2005 to 2007 and 2014 to 2017, we conducted a three-step efficiency analysis by incorporating data envelopment analysis (DEA) and propensity score matching techniques, followed by a difference-in-differences (DiD) regression. First, we used bootstrapped DEA to calculate the efficiency scores of hospitals that were located near hospitals that had been closed. Second, we used nearest neighbour propensity score matching to form control groups and ensure that any differences between these and the intervention groups could be attributed to being near a hospital that had closed rather than differences in hospital and market area characteristics. Lastly, we employed DiD regression analysis to explore whether being near a closed hospital had an impact on the efficiency of the surviving hospitals while considering the effect of the 2011 hospital reform policies. To shed light on a potential time lag between hospital closure and changes in efficiency, we used various periods for comparison. Our results suggest that the efficiency of public hospitals in Turkey increased in hospitals that were located near hospitals that closed in Turkey from 2011. Hospital closure improves the efficiency of competitive hospitals under hospital market reforms. Future studies may wish to examine the efficiency effects of government and private sector collaboration on competition in the hospital market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Decree Law No. 663 introduced a decentralized organizational structure and administration pertaining to Turkish public hospitals in November 2011. This study aims to explore the effects of the public hospital unions (PHUs), which were a result of Decree Law No. 663, on the efficiency and productivity of public hospitals. Design/methodology/approach: Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and DEA-based Malmquist total factor productivity (TFP) index were used from 2011 to 2016. Raw materials and supply expenses, salaries and fringe benefits, other service costs, general administrative expenses, total number of beds, number of specialists, number of residents, number of general practitioners, number of nurses and midwives and other medical officials were used as input variables. Working capital turnover, number of inpatients, number of outpatients and number of surgical operations for Groups A, B and C were used as output variables. Findings: According to the DEA scores, the percentage of efficient hospitals showed a declining trend from 2011 to 2016. The TFP results also showed a decreasing trend from 2011 to 2016. Practical implications: Providing administrative and financial autonomy to public hospital managers may cause efficiency and productivity losses, which is contrary to expectations. Originality/value: This study is the first to reveal the impact of decentralization of public healthcare providers on their performance levels in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work was to analyse the energy productivity and efficiency of agricultural enterprises growing poppy. The number of enterprises investigated in the study was determined from a stratified random sample of 87, the data is from 2019, and the study was conducted in Turkey. All inputs and outputs used in poppy production were obtained by multiplying energy equations with conversion coefficients in determining the energy use of the enterprises. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method was employed to calculate the technical, pure-technical, and scale efficiency of poppyproducing enterprises. Poppy energy inputs consisted of the use of human labour, machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, seeds, water, and fuel. The poppy capsule yield per unit area was regarded as the energy output. In the end, 40.23% of the total energy input in poppy production consisted of direct and 59.77% indirect energy. Non-renewable energy consumption (88.70%) was found to be rather high in the research area. Therefore, the use of chemical fertilizers and fuels, which are non-renewable energy sources, must be lessened for poppy plant production. The energy efficiency was found to be 0.08 in poppy production. According to this result, the production systems of the enterprises producing poppy are sufficient and energy is used efficiently. The specific energy value in the enterprises was calculated as 11.95 MJ kg-1 and the Technical Efficiency (TE) was calculated as 0.683. Producers produce at the same level with 68.3% of their capital, and 31.7 % saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the research efficiency of the research universities in Türkiye and to identify potential areas for improvement and to examine the factors affecting efficiency. Design/methodology/approach: For this purpose, data envelopment analysis was conducted with the output-oriented Banker, Charnes and Cooper (BCC) model with five-year article and citation counts data of 23 universities which were obtained from the Web of Science Core Collection. Findings: The findings of the study show that only eight research universities are efficient. There are areas of development for universities to be effective. In addition, the findings of the regression analysis conducted to reveal the determinants of efficiency revealed significant results. Research limitations/implications: Research universities in Türkiye should allocate their resources in a way to increase research performance. Policies should be developed to increase the number of publications and, more importantly, the quality of publications. Originality/value: Potential areas for improvement were identified for the universities to become efficient. The results revealed that both publication quality and productivity need to be improved, but there is more room for improvement in publication quality. Regression analysis with the determinants of efficiency scores shows that the development level of the region where the universities are located has a positive effect on the research efficiency of universities. In addition, it is concluded that smaller universities have better efficiency scores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Verimlilik Dergisi is the property of Verimlilik Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

With the study, it is aimed to evaluate the efficiency performances of participation banks, whose share and efficiency in the banking sector are increasing day by day. For this purpose, the efficiency scores of six acquisition economies, three with private capital and three with public capital, are calculated for 2019-2022 period. Efficiency measurements of three inputs (total funds, personal expense, interest expenses) and two outputs (funds used, interest income) selected for the research are made using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The body, in which the output-oriented DEA approach is handled under the estimation of constant returns to scale (CRR), shows that the average productivity values of the banks as a whole for the period of 2019-2022 are above 90%. The results of the analysis show that the efficiency scores of six participation banks in the period of 2019-2022 are as follows; four participation banks are active in 2019, six in 2020, three in 2021, and five in 2022. In general terms, it shows that all of the mentioned participation banks are active for at least two periods within four periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The