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Angelica remotiserrata is a novel endemic species discovered in the Kastamonu provinces of northern Turkey. The new species is described by morphological, carpological, ecological and phylogenetic analysis. A. remotiserrata is morphologically distinct from Angelica sylvestris by the coarsely serrata leaf margins, the small and not swollen sheath, the larger fruit and the 12–14 dorsal vittae. A phylogenetic analysis based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of the ribosomal DNA was conducted to reveal the evolutionary relationships of the new species. Its relationships with related species and proposed conservation status were reviewed. The morphological, and molecular evidence clearly supports that A. remotiserrata is a new species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species, Seseli kurdistanicum Lyskov and Fırat (Apiaceae), is described from the Van Province, eastern Turkey. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nrITS/ETS recognized the new species as closely related to Seseli leptocladum from western Armenia. Morphologically, these two species are also closely related. However, S. kurdistanicum differs from S. leptocladum in the petiole length (absent or very short about 0.5 cm versus 3–5 cm), shape of radical leaves (ovate versus oblong), umbel diameter (up to 11 cm with ascending rays versus 2–3 cm with erect rays), number of rays (4–10, usually 6–7 versus 1–6, usually 2–4), and ray length (up to 7 cm, usually 3–5 versus up to 3 cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wild carrot (Daucus carota) is famous for its dark flowers in the umbel centre. Several studies have been conducted to figure out their functional significance, but the evolution of the dark centre remains an enigma. In the present paper, we consider all known apioid species with dark-centred umbels to get a deeper understanding of their biology and evolution. Based on herbaria studies, literature and field work, we reconstructed the distribution area of 10 species (7 genera, 6 clades) of Apiaceae-Apioideae. To recognize homology of the dark structures, developmental studies were conducted in Artedia squamata and Echiophora trichophylla Field studies included architecture, flower morph distribution (andromonoecy) and flowering sequence within the plants, abundancy and behaviour of umbel visitors and preliminary manipulation experiments (removal/adding of dark structures). The dark structures are not homologous to each other. In the Daucus alliance, central flowers or umbellets are conspicuous, whereas in other species dark brush-like (A. squamata) or club-shaped structures (Dicyclophora persica , Echinophora trichophylla , Tordylium aegyptiacum , T. cappadocicum) develop from a naked receptacle. Species are andromonoecious, have a modular architecture and flower in multicyclic protandrous sequence. Among the many umbel visitors, beetles were the most abundant group. Only visitors found on umbels in both flowering phases were recognized as possible pollinators. Manipulation experiments indicated that the dark structures influence the behaviour of some, but not all umbel visitors. In Echinophora trichophylla , a massive gall infection was observed. It is evident that the dark structures evolved several times in parallel. The brush- and club-shaped structures are interpreted as the results of mutations affecting umbel development. Dark umbel centres are most likely stabilized by selection due to their general adaptive function. Their appearance in an area known as a hotspot of beetle pollination gives rise to the assumption that they may act as beetle marks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to describe the chemical composition of the Essential Oil (EO) of the aerial parts of E. maritimum, and verify its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The EO chemical characterization was simultaneously obtained by GC/FID and GC/MS. Thirty-one compounds corresponding to 93.3% of the EO were identified in the EO of E. maritimum. Spathulenol (22.0%), aromadendrene (18.3%), humulene epoxide (6.6%), and β-humulene (4.8%) were the main compounds of the EO. The antimicrobial activities were determined against 3 gram-positive bacteria, 4 gram-negative bacteria, and 2 yeast species by using disc-diffusion and MIC techniques. EO showed a low effect (8-11 mm) against all tested bacteria and yeasts. Additionally, EO extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022 from tested microorganisms presented a MIC value at μl/ml concentration. The antioxidant activity of the EO was determined as IC50=16.8 ± 1.65 μl/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the chemical composition and biological activities of E. maritimum EO in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thirty-three honey samples were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Kastamonu Province, in order to characterise the palynological and physico-chemical properties of the honey produced in the western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Melissopalynological characteristics of the honey samples were determined based on the total pollen number in 10 g (TPN-10 g) along with the pollen taxa diversity. The physicochemical properties of the samples including humidity ratio, volatile organic compounds, total phenolic content, fructose/glucose ratio and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were determined using a refractometer, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Melissopalynological analysis revealed that the honey samples contain 49 taxa, of which 18 were determined at family level and 31 were determined at genus level. The most common taxon was Castanea sativa while the other important taxa were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Eleven out of 33 honey samples were monofloral and the remaining 22 samples were multifloral. According to the TPN-10 g results of the honey samples, the total number of pollens in 10 g of Kastamonu honey was between 1051 and 325 108 pollen grains. The moisture ratio was obtained between 11.9 and 18.9% while the fructose + glucose values were between 35.84 and 84.1 g/100 g. HMF content varied between 0.38 and 21.31 ppm while the total phenolic content varied between 39.6 and 138.8 mg GAE/100 g. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the samples contain compounds belonging to the groups of aldehydes, aliphatic acid and its esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, flavonoids, carboxylic acid and esters, ketones, and sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, infections that may emerge from viruses and phytoplasmas were investigated in carrot cultivation fields in the Ankara and Konya provinces, which are located in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey and have the largest agricultural areas of the country. A total of 272 symptomatic and asymptomatic carrot plants, together with their root and leaf parts, were collected from 61 fields by performing periodic field studies during the plant vegetation periods between 2018–2019. Samples were tested against carrot virus Y (CarVY), carrot red leaf virus (CtRLV), carrot red leaf virus-associated RNA (CtRLVaRNA), carrot mottle virus (CMoV), carrot torradovirus 1 (CaTV), carrot yellow leaf virus (CYLV), carrot thin leaf virus (CTLV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) agents by Reverse Transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR). To determine phytoplasmas, samples were tested using universal primers by nested PCR. Molecular tests conducted to investigate the aforementioned viruses produced negative results, but phytoplasma infections were widely found. 16SrVI-A "Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii" and 16SrI-B "Aster yellows" subgroups were detected by in vitro/in silico RFLP and sequencing analyses. Disease incidence caused by both phytoplasma groups was 39.34%. This study determined for the first time that 16SrVI and 16SrI groups cause severe infections in the carrot fields of Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Aegean endemic genus Microsciadium was first evaluated in light of both ribosomal and chloroplast DNA datasets. According to the literature, Microsciadium minutum was determined as Cuminum minutum, then transferred to Carum (as C. minutum), and then Azorella (as A. minuta). Interestingly, these three genera belong to different tribes, even to different subfamilies. Since the phylogenetic position of Microsciadium was unknown, we analyzed this monotypic genus with a broad sampling of Apiaceae based on rps16 intron and an internal transcribed spacer. Microsciadium is well nested in the tribe Pyramidoptereae in Apioideae based on both datasets. Also, this genus is closely related to Hellenocarum. In addition, the detailed description, photographs, and micrographs of M. minutum are presented. The name is lectotypified here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the major environmental challenges constraining the production of agricultural crops, including carrot. Seed germination is the initial and most critical stage of crop establishment, and it is very sensitive to drought stress because water scarcity affects the enzymatic solubilization of stored metabolites in seeds that provide energy for the growth of germinating embryo. Few studies evaluating the effect of drought stress on carrot seed germination of more than a few cultivars grown under stress have been published. Therefore, the present study was designed to define the appropriate osmotic potential for evaluating drought tolerance of carrot, evaluate the response of diverse carrot germplasm to drought stress during seed germination to identify drought-tolerant accessions that may be used by plant breeders, and evaluate the relation between amylase activity and germination rate of drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive accessions. To identify an appropriate screening osmotic potential, two commercial cultivars and two United States Department of Agriculture inbreeds were evaluated at six osmotic potentials (00, -0.30, -0.51, -0.58, -0.80, and -1.05 MPa); -0.58 MPa was identified as the optimal osmotic potential for screening the drought tolerance of carrot seed. Cultivated and wild carrot plant introductions (PIs) (n = 200 and n = 50, respectively) from the National Plant Germplasm System were evaluated for drought tolerance under nonstress and simulated drought stress conditions (00 MPa and - 0.58 MPa, respectively) by calculating the absolute decrease (AD) in percent germination, inhibition index (II), relative drought tolerance (RDT), and drought tolerance index (DTI). All measurements of drought tolerance identified significant differences among accessions; the AD in seed germination ranged from 0.0% to 69.3%, II ranged from 0.0% to 80.2%, RDT ranged from 0.2 to 1.0, and DTI ranged from 0.13 to 1.47. All wild carrot accessions displayed low levels of drought tolerance, but PI 652387 and PI 177381 (both from Turkey) and PI 274297 (Pakistan) were most drought-sensitive, whereas cultivated accessions PI 643114 (United States), PI 652208 (China), and PI 502347 (Uzbekistan) were most drought-tolerant. Tolerant accessions dis-played much higher a-amylase activity under nonstress conditions than sensitive accessions, and a-amylase activity of tolerant accessions was also reduced less with seed germination under increasing osmotic potential (range, 0.0 to - 1.05 MPa) than sensitive accessions over 24, 48, and 72 hours of seed germination. This is the first evaluation of drought stress tolerance during seed germination and the enzymatic response of diverse carrot germplasms under simulated drought stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferula turcica and Ferula