private pension system (PPS) is a growing source of funds for an individual's retirement. Thus, the efficiency of PPS concerns not only the companies in the sector, but also the countries at the macroeconomic level. The objective of the research is determining the efficiency of PPS in Turkey. Using monthly data for 2013-2019, the extent to which state contribution affected PPS efficiency is investigated by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Efficiency estimates are calculated first without and then with the government contribution. The results show that the state contribution increased the efficiency of the PPS system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies a multistep fuzzy stochastic procedure to evaluate Turkish health system efficiency by comparing crisp and stochastic efficiency estimates blending machine learning predictors. Conventional, bias-corrected, and fuzzy data envelopment analysis (DEA) estimates are employed and compared to explore province-based health systems' efficiency scores. Fuzzy DEA α-level models are used to assess underlying uncertainty, yielding fuzzy results by changing 10 different alpha (α)-cut parameters from 0.10 to 1. Data are obtained from the official statistics of the Turkish Statistical Institute, and cross-province efficiency comparisons are performed through spatial analysis of the best and worst performers. A Pythagorean forest is constructed incorporating random forest regression to identify the most accurate predictors of province-based efficiency scores. The results reveal that bias correction and fuzziness outperform conventional efficiency analysis. High efficiency scores are observed when the α-cut parameter in the fuzzy DEA application is increased. High correlations are observed between efficiency scores elicited from crisp and stochastic DEA estimates ( r s > 90 ). The spatial distribution of average fuzzy DEA scores (α = 1) for seven geographic regions are presented on a map of Turkey. Finally, considering the imprecision of the fuzzy DEA estimates, fuzzy DEA efficiency scores are used to identify the predictors of health system fuzzy efficiency scores. The Pythagorean forest demonstrates that the most important predictor of province-based fuzzy efficiency scores is the number of physicians. The average efficiency values obtained from the conventional DEA model are outstanding in comparison to bias-corrected and fuzzy DEA estimates. Future studies could compare crisp and fuzzy efficiency estimates using large spatial datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to compare the efficiencies of 36 OECD countries in the fight against the COVID 19 pandemic. A three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is proposed. While the first stage analyzes the pre-covid situation, the contagion control and medical treatment stages evaluate the current COVID status of the countries. In the three-stage model, 8 input, 3 intermediate and 3 output variables are used. Efficiency analysis was carried out using output-oriented and constant return to scale CCR model and variable return to scale BCC models. First of all, efficiency analysis was performed for all countries at each stage. Target values have been calculated for countries that are not on the efficient frontier. Considering the target values and percentage changes, suggestions were made for countries to reach the efficient frontier. It has been observed that Turkey is efficient in the pre-Covid and medical treatment stages, but inefficient in the contagion control. Suggestions have been made by comparing the countries that are in the reference position for Turkey in the contagion control stage. Afterwards, with a study that can be described as a sensitivity analysis, overall efficiency scores were calculated for each country by giving different weights to the stages. No multi-stage DEA study has been found that calculates overall efficiency scores and deals with the pre-Covid and Covid pandemic period together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze Turkey's blood collection efficiency at the regional level between 2018 and 2021 and discuss managerial implications. Design/methodology/approach: The authors utilize data envelopment analysis (DEA) to evaluate the efficiency scores of the 18 regions for which the Turkish Red Crescent is responsible. The data set is obtained from the General Directorate of Blood Services in the Turkish Red Crescent. Findings: The results reveal that the efficient regions over the years did not substantially change, and regions that were consistently efficient for a four-year period are identified. Another finding is that COVID-19 did not affect the blood collection efficiency of the regions. Moreover, the findings illustrate that concentrating on the operations would contribute more to the blood collection efficiency than changing the scale size. Furthermore, the authors observe that the service population is by far the most important variable in determining the efficiency of the regions. Originality/value: In this study, the authors present a multi-dimensional perspective on the performance evaluation of blood collection operations. In addition, the authors present blood bank managers' feedback on the performance evaluation model, outlining managerial implications. Furthermore, the authors explore the effects of the pandemic on blood collection in Turkey and illustrate the changes in efficiency throughout a distinct period that incorporates the pandemic. The study would provide a guide for blood bank managers to improve the performance of their organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Wood harvesting is a crucial element of sustainable forest management. Harvesting of wood and non-wood forest products has gained importance for increasing environmental services, economic development and sustainability of forests. The aim of this study was to reveal the efficiency values of regional forest directorates (RFD) for wood harvesting between 2015 and 2020 in Turkey using six input and two output variables. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and k-means clustering analysis were used. From the results obtained, 35.7% of the 28 RFDs were efficient using the results of the input- and output-oriented Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model. In the input-oriented CCR model, for inefficient decision-making units (DMUs) to become efficient, on average the variable that needs to be reduced the most is forest area, and the variable that needs to be reduced the least is allowable cutting. Conversely, in the output-oriented CCR model, an average potential increase of 23.84% in the harvest of industrial wood, and of 29.48% for fuelwood, was determined for the inefficient DMUs. In addition, according to the results of the k-means cluster analysis, it was found that the DMUs in the cluster distribution of inefficient DMUs were similar to each other in terms of location. It will make a positive contribution for inefficient DMUs to consider the efficient DMUs shown as references to reach the targeted input/output values to become efficient. In addition, the results of this study are important for enabling forest managers to make performance evaluations based on efficiency analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine which of the input and output variables made a statistically significant difference