latialata are two novel endemic species discovered in the Konya and Kırşehir provinces of the central Anatolian region of Türkiye. These two new species are described by morphological, ecological, carpological, and phytochemical characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. F. turcica and F. latialata are morphologically distinct from F. szowitsiana by their habit, the stalk of the terminal umbella, and the mericarp size, as well as by the profile of their secondary metabolite markers and phylogenetic placement. The phylogenetic analyses of sequences of the internal transcribed spacer in ribosomal DNA belonging to both new taxa were conducted to reveal the evolutionary relationships of the new species. Their relationships with the other related species and proposed conservation status were reviewed. The morphological, molecular, and phytochemical evidence supported the hypothesis that Ferula turcica and Ferula latialata are two new distinct species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander, Coriandrum sativum L., is an important medicinal plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, which is grown in many parts of Turkey. In this study, seven Turkish coriander varieties (Antakya, Arslan, Erbaa, Gurbuz, Kerkuk, Kudret-K, and Pelmus) were examined for phylogenetic relations using two ITS region (ITS4–ITS5) sequence information and their secondary structure analysis. The length of the nrDNA ITS sequences obtained in this study varied between 677 and 692 nucleotides for seven samples. The G + C content of the nrDNA ITS region ranged between 47.86 (ITS4) and 48.67% (ITS5). Secondary structural analysis revealed that variation between varieties is more unique. The AMOVA study confirmed the effectiveness of configuration analysis as variants accounted for the majority of the variance. In addition, variation within cultivars was significant (97%). This shows that a significant part of the variance detected in this study occurred among genotypes. Data analysis, including Shannon information index and scaled diversity overlap graph annotation, also showed that the highest level of heterozygosity occurred in the Arslan, Erbaa and Kudret-K genotypes, with cultivars showing more pronounced differences genotypically rather than geographically, consistent with the expected heterozygosity (80%). By verification of the PCoA analysis, the genotypes of Gurbuz and Arslan are very different from those of other groups. This supports the results of the cluster analysis, which showed that the Ankara-origin Gurbuz variety had a very different genotypic difference. Our analysis recommends the use of ITS4 sequence and secondary structure data at the intraspecific levels of coriander taxonomical classification. For the first time, a study has used both sequence information and secondary structural information to describe coriander at the varietal level of taxonomic classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2008-2011 growing season, 148 infected plant samples, showing tumor (gall) symptom, were collected from ten different host plants in 4 different province of Turkey. Total of 174 bacterial isolates were obtained from infected samples. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on carrot (Daucus carota L.) slice, kalonche (Kalanchoe daigremontiana), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) seedlings. From pathogenicity tests, 414 isolates were re-isolated and total of 138 bacterial re-isolates were selected and used in further studies. All these selected isolates were identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens according to classical and molecular identification tests. Although all 138 isolates caused typical galls on kalonche and carrot slices, 67 isolates on tomato and 61 isolates on sunflower seedlings were failed to cause typical gall symptoms. In the study, 3-ketolactose production, growth in 2% NaCl, development at 35°C, reaction in litmus milk, acid formation from erythritol and hybridis, alkali formation from malonic acid, L-tartaric acid and mucic acid, use of iron ammonium citrate, use of citrate, acid clearing in PDA+CaCO3 medium, gram reaction with potassium hydroxide test and oxidase test were used. Apart from three isolates, no major differences were observed among the bacterial isolates tested according to morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. Among these138 isolates, 48 bacterial isolates were selected and their genetic profiles were analyzed by using REP PCR, ERIC PCR, BOX PCR and RFLP techniques. As far as we know, peach, plum, cherry, pear, persimmon, oak and kalonchoe from the plants in our country, the presence of these factors has been demonstrated in this study for the first time. This study clearly showed the differences and similarities of the bacterial isolates of Agrobacterium tumefaciens obtained from different host plants. As a result, 34 genotypes in 5 main group and 8 different clusters, 26 unique profiles were determined. With isolates of different host plants and geographic areas can be concluded that the relationship between the genotyped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oils of aerial parts of Daucus carota (DEO) and Foeniculum vulgare (FEO) was specified by GC/MS. Antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities of oils were tested by α-glucosidase inhibitory, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory, DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging, and broth microdilution methods, respectively. Thirty components were identified in DEO (87.7%). Carotol (27.7%), elemicin (18.1%), and limonene (16.0%) were determined as the main compounds in DEO. Seventeen constituents were identified in FEO (100.0%). Estragole (34.0%), limonene (27.1%), and α-pinene (19.5%) were found as major components in FEO. Both oils displayed weak antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the