in the efficiency status of undergraduate departments offering Health Management education in Turkey, to identify areas where inefficient departments could improve, and to determine which of the input and output variables made a statistically significant difference in the efficiency status of inefficient departments. The output-oriented data envelopment analysis model was employed in the efficiency analysis. As a decision-making unit, there were 43 Health Management departments. Mann-Whitney U test was used to analyse whether or not there was a statistically significant difference between the efficiencies of the departments based on the input and output variables. In Turkey, 15 of 43 state universities providing formal undergraduate education in the field of Health Management are fully efficient. Also, there was a significant difference in terms of the "number of completed projects" and the "number of papers in journals screened within the scope of Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC)" variables. No study examining the efficiency of Health Management departments has been found in the literature. Department administrators are encouraged to increase their publications and look into ways to design more initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New-generation technologies on vehicles provide many advantages in terms of cost, time, and the environment in the transportation, logistics, freight, and delivery service sectors. This study aimed to measure the effect of using e-scooter vehicles in mail delivery on the energy cost and delivery time in Turkey. Considering the number of test drives in e-scooter applications of potential regions, the amount of energy consumption and driving time data were used. The number of test drives for each e-scooter was assumed as a package or postal delivery amount. The methodology of this study consisted of measuring the effect of input parameters on output variables using the linear response optimization regression method and minimizing the amount of energy consumed and delivery time. The nine input variables and two output variables based on the test drive were analyzed in this study. The distance to the delivery address, region where the delivery address was located, and temperature were found to be statistically significant predictors of the amount of energy required for delivery. The statistical significance levels of time zone, distance, temperature, rainfall, and region factors were calculated as 0.053, 0.001, 0.0033, 0.044, and 0.042, respectively. Driver age, data time zone, distance, wind speed, and delivery region factors affected the time required for delivery with an e-scooter. The statistical significance levels of these factors were calculated as 0.02, 0.001, 0.001, 0.043, and 0.001, respectively. Additionally, N (p; 0.042), NE (p; 0.030), and W (p; 0.057) wind directions directly influenced the delivery time. SE (p; 0.017) was the only wind direction that statistically significantly affected energy consumption. The objective functions were estimated by calculating the optimum values of the input parameters for the minimum energy consumption and delivery time. The optimum values of both input and output variables were calculated based on the desirability values of the optimization models, which were in the optimum solution set. The average data of the optimum values of the objective functions were computed as 2.83 for the number of tests and TRY 0.021 (per 0.098 km) for the energy cost required for delivery. The necessity of using e-scooters, which are more environmentally friendly, economical, and time-saving than traditional delivery vehicles, in postal delivery service is among the prominent suggestions of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to explore the causal relationship between lending efficiency and capital adequacy through panel cointegration analysis and regression. The effects on that relationship of both such specific financial variables as total asset value and volume of hedging transactions and two additional categorical variables separating banks as state-owned versus privately owned and as foreign versus domestic are investigated. It is further debated whether duration of operating in the sector significantly influences assumed efficiency-capital adequacy relationship. For that, panel cointegration tests have been conducted on and some cointegration models have been constructed for the quarterly data of 13 deposit banks in Turkey for the 2013-2019 period. Panel cointegration test results suggest significant cointegration only from banks' lending efficiency scores calculated via Data Envelopment Analysis to their capital adequacy ratios. The panel cointegration regression models provide some evidence that capital adeqaucy is positively affected by lending efficiency. Furthermore, there exists no connection between total asset value and relative capital adequacy performance. However, it is evident that more engagement in hedging transactions improves bank's capital adequacy performance. But, state-owned and privately owned banks are not superior to one another in terms of efficient-based capital adequacy performance while domestic banks outperform foreign banks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relative operational efficiency of major Turkish container ports based on the Data Envelopment Analysis - Supply Chain Operations Reference (DEA-SCOR) model. While Turkish export and import figures are growing, the scientifical studies on operational efficiency of Turkish ports are gaining more attention day by day. Of course, one of the important import countries is China for Türkiye and BRI (One Belt and One Road Initiative) tends to support Turkish trade between western and eastern countries. Therefore, Turkish ports' efficiencies should be identified and suggestions have been presented for further development. The sampling frame was chosen from the members of TURKLIM and therefore, the SCOR and Data Envelopment Methodology examined 23 seaports. Both methodologies are generally used for analyzing the operational efficiency of ship inward-outward and stackings. The findings of the study show that four major ports are the most efficient gateways to handle inward and outward container traffic with their input variables. However, there are some challenges in port investment for BRI. This study should be used for the further analysis in the sector reports and scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing alternative and hybrid solution proposals for increasing Primary Resource Factor (PRF) values of the provinces in Turkey will lead to an increase in the use of renewable energy resources. In this study, each renewable energy sources should be evaluated with data envelopment analysis, and the obtained solution proposals for each province are the research subjects. Suggestions have been made that overlapping alternative solutions should be transformed into the hybrid structures in Turkey. In addition, a similar study was conducted using TOPSIS method, and an answer was sought to the question of what hybrid structures should be in terms of economics. Analysis results have been mapped for on-site solutions with renewable energy sources in the solution of district heating/cooling problems within the framework of increasing energy prices. Prominent alternative solutions are listed as solar, wind and