oils were not effective on Grampositive bacteria. DEO with IC50 values of 1359 and 1579 µg/mL and FEO with IC50 values of 3106 and 1654 µg/mL showed weak antioxidant activities against DPPH and ABTS radicals, respectively. DEO and FEO exhibited good antilipoxygenase activities with IC50 values of 87.24 and 58.35 µg/mL, respectively. DEO presented significantly α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 44.78 µg/mL while FEO displayed poor activity with an IC50 value of 1967 µg/mL. This study is the first report on the 5-lipoxygenase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of aerial parts of DEO as well as on the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aerial parts of FEO. These results indicated that DEO, which has a good antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity, is rich in oxygenated sesquiterpene and monoterpene. Also, it showed that FEO, which has a significant anti-inflammatory activity, is rich in monoterpene and phenylpropanoid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viticulture occupies an important place in agricultural production of Diyarbakır province, Turkey. However, weeds significantly impair the productivity of vineyards in the province. The knowledge of weed flora of a particular region is crucial to develop region-specific weed management strategies. Methods: This study was carried out to determine the weed species, their densities and frequency of occurrence in 78 vineyards of 13 districts in Diyarbakır province. Exploratory surveys were conducted to record the occurrence, density and coverage area of weed species. A 1x1 m quadrate was used, which was randomly placed in vineyards and weed species falling within the quadrate were noted. Results: A total 165 weed species and 128 taxa belonging to 35 botanical families (1 parasitic, 16 monocotyledons and 18 dicotyledons) were identified from the surveyed area. The weed species' density over the whole province was 91 weeds m-2. Avena sterilis L. was the most widespread weed with the highest density (9.93 plants m-2) in the surveyed area followed by Fumaria asepale Boiss. (7.18), Galium tricornutum (4.85), Ranunculus arvensis (3.82), Silene aegyptiaca (3.70), Bromus sterilis (3.64) Lamium purpureum (3.58), Hordeum spontaneum (3.35), Anthemis sp. (3.07), Crepis alpina (2.94), Thlaspi perfoliatum (2.91), Alopecurus myosuroides (2.81), Bongardia chrysogonum (2.80), Scandix pecten-veneris (2.24), Cynodon dactylon (1.71), Hypecoum procumbens (1.69), Lolium perenne (1.41), Sorghum halepense (1.33), Sinapis arvensis (1.24), Buglossoides arvense (1.22), Daucus carota (1.21), Trifolium nigrescens (1.21), Vicia hybrida (1.05), Senecio vernalis (1.04) and Ornithogalum narbonense (1.02). The most prevalent weed were L. purpureum (66.68%), Papaver sp. (66.49%), S. vernalis (65.82%), Anthemis sp. (65.10%), A. sterilis (63.07%), R. arvensis (60.44%), Convolvulus arvensis (56.76%), Carduus pycnocephalus (55.79%), G. tricornutum (55.43%), Fumaria asepale (55.05%), Crepis alpina (54.08%), Thlaspi perfoliatum (51.95%) and S. arvensis (51.04%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the oomycetous pathogens causing root rot on sugar beet and test their control by seed treatment in Konya Province, Turkey. Oomycetous fungus-like pathogens of sugar beet were investigated using 866 plant samples collected at 2 growth stages, early seedling and late root, from fields in the Konya region of Turkey and 1 sample from the Thrace region. Herein, 10 oomycetous species belonging to 3 genera: Aphanomyces cochlioides, Phytophthora cryptogea, Ph. pseudocryptogea, Ph. megasperma, Ph. inundata, Pythium aphanidermatum, Py. helicoides, Py. heterothallicum, Py. sylvaticum, and Py. ultimum var. ultimum (Globisporangium ultimum var. ultimum) were discovered at various times with in the 2 growth periods, all of which were the first records for Turkey. A. cochlioides was the most serious pathogen, both in terms of its wide distribution and aggressiveness. The pathogen produced more than 90% disease severity when tested by soil infestation at the seedling stage, although it also occurred at the late root growth stage. Pythium species were also ascommon, such as A. cochlioides, the majority of which were very aggressive, producing more than 84% disease severity at the seedling stage, except for Py. aphanidermatum. Half-strength potato dextrose agar medium was found to be very useful for the isolation of all of the pathogens from the plant samples at both stages. Morphological features of all of the pathogens were abundantly produced when the pathogens were grown on amended grated carrot agar medium and culture disks of fungal growth of this medium were submerged in sterile and nonsterile soil extracts. Out of the 15 fungicide mixes tested, 2 mixes, thiram+metalaxyl+hymexazole and thiram+metalaxyl+hymexazole+ pyraclostrobin reduced seedling root rot caused by both A. cochlioides and Pythium ultimum var. ultimum, while the standard seed treatment fungicide mix of thiram+hymexazole was not effective against either of the pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive knot disease caused by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi is one of the important problems in olive (Olea europaea L), pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), myrtus (Myrtus communis L.) and jasmine (Jasminum officinale L.) in Hatay province, Turkey. The disease agent causes young seedling mortalities in intensive infections. The pathogenicity tests on the host plant seedling takes a long time to confirm identity and virulence of isolates/strains. In this study, we focused on a new and rapid pathogenicity test method for P. s. pv. savastanoi isolated from olive, pomegranate, myrtus and jasmine plants using carrot slices. Following inoculation of carrot slices with P. s. pv. savastanoi isolates, first typical knots were observed within a week and the knots fully developed on carrot slices 14 days after inoculation. Bacterial isolates were re-isolated from carrot slices and re-identified as P. s. pv. savastanoi using LOPAT tests, MALDI-TOF MS and molecular methods. One-year-old olive seedlings (cv. Gemlik) were inoculated with the re-isolated P. s. pv. savastanoi MKUBK-HZP14 for confirmation of carrot slice inoculation results. Typical knot symptoms were observed 60 days after inoculation of olive seedlings. The findings showed the carrot slice method to be a very simple and rapid technique for testing pathogenicity of P. s. pv. savastanoi isolates. The main advantage of this technique was found to be its sensitivity and promptness which yields correct results within 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: In the present study, the antioxidant potency of ethyl acetate (AcOEt) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from the aerial parts of Seseli L. species was investigated for the first time. Materials and Methods: Seseli species L. such as Seseli andronakii Woronow ex Schischk., S. campestre Besser, S. corymbosum Boiss. & Heldr., S. gummiferum subsp. gummiferum Pall. ex Sm., S. hartvigii Parolly & Nordt, S. libanotis (L.) W.Koch, S. petraeum M.Bieb., S. peucedanoides (M.Bieb.) Koso-Pol., S. resinosum Freyn & Sint., and S. tortuosum L. growing in Turkey were collected and evaluated for their antioxidant capacity by using 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation (LPO) inhibition methods. Results: The highest activities as a scavenger of DPPH radicals were found in the AcOEt extracts of S. peucedanoides (M.Bieb.) Koso-Pol (IC50=0.49 mg/mL), and S. libanotis (IC50=0.75 mg/mL); a-tocopherol was used as a positive control. On the other hand, in the LPO assay, the highest activities were determined in AcOEt and MeOH extracts (at 5 mg/mL) of S. tortuosum and S. libanotis (84-94%). Conclusion: This report gives important information about the antioxidant capacity of Seseli L. species. This research on antioxidant capacity proves that the use of some species used in Eastern Anatolia (in salads) is correct. With this screening study performed in Seseli L. species growing in Turkey, in the future, it is planned to isolate antioxidant compounds from the most active strains of Seseli L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carrot [Daucus carota L.] is an important vegetable worldwide, which contains high levels of provitamin A, amino acids and other nutrients. Hatay province is the third province of the Turkey leading high amount and quality carrot production. Carrot crop production is hampered by diseases, pests and weeds which reduce production and quality of carrot in the fields and during storage. This study was conducted in major carrot growing districts of Hatay province for determination of densities, frequencies and current statues of major weeds species in randomly selected 80 carrot fields in surveyed districts between August 2018-October 2019. During weed surveys, a total of 78 plant species, belonging to 26 different families and 66 genera, including 2 parasitic plants, 41 winter, 32 summer, 3 summer-winter species and 16 grasses, 60 broad leaved were determined. According to life cycles the weeds were classified as, 9 species as perennial, 57 species as annual, 3 species as biennial, 3 species as annualperennial and 4 species as annual-biennial. According to their density recorded, Cyperus rotundus (purple nutsedge) was >3.00 plant/m²; Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus, Sorghum halepense, Alopecurus myosuroides, Amaranthus graecizans, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus spinosus, Avena sterilis, Chenopodium album, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa colonum, Euphorbia chamaesyce, Medicago spp., Physalis angulata, Prosopis farcta, Silybum marianum, Triticum aestivum, Sinapis arvensis, Trifolium spp., Zea mays, Xanthium strumarium were at the density of 0.10-2.99 plant/m². The density level of 55 different weeds, including important weed species such as parasitic Orobanche crenata (bean broomrape), Phelipanche ramosa (hemp broomrape) and invasive Ipomoea triloba (three-lobe morning glory) and Amaranthus palmeri (palmer amaranth), was found at the density of 0.10> plant/m². Another important observation recorded in the study is the widespread and severe presence of rust disease agent Puccinia romagnoliana Maire & Sacc. which has potential to be used as biological control agent on C. rotundus. Overall the results suggested that there is a risk of spreading of O. crenata, P. ramosa, I. triloba and A. palmeri which have invasive potential in the region. Results also pointed out potential of rust disease, which was commonly observed in some regions, to be used in the biological control of purple nutsedge which is the most important and common weed species detected in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Columbia root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne chitwoodi, is of economic importance to potato because it reduces tuber quality and quantity. Meloidogyne chitwoodi was first identified in Turkey from potato tubers collected in Nigde. Meloidogyne chitwoodi is currently reported to consist of two host races and two pathotypes, which cannot be distinguished morphologically or by utilizing molecular methods. Fifty-eight geographic isolates of M. chitwoodi were collected from Niğde (45), Nevşehir (12), and Aksaray (1) and used in this study. All isolates were evaluated for their ability to reproduce on carrot, alfalfa, and Solanum bulbocastanum SB22 for race and pathotype determination. Carrot was a good host for all populations (Reproductive factor (Rf): 2.01- 4.66), while alfalfa was classified as a poor host for 29 populations (Rf: 0.10-0.75) and as non-host for 29 populations (Rf: 0-0.09). None of the populations reproduced on S. bulbocastanum SB22. Based upon these