hydraulic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to understand the most efficient hotel system and why efficiency varies across years and between the two differing types of hotel businesses in Turkey. Design/methodology/approach: A data envelopment analysis (DEA) analysis was used to characterise the efficiency of all-inclusive (AI) and bed and breakfast (B&B) hotel businesses with one output (total revenue) and three inputs (labour, food and capital costs). The Malmquist approach is then used to discern changes in total efficiency (TTE) and intertemporal shifts in the efficiency frontier (technological change (Tch)). Findings: The results reveal that the AI hotel operates at 100% efficiency in the summer and year-round. The B&B hotel business operates at 89.6% with variable constant returns to scale during the summer and with 100% efficiency. The results of the Malmquist approach indicate that the total factor productivity grew in the years 2015, 2016, 2018 and 2019, while the other years were marked by inefficiency. Such increases were due to technical efficiency change (TEch) and Tch, which means that managerial and allocative efficiency (AE) were barely achieved. Slight differences were noted in the two time periods (all year and summer), suggesting that the scale of hotel businesses is prepared to operate all year round, and this calls for strategies to mitigate seasonality. Research limitations/implications: As to avenues for future research, the limitations of this study are threefold. First, the hotel businesses are not parallel in terms of the duration of their service offerings. Future research may consider including an AI hotel business that is in operation for the whole year. Second, businesses in Turkey are sceptical about sharing their data as it is considered confidential. However, to better generalise the results and encourage hoteliers to consider the positive outcomes of such analysis, the number of observations could be increased by considering more hotel businesses in both categories. Third, a mixture of data representing businesses operating in various countries may reflect if the efficiency scores vary internationally. Practical implications: Overall, AI hotel businesses are more attractive but less efficient than B&B. Furthermore, the external crisis impacts the efficiency of hotel businesses meaning that hotel managers could keep on exploring AI, perhaps educating their hosts not to waste or not offer huge quantities. Hotel managers may also need to enlarge their seasonal activities to ensure more efficiency. Social implications: Despite the intentions of AI hotel businesses to increase their profitability with a lower level of service quality, this study shows that the AI hotel business is very attractive but not so efficient due to the higher propensity of guests to consume food and beverages in excess that compromises the definition of efficiency as zero waste. AI is very attractive for family groups or those seeking the pleasure of relaxation at seaside resorts and is also very popular in Turkey. On the other hand, the B&B hotel business is more efficient but less attractive. Originality/value: The contributions of this paper are threefold. First, the authors analysed the efficiency and inefficiency of hotel businesses within nine years of operations. During this period, Turkey experienced first a tourism boom (2011–2014) followed by stagnation and subsequently a sharp decline due to political instability resulting in an (in)direct impact on tourism (2015–2019). Second, the authors compared the efficiency and inefficiency of AI and B&B hotel businesses. Third, the authors examined the effects of hotel management factors to ensure efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data Envelopment Analysis is a popular tool for assessing the relative efficiency of units, treated as a whole unit, without considering the internal structure of decision-making units. In contrast to the conventional models, Network DEA models consider the internal operations of units. In both models, the most favourable weights of the input–output factors for each unit are used. One of the main pitfalls of these models is that they require a set of n different vectors of these weights for the units, thus the factors may not have the same importance for each unit. To overcome this drawback and avoid ignoring some factors, several methods have been proposed to determine a common set of weights (CSWs) of the factors. However, none of the proposed approaches can determine the CSWs in network DEA models. This paper contributes to the existing literature by proposing a novel approach for determining the CSWs based on Entropy Method. Finally, the proposed approach is applied to demonstrate their applicability in both numerical and illustration examples. Moreover, a case of assessment of Science and Technology Parks in Turkey was used for the purpose of illustration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airports play an important role in the economic development of countries. Efficiency analyses of airports are crucial for providing an important roadmap to airport authorities and for helping to benchmark their airports with respect to a role model. Accordingly, in this study, an integrated analysis comprising a super-efficient data envelopment analysis (DEA) and an eigenvector centrality analysis is conducted. Additionally, a Simar–Wilson bootstrapping approach was used to identify the important factors influencing this efficiency. As a case study, the efficiencies of Turkey's 39 international airports were analyzed, and strategic recommendations were suggested. According to the results of the super-efficient DEA analysis and eigenvector centrality analysis, Istanbul Atatürk (closed as of 2019), Adana, and Diyarbakır airports are the "shining stars." These airports are operationally efficient and act as role models for other airports. Moreover, the hypothesis testing conducted based on the Simar–Wilson bootstrapping approach shows that the efficiency of airports varies by region. The efficiency of airports in the Mediterranean region, which is used as a reference, was found to be significantly higher than that of airports in Eastern Anatolia, Southeast Anatolia, Central Anatolia, and Marmara regions. There also exists a difference between the efficiencies of private and public terminal operations in the favor of public terminal operations. The efficiency of an airport is also positively influenced by the tourist population and by an increase in the gross domestic product per capita of the corresponding city. • This study proposes a super-efficient DEA and an eigenvector centrality analysis to analyze the efficiency of airports. • Simar-Wilson bootstrapping approach is also used to specify the essential environmental factors influencing this efficiency. • The efficiency of Turkey's 39 international airports is evaluated as a case study, and strategic suggestions are made. • A rational policy may be to close some inefficient regional airports and to consolidate traffic in larger airports. • Additional years of experience at an airport increase its efficiency due to the learning curve effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyzed the efficiency situation of corn farms operating in the Adana province of Turkey. In this context, required farm management data were collected from 111 corn farmers by using face to face survey method