results, only M. chitwoodi race 1 was found in Turkey with no evidence for the existence of host race 2 and its associated pathotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedimentological and paleoclimatological data from a fluvial infill retrieved from a series of cores taken across Kureyşler Valley, Kütahya, western Turkey, are compared alongside evidence for an almost unbroken record of human occupation in the area since Neolithic times. Recent salvage excavations in the valley exposed settlement remains from the Early Bronze Age and Late Byzantine periods with interfingering of archaeological and geological materials in the valley-fill, adding a wealth of information to the archaeological record in this region. Our geological data, constrained by seven radiocarbon dates from the sediment infill demonstrate that the earliest sediments were deposited during the Late Glacial (∼13.8 ka) under a cold and relatively dry climatic conditions with evidence of amelioration and increase in arboreal taxa from the Neolithic onwards. The occurrence of Cerealia-T and Apiaceae pollen is significant as an important indicator for anthropisation already present during the Epipaleolithic period (before 9 ka cal. BP). Also, the effects of 8.2 ka climatic event are clearly visible in our multi-proxy results. The onset of the Early Bronze Age settlements in the vicinity ∼ ca. 5.2 ka BP occurred alongside a climatic switch to warmer conditions recorded by a lithological change and a positive shift in isotopic data. The 4.2 ka event, present in records related to several Early Bronze Age (EBA) sites of Anatolia is also recorded in the Kureyşler Valley both in the pollen and δ18O records. In general, these results show that climate shifts occurred at the beginning and end of the EBA, as well as during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic and are to be compared with new archaeological data. • Deposition started just before YD (∼13.8 ka BP) in W Anatolian fluvial valleys. • Epipaleolithic has a pulse of Cereals as a sign of anthropisation between 11.7 and 10.5 ka. • EBA settlements appeared just after a warm pulse at 5.2 ka BP. • 4.2 ka event is characterized by overall cooling, shrinkage of arboreal cover and reduction of primary production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, genetic diversity and relatedness within the twenty purple carrot accessions locally grown in Turkey were evaluated. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. One of commercial open pollinated purple carrot variety took part as a control. A descriptor list formed with seventeen morphological (qualitative and quantitative) characters was used for characterization studies. Genetic similarity was calculated with the obtained data and a dendrogram was constructed using Ward's method. The cluster analysis was grouped twenty-one accessions into two main clusters. Also to evaluate the resources of variation of purple carrot accessions, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used. According to PCA results, eigenvalues were maximum in PC-I (5,519) followed by PC-II (3.076) and PC-III (1,875). Total variance percentage was maximum similarly in PC-I (32,467) followed by PC-II (18,094) and PCIII (11,039). The first five PCs with eigenvalues >1 were contributed to the %77,913 of the variability amongst accessions. It is believed that, these results could be lead to the opportunity for the development of the new varieties with different quantitative and qualitative characters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was based on three macromycete samples collected during field studies carried out to determine the macrofungal biodiversity of Of and Çamburnu districts of Trabzon province (Turkey). As a result of necessary investigations, Pluteus variabilicolor Babos (Pluteaceae), Coprinopsis urticicola (Berk. & Broome) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo (Psathyrellaceae) and Chroogomphus confusus Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang (Gomphidiaceae) were recorded from Turkey for the first time. Brief descriptions and photographs related to macro- and micromorphologies of the species are provided together with their localities, geographical positions, collection date and Genbank number related to genetic sequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was based on three basidiomycetous macroycete samples, collected from Trabzon and Erzincan provinces between 2013-2014, and aims to make a contribution to the mycomycota of Turkey by adding new records. The ecological characteristics of the fruit bodies were recorded and macro photographs of them were taken at their natural habitats. Then they were transferred to the fungarium and necessary investigations were carried out. By comparing the obtained macroscopic and microscopic measuremental data with those in literature, they were identified as Agaricus smithii Kerrigan, Coprinopsis goudensis (Uljé) Redhead, Vilgalys & Moncalvo and Suillus tomentosus Singer. Tracing the current literature on macrofungi of Turkey, it is found that they were not reported from Turkey before. The taxa are described briefly and required data about their, habitat, ecology and geographical positions are provided together with macromorphological photographs and line drawings related to their micromorphologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Karaelmas Science & Engineering Journal / Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Karaelmas Science & Engineering Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most serious pests of many crops both indoors and outdoors in south-western Turkey (Antalya). In the present study, essential oils (EOs) from five medicinal and aromatic plants [Mentha pulegium L. (Labiatae), Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (Umbelliferae), Pistacia terebinthus L., Schinus molle L. (Anacardiaceae) and Vitex agnus-castus L. (Verbenaceae)] were tested for their fumigant toxic and development- and reproduction-inhibiting effects against the pest under in vivo conditions. In the fumigant toxicity assays, newly emerged (0-24 h) adult females and larvae and 0-24-h-old eggs of the mite were exposed to four different concentrations of each EO for 12 h in separate desiccators (10 L) used as test chambers. In the development- and reproduction-inhibiting assays, newly emerged (0-24 h) female deutonymphs of the mite were separately exposed to a lower concentration (0.5 µL/L for M. pulegium, 2 µL/L for F. vulgare, 2.5 µL/L for P. terebinthus and 10 µL/L for V. agnus-castus and S. molle) of each EO in desiccators for 12 h, and then, 20 survivors from each EO were individually maintained on cotton leaf discs to obtain data on some parameters (adult emergence rate, number of eggs per female, egg-hatching rate, etc.) until there are no living individuals. The results from the study indicated that all the EOs had fumigant effect against the mite in varying degrees. M. pulegium was found to be the most toxic oil against all the biological stages tested (LC50 = 0.60 µL/L air for eggs, 0.60 µL/L air for larvae and 0.49 µL/L air for adult females), followed by F. vulgare (LC50 = 2.67 µL/L air for eggs and adult females, and 2.56 µL/L air for larvae). M. pulegium EO also had the highest development- and reproduction-inhibiting effect on the pest. Fecundity was reduced by 55.9% and egg hatching was inhibited by 29.9% in survivors of deutonymphs of T. urticae fumigated with M. pulegium EO at 0.5 µL/L air for 12 h. In the phytotoxicity assays with tomato, cucumber, Phaseolus and eggplant seedlings, scattered necrotic spots and slight chlorosis only on the young foliage of cucumber seedlings exposed to M. pulegium EO at the highest concentration for 12 h were visual symptoms of phytotoxicity. Overall results indicate that M. pulegium EO can be used in the management of T. urticae in greenhouses as a fumigant for both toxic and development- and reproduction-inhibiting effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All CaLso qPCR-positive samples were confirmed by conventional PCR using CL514F/R primers, which amplify a 669 bp fragment of the rpIJ/rpIL 50S rRNA ribosomal protein genes, and Sanger sequencing of the PCR product (Munyaneza et al., 2009). While carrot plants exhibited symptoms of purpling of leaves and hairy secondary root formation (Figure 1), on parsley plants only yellowing of the leaves was observed (Figures 2-3). Keywords: Daucus carota; Petroselinum crispum; real-time PCR EN Daucus carota Petroselinum crispum real-time PCR 1 2 2 06/29/22 20220401 NES 220401 In August 2020, diseased and asymptomatic carrot ( I Daucus carota i ) and parsley ( I Petroselinum crispum i ) plants were collected from eight different fields in Beypazari, near Ankara in Central Anatolia, Turkey. [Extracted from the article]

Although the majority of carrots grown in Turkey and around the world are orange, the production of anthocyanin-containing purple carrots has recently increased in Turkey due to the extraction of anthocyanin from these carrots for use as a natural food colorant. Purple carrot production for this purpose is concentrated in Ereğli District in Konya Province, and open-pollinated local purple carrot cultivars or landraces have been used for this production. Genetic variation within the local purple carrot populations in this region is of interest to plant breeders worldwide for the development of new purple carrot cultivars. Therefore, in this study, genetic variation within the purple carrot population grown in Ereğli District was assessed using SSR markers. Purple carrot samples were collected by visiting 14 purple carrot growing fields in this region. A total of 20 SSR markers were used. Two SSR markers were monomorphic and the remaining 18 SSR markers amplified 106 SSR alleles. The number of polymorphic alleles per SSR marker ranged from 1 to 14. The polymorphism information content varied from 0.29 to 0.85, and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.32 to 0.87. STRUCTURE analysis indicated the presence of two distinct populations within the purple carrot genotypes used in carrot production in Ereğli District. The genetic similarity of the genotypes ranged from 0.20 to 0.70. These results indicate that the genetic variation within these carrot populations in Ereğli District is high, and the purple carrot populations in this region are valuable genetic resources for the development of new purple carrot cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turnip juice, Shalgam, which is produced through lactic acid fermentation, is a red, blurry and sour tasting drink special to Turkey. Flour made of cracked wheat, rutabaga, water, sour dough, black carrot and salt are used as ingredients in the production. In this study; the effects of different amounts of black carrot used in turnip juice, which had been proportioned as 10, 15 and 20% in the production, on chemical properties, color composition, total phenolic content, total anthocyanin content and sensorial properties of the juice were determined. Results indicated that as the amount of black carrot increased, total acidity, total phenolic and anthocyanin contents increased. Total phenolic contents in the turnip juice increased during fermentation and with an increase in the amount of black carrot used in formula. At the end of the fermentation, total phenolic contents of turnip juices with 10, 15 and 20% black carrot were 455.51, 654.01, 858.51 mg (gallic acid equivalent)/L, respectively. Similar to total phenolic contents; total anthocyanin contents of turnip juices increased with time and an increase in the amount of black carrot used and total anthocyanin contents were 157.52, 214.94, 306.40 mg cy-3-glu/L, respectively. According to the results of sensory evaluation, the turnip juice sample containing 