during the 2019-2020 cultivation season. To determine the technical efficiency (TE) levels of corn farms, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was applied. Furthermore, factors that cause the inefficiency in corn farms were detected by using the Tobit regression model. According to research results, the average TE levels of corn farms in the research area under the variable return to scale conditions are reported as 0.887 (111 farms). These results suggested that if farms reduced their input use by 11.3% on average, they can achieve the same output level and be able to reach full technical efficiency. The most ineffective source in terms of farms performance is machine expenditures with 68.2% of excessive use followed by labor use. In this regard, mechanization modernization, education and training of the labor force and more sensitive fertilizers and pesticide use can increase the efficiency of corn farms. Results of the Tobit regression model indicated that factors such as experience, education, number of tractors and size of the irrigated area positively influenced the TE, whereas family size in corn farming has a negative effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data Envelopment Analysis is a non-parametric analysis method based on linear modeling. In this method, it is aimed to measure the relative effi ciency of deci- sion making units that produce homogeneous outputs by using homogeneous inputs. Many sectors aff ected positively or negatively by Covid-19 pandemic. In this study, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the fi nancial performance based effi ciencies of companies in the information technology (IT) sector traded in Istanbul Stock Exchange (Borsa Istanbul/BIST) examined. In addition, the eff ect of the Covid-19 pandemic on the periodical fi nancial performance effi ciency by determining the periods with the highest and lowest average effi ciency for the quarterly periods between 2019:03 and 2021:06 is investigated. As a result, due to inevitable changing situations such as pandemics aff ect the countries; this study will shed light on both the comparison and evaluation studies for the IT sector and similar studies for other sectors to be made in Turkey or in other countries in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the main economic sectors in Türkiye. Therefore, a performance evaluation is essential for an improvement in agricultural sector. In this study, the productivity of Turkish agricultural sector was analyzed for the years between 2006-2015. A non-parametric technique, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) based Malmquist index method, was applied to calculate the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) indices for agriculture in 26 NUTS2 (The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) regions of Türkiye for the selected 10-year period. Total agricultural production value is used as the output variable and six input variables are selected as: land, labor, machine, livestock and government investment. The analysis was conducted via the computer program DEAP2.1. The result reveals that agricultural TFP of regions has decreased by 2% annually on average. The maximum TFP growth in agriculture occurred between 2007 and 2008 with a mean increase of 12% in overall TFP of regions. On the other hand, the greatest regression in the overall TFP was observed in 2010-2011 period by a decrease of 13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of agricultural subsidies on the efficiency of farms is one of the main issues discussed today. Dairy farming benefits from various types of subsidies and take a lion share from the agricultural support budget. In this context, this study has four important aims. Firstly, to analyze the technical efficiency of dairy farms, secondly, to investigate the effects of policy tools on efficiency, thirdly to determine factors affecting efficiencies and finally to bring proposals. This study was carried out in Thrace Region of Turkey and interviewed with 140 dairy farmers. The three-stage method was applied in this study. The technical efficiency and policies effects on efficiency were determined by using Data Envelopment Analysis. Tobit Analysis was used to investigate the relationship between efficiency and farmer or farms-oriented characteristics. The results of Data Envelopment Analysis show that average efficiency scores are 0.700 under constant return to scale, 0.795 under variable return to scale and 0.886 for scale efficiency. The technical efficiency increases by 1.13%-2.43% thanks to subsidies and the scale efficiency is 1.35% higher. It is noteworthy that subsidies affect efficiency positively but provide a small improvement, also the effects vary across the farm-scale groups. According to Tobit Analysis, the education level of farmers, the share of livestock in total income, family size and whether tend to give up farming are significantly affecting efficiency. It is recommended for governments should provide subsidies to increase the scale of small farms that work with increasing return to scale and to improve the technology of larger farms that work with decreasing return to scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping contributes significantly to both beekeeping enterprises and the country's economy, as it provides jobs, income, and nutrition for the rural population of developing countries. Mersin City is an essential region for beekeeping, both in terms of honey production and migratory beekeeping in Turkey. In this study, the efficiency of beekeeping enterprises was revealed, and the factors causing inefficiency were examined. The efficiency measure of enterprises was determined using data envelopment analysis (DEA). According to the findings obtained, beekeeping enterprises' technical efficiency, allocation efficiency, and economic efficiency were calculated as 0.89, 0.84, and 0.81, respectively. The economic efficiency score showed that inefficient enterprises could effectively reduce their production costs by 19%. When the factors causing inefficiency are examined, it is revealed that income per hive, subsidy rate, and credit use have adverse effects on efficiency, education level, experience, number of honey frames used per hive, and migratory beekeeping effects. According to the results, it is thought that increasing education and extension activities, improving marketing opportunities, legal regulations in using agricultural credits, and extending consultancy services can also help to increase economic efficiency in the research field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Health services which have a high significance in ensuring and protecting welfare in human life and quality of life are an important indicator of the level of development in countries. In this study, it is purposed to measure the efficiency of the state university hospitals which provide Health Services in Turkey. Inputs and outputs were weighted by using the AHP method. Then, Data Envelopment Analysis was used to determine the efficiency of the hospitals. 35 State university hospitals' data were used as the decision-making unit. It was concluded that 9 university hospitals were effective in the weighted input-oriented CCR model and 11 university hospitals were effective in the weighted input-oriented BCC model. It was evaluated that 9 university hospitals were efficient in the weighted outputoriented CCR model and 11 university hospitals were effective in the weighted output-oriented BCC model. According to the weighted DEA results, one of the reasons why some university hospitals are not effective is the low number of surgeries. In addition, it can be said that the reason why a few university hospitals are evaluated as ineffective even though their inputs are high are ineffective because of their low output. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business is the property of Gazi Journal of Economics & Business and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, the elasticity of response measures revealing the marginal characteristics of efficient frontiers have been developed and generalized for different types of DEA production technologies. In theory, the elasticity measures can be calculated for the units on the efficient frontier that satisfy a selective radial efficiency assumption. This corresponds to a subset of the evaluated units. In this research, we propose to extend the elasticity measurement to the entire production possibility set (technology) by stratifying the units to different levels of efficient frontiers. The stratification idea is inspired by the commonly known context-dependent DEA based on the exclusion of efficient units at each iteration and obtaining multiple levels of frontiers. We build the proposed methodology on the idea that a DEA technology theoretically consists of several frontiers and calculating elasticity measures on all frontiers may provide additional information on the returns-to-scale (RTS) characteristics of all the units whether they are on the first-level frontier or not. The proposed methodology is presented in an empirical application using the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) data of the agricultural farms operating in the Aegean Region of Turkey. The results reveal that the proposed method enables us to obtain a wider perspective on the RTS characterizations of DEA production technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Airport management is influenced by several related critical decisions on financial and technical operations. Optimum utilization of resources, including assets and personnel, is critical to achieve better service quality for the passengers and an efficient airport. Due to its importance, this paper aims to assess the performance of airports based on security, safety, and possible work-related health problems by considering the uncertain and unclear number of passengers and their baggage. Design/methodology: The efficiency of 30 airports in Turkey is evaluated with a basic Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model with two inputs and five outputs. Then, the model is redefined with an undesired output. High, medium, and low seasons are defined in the second DEA model to estimate the number of passenger baggage. The third model utilizes the principles of Fuzzy DEA (F-DEA) that aims to handle the uncertainty for the undesired output data. Findings: The results of three models confirm that the number and weight of baggage and consequently health and safety issues in airports should not be overlooked when optimizing airport efficiency. Utilizing the fuzzy theory has the potential to help managers to improve the operational efficiency of airports when dealing with an uncertain number of passengers and estimating the workload of baggage handlers. Research limitations/implications: No permission was given to make interviews with the ground handling personnel and gather real-life data to analyze task durations and workers' body movements. Practical implications: Inputs, outputs, and undesired output defined in this study can be used to assess the airports in any other country. Social implications: The importance of health and safety issues for passengers, airport personnel, baggage handlers, and the residents who live close to the airports is considered. Originality/value: This study contributes to the airport performance assessment literature by considering the uncertain and dynamic data related to health and safety issues. This pioneering study, up-to-best knowledge, is the first to assess the airports in Turkey by DEA with the defined undesired output (baggage handler workload) and also utilizing the fuzzy model for the uncertain data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study had two aims, one of which was to reflect the efficiencies of all institutions providing primary healthcare in Turkey between the years of 2012–2014 at the level of provinces. The second aim was to identify the factors that affect the efficiency scores. Two-stage data envelopment analysis method was utilized accordingly. The findings of the study showed that the number of provinces providing primary healthcare efficiently was found as 20 for 2012, 17 for 2013 and 24 for 2014. The study also showed that the efficiency scores of the provinces in primary healthcare changed according to income, apart from the input and output variables. According to the results of the study, it was found that most of the provinces are inefficient. In order to improve this, attention should be paid to decreasing inputs and infant mortality rate and increasing the average number of follow-up per infant, especially in provinces where income per capita is low. In addition, it is thought that the results of this study will provide important information to healthcare administrators and policy makers regarding primary care, which has an important role in preventing outbreaks (for example COVID-19), monitoring diseases, protecting and promoting health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of the study were: (i) To comparatively estimate the economic performance and productive efficiency of owner and sharecroppers in Kaş District of Antalya Province in Turkey, (ii) To find out the factors affecting the profitability of owner operators and sharecroppers, and (iii) To formulate the policy options in the light of findings. Research data were collected from randomly selected 58 owner operators and 45 sharecroppers by using questionnaire. Cluster analysis was performed to select similar sharecropper and owner operator in terms of farmers' profile, farm income, and land size. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) was used to estimate the efficiency measures. Research result showed that labor cost of sample farm had largest share in total farm expenses. The tomato and pepper yield of sharecroppers were higher than that of owners. Net farm income of owner operator and sharecroppers per hectare were $44518.3 and $51248.8, respectively. The mean technical, allocative and economic efficiency of owner operators were 0.724, 0.729 and 0.528, respectively, while that of sharecroppers was 0.851, 0.598 and 0.509, respectively. Sharecroppers had higher technical efficiency score compared to owners, but reverse was the case for allocative and cost efficiency scores. According to the research findings, farmers can increase their technical competence, if both owner operator and sharecropper improved their skills by participating in training and extension programs. Implementing performance-based earning systems may accelerate improving farmers' technical capability. Reorganizing of farm and controlling marketing cost may also be beneficial for increasing economic efficiency in the research area [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS RESEARCH PAPER AIMS TO PROVIDE AN ASSESSMENT OF COUNTRY RISKS ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES USING DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA).NOWADAYS, FORIEGN DIRECT INVESTMENT (FDI) HAS STRONG AFFECT TO RISK COUNTRY. MANY COUNTRIES CHECK THE COUNTRY RISK OF THAT TO UNDERSTAND THEY CAN PERFORM INVESTMENTSIN THAT COUNTRY OR NOT. THE AIM OF THIS RESEARCH STUDY IS FINDING ACCORDING TO COUNTRY RISK, HOW MUCH THEY CAN GET FDI AND EVALUATED THEY PERFORMANCE ABOUT IT IN THE MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES. FIVE COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN SELECTED AND THEN THEY EVALUATED BY DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) FOR FINDING THE BEST PERFORMANCE OF COUNTRIES FROM 2005 TO 2020. THE RESULT INDICATES THAT AMONG THESE COUNTRIES, EXCLUSIVELY TURKEY AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES HAD OBTAINED BEST PERFORMANCE REGARDING ABSORBING FDI ACCORDING TO THEIR COUNTRY RISK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the incidence of inefficiency (IOI) is a subject to obtain the statistical properties of Data Envelopment Analysis by considering it as a variable. In this paper, new Bayesian estimators which reflect the empirical distribution structure of the IOI for the cases without a rule of thumb are investigated. A simulation study is conducted to observe the effects of the right (positively) skewed prior. Furthermore, the IOI value of the cities in Turkey is estimated by using the right skewed prior. It can be observed that the effects of the right skewed priors on the Bayesian estimators are successful in terms of absolute errors. Highlights In this study, new Bayesian estimators for the incidence of inefficiency are investigated for the cases without a rule of thumb. It is observed that the right (positively) skewed priors can be used for the cases without a rule of thumb. The effects of the prior on the Bayesian estimators are successful in terms of absolute errors. The incidence of inefficiency value for socio-economic data of the cities in Turkey is estimated by using the right skewed prior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the high input energy using sectors which ultimately produces the output energy for the survival of human beings. Wheat is an important cereal in the agriculture production system. It is a major food crop and staple food for many countries in the world. Higher population growth has increased demand for wheat, and this demand has been met through the adoption of modern agricultural practices which are heavily dependent on energy. The current study was planned to examine the input energy use efficiency of rainfed wheat growers in Pakistan and Turkey (countries among the top 10 global wheat producers). A total of 119 wheat growers from the rainfed areas of both countries were randomly selected. The data envelopment analysis was executed to estimate the input energy use efficiency score of the growers. The results of the study revealed that almost a similar source of input energy is used in both countries in wheat cultivation. The largest input energy consumption in Turkey was nitrogen fertilizer (10,531.50 MJ ha−1), while in Pakistan was farmyard manure (12,837.32 MJ ha−1). The Turkish growers have higher energy use efficiency 2.42 as compared to Pakistani growers, whose energy use efficiency was 1.09. Results further revealed that there is a substantial potential for energy savings in both countries by optimizing energy use. The study concluded that the exchange of energy-efficient practices between both countries can significantly reduce energy use and improve the yield of wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the efficiency performance of third mission activities of research universities in Turkey regarding their social dimension, which has become prominent in recent years. Data Envelopment Analysis was used to evaluate the efficiency of the third mission of universities for 2019. The findings show that the number of relatively efficient research universities is only four out of sixteen, and the overall mean score of universities is 0.422. Thus, in total, universities are inefficient regarding their third mission activities as of 2019. Besides, in order to get reasonable results, a Tobit model was applied to examine the extent to which exogenous factors influence the third mission efficiencies of research universities in Turkey. The results indicate that only the foundation year has a significantly positive impact on university efficiency; in other words, the possibility of third mission efficiency is greater for the older ones, which were founded before 1981. The university ranking was used as a proxy for external factors affecting both the research mission and the third mission of research universities. No significant linkage between the performance of the third mission activities conducted within the scope of social dimension and the research mission of research universities is determined for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In this study, the performance of 555 public hospitals was evaluated to research the impact of the Public Hospital Unions (PHU) practice applied in Turkey. Materials and Methods: Performance has two dimensions: efficiency and effectiveness. The scores obtained as a result of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Index (MI) methods were taken as efficiency indicators. The degree of achievement of the targets was taken as effectiveness indicators, and the evaluation of effectiveness was performed by examining to what extent it has gotten closer to the targeted values on the Strategic Plans prepared by Turkey Public Hospitals Authority (TPHA). Results: According to the results of the DEA-VRS model, the percentage of efficient hospitals; was 69% in 2012, 74% in 2013, 70% in 2014, 70% in 2015, and 71% in 2016. According to the results of the DEA-CRS model, the percentage of efficient hospitals; was 55% in 2012, 60% in 2013, 56% in 2014, 55% in 2015, and 53% in 2016. The efficiency changes of all hospitals between the period of 2012-2016 were analyzed by the MI method, and the Technical Efficiency Change (TEC), Technological Change (TC), and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) values of the hospitals were found to decrease by 45%, 87%, and 72%, respectively. Conclusion: The public hospital unions (PHU) model, which was created to use resources effectively and efficiently in the field of health, did not significantly enhance hospitals' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ports are the key elements of maritime transportation, which is crucial for world trade. Approximately 180 port facilities are located in Turkey. After 2007, 5 of the ports, which are formerly owned by Turkish Republic Railways Administration (TRRA), are privatized. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of these privatized ports by multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach. Design/methodology/approach: The application process is performed by a MCDM model. This model includes both criteria (dry bulk, liquid bulk, general cargo, container, RO-RO capacity, total port area, total berth, total berths length and depth) and alternatives (Mersin, Samsun, Bandirma, Iskenderun and Derince Ports). It determines the weights of the criteria by entropy and ranks the alternatives by ARAS and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. Findings: The results of entropy, ARAS and TOPSIS methods are compared. According to these results, "container" is the most important criteria while Mersin port has the best performance. Originality/value: In the literature, most of the studies about this subject were analyzed by data envelopment analysis (DEA) and there are no studies had been taken into consideration ports that are owned by TRRA, in Turkey. Moreover, few of these studies used integrated MCDM models, and this is the first study that integrates entropy, ARAS and TOPSIS methods in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insurance awareness for different insurance branches in the insurance sector in Turkey is increasing day by day, and the number of policies produced in the sector is increasing day by day. In this context, with the aim of evaluating the insurance indicators that increase in quality in terms of quantity and revealing a performance table for the sector, in the study, a list of the top 14 companies in the market share ranking according to the total premium production in the insurance sector, based on some indicators selected between 2016-2019 activity analysis was carried out. Data envelopment analysis was used as the analysis method. As a result of the study, it has been observed from the analysis results that although the efficiency levels of the companies, which are in the top ranks according to the total premium production in the years examined, are generally at good levels, in some years, the opposite process has also been experienced. Accordingly, companies should increase their profitability and premium production by using their employment numbers and insurance policy numbers more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Business Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trakya University, Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty E-Journal / Trakya Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi E-dergi is the property of T.C. Trakya Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Besides its contribution to ecological balance, being an alternative source of income in rural areas increases the importance of beekeeping. The aim of this study is the determination of the efficiency of beekeeping by provinces in Turkey. The research data consists of honey production, beeswax production, the number of beekeeping businesses, and the number of hives in 81 provinces. Data envelopment analysis was used to determine the efficiency of beekeeping by provinces. The number of beekeeping businesses and the number of hives were defined as the input variables for analysis. Honey production was defined as the output variable in the first model, and honey production and wax production were defined as the output variables in the second model. Ordu is among the provinces that have full efficiency in both models. Total efficiency values were calculated as 0.19 and 0.30 in the first and second models, respectively. These values show that the efficiency in beekeeping in Turkey is low. However, it has been determined that the efficiency value is high in provinces with large-scale beekeeping businesses and high honey yield. Therefore, it is important to implement incentive policies for beekeepers to increase the number of hives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we introduce a new approach, based on a unified framework incorporating Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA), for assessing water quality in contextual settings that involve a large number of hydrochemical parameters. In order to enhance discrimination among water sources, the DEA model is adopted with data-driven input variables, called "surrogate optimistic closeness values," computed through an aggregation procedure that includes the observed values of the hydrochemical parameters with OWA weights. The proposed DEA-OWA methodology has been employed to assess the quality of 51 water samples, collected from irrigation wells in Sereflikochisar Basin, Turkey, by means of 19 hydrochemical parameters. Using different subjectivity levels, the Surrogate Water Quality Indices (SWQIs) that are produced are proven effective in enhancing discrimination among the water sources while enabling a more robust water quality-based ranking. The k-means analysis has been used for clustering the water quality of the wells into Excellent, Good, Permissible, and Unsuitable rather than using pre-set boundaries. Only one water source has been identified as Excellent, whereas 17.65%, 45.10%, and 35.29% of the sampled wells, respectively, are categorized with Good, Permissible, and Unsuitable water quality. Inferred from wells' location, the results suggest that the groundwater might be drastically affected by saline water intrusion from Lake Tuz. The latter conclusion has been corroborated through a Tobit regression analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Banks use different analysis methods to measure their relative efficiency in the market they are in, under intense competitive conditions. When the literature is examined, it is seen that two approaches used by banks in efficiency measurement stand out. The first is the mediation approach that evaluates the bank’s liabilities as inputs and assets as outputs. The second is the production-oriented approach. In this approach, the efficiency of branches is measured. Capital and labor considered as input, number of deposits and credit accounts are considered as output. In this study, Data Envelopment Analysis, which is one of the methods used in measuring the effectiveness of decision units with multiple input and multiple output variables, have been examined. Using this method, efficiency of the banks assuming an active role in the card payment system in Turkey measured considering data from 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the resources allocated for health care are limited, the cost of health services is increasing day by day. For this reason, there is a pressure on those who responsible for the management of health care services to use the available resources more efficiently. Measuring efficiency and reorganizing the resources according to scientific methods can contribute to the efforts in this direction. The aims of this study are to measure the technical efficiency of provinces in Turkey in terms of family health services and to determine the potential improvement areas for increasing the technical efficiency. For this purpose, data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to nine inputs and eight output variables related to family health services of provinces. Inputoriented CCR model, which is developed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes, was used. According to the findings obtained from this study, it was determined that the average efficiency score of the provinces was 91.66% and 31 provinces were operated efficiently and 50 provinces inefficiently. In inefficient provinces, the number of registered populations to family medicine, analysis and examination expenses and current expenses of family health centers came to the fore as the most important areas to be intervened. It is thought that periodic performance evaluation on resources will contribute to the more efficient use of resources allocated for health systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]