20% black carrot was the most favored sample among the three types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was done to select the potential autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for the production of shalgam, which is a traditional Turkish lactic acid-fermented beverage. Eighteen LAB belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, and Leuconostoc isolated previously from shalgam samples produced in the university laboratory and by small- and largescale producers in industry were used. Pasteurized black carrot juice was inoculated individually with these selected LAB strains and fermented for 10 days. The strains of Lb. plantarum gave the highest numbers during fermentations with a range of 9.40-9.16 log cfu mL-1. Lb. plantarumbx produced the highest total acidity, 22.86 g L-1 as lactic acid, followed by Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei 2, Lb. plantarumcx, Lb. plantarumax, and Lb. fermentum, with a range of 20.45-22 g L-1 as lactic acid. Only Lb. delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii and Lb. fermentum grew at 45 °C, but none of the LAB species grew with 18% NaCl and at pH 9.6. During the sensory analysis, the most preferred sample was that obtained by Lb. plantarumbx, followed by Lb. fermentum and Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei 2. These findings indicate that Lb. plantarumbx, Lb. fermentum, and Lb. paracasei subsp. paracasei 2 have potential as starter cultures for the production of shalgam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships between soil nutrient concentrations, plant nutrient contents, and soil properties were investigated in carrot (Daucus carota L.) fields in Konya-Kasınhanı (Turkey). The soils were high in clay content, slightly alkaline, and were moderate to high in CaCO3 content. The soils had sufficient N, Ca, Mg, K, and Fe, but did not have adequate Zn or B for plant growth. The carrots had moderate to high concentrations of Mg, B, Fe, and Zn; however, they had low concentrations of K, Ca, and N. The Cd-content of the soils ranged between 0.06 and 0.91 mg/kg (with a mean of 0.33 mg/kg). The Cd-content of the carrot leaves and organic matter content of the soils were significantly correlated (r= - 0.351, p<0.05). Zinc deficiency is a major problem in carrot fields of Konya. Excessive phosphorus fertilization did not seem to result in Cd-pollution of soil or potentially toxic Cd-levels in carrots. The high pH and CaCO3 contents of the calcareous soils lead to stabilization of heavy metals; however, they also result in reduced availability of many plant nutrients. Consequently, soil-management practices, which will increase the availability of plant nutrients in calcareous soils, need to be investigated. Sulfur fertilization could be a way to reduce soil pH to neutrality as a result of oxidation of added sulfur temporarily in calcareous soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, carrots of Beypazari variety were chemically and steam peeled. Effects of temperature, concentration of NaOH solutions and immersion time on lye peeling of carrots were studied. The optimum time-temperature-concentration relations of lye peeling of carrots were analyzed mathematically. Experiments were carried out for NaOH solutions of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g NaOH / kg at 57, 67, 77 and 87 °C for various immersion times, until more than 98 % peeling was achieved. Complete peeling was achieved for all concentrations and temperatures except 2.5 g NaOH / kg at 57°C. Treatment with 7.5 g NaOH / kg at 77 °C for 10.5 minutes was found to be optimum to peel the carrots. In steam peeling, saturated steam of 130.7 kPa and 107 °C was used. Complete peeling was achieved at 8.5 minutes. In steam peeling, complete peeling was achieved at 8.5 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical composition and physical properties were established in carrot (Daucus carota L.) seeds from Konya, Turkey to investigate their potential uses. Mature seeds were evaluated for moisture, crude protein, crude oil, crude fiber, ash, HCI-insoluble ash, total carbohydrate, essential oil yield and weight of 1000 seeds. Also, relative density, refractive index, free fatty acids, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification number and unsaponifiable matter were determined in the seed oil. The main fatty acids identified by gas chromatography were petroselinic (59.35%), linoleic (11,82%), palmitic (10.01%) and stearic (2.41%) acids. Mineral contents (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Se, Sr, V and Zn) of seeds were also determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The seeds were found to be rich in protein, fiber and ash. The essential oil and edible oil compositions of carrot seeds from Konya were investigated by GC and GC-MS. The oil yields of essential and edible oil from carrot seeds were established as 0.83% and 7.84%, respectively. The major constituents of seed essential oil were carotol (66.78%), daucene (8.74)%, (Z,Z)-α-farnesene (5.86%), germacrene D (2.34%), trans-α-bergamotene (2.41%) and β-selinene (2.20%). Whereas, carotol (30.55%), daucol (12.60%) and copaenol (0.62%) were the important components of edible carrot seed oil. However, the dominant component of both oils was carotol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on alternaria leaf blight caused by Alternaria dauci on carrot in Turkey. The disease was extensive, with between 73 and 85% of fields inspected in the region being affected. Disease incidence of 65-90% was recorded in affected fields. The distribution of the disease in carrot fields was generally associated with high soil moisture levels, often corresponding to poor drainage. A fungus was consistently isolated from the margins of these lesions, onto potato carrot agar amended with streptomycin sulphate.

The article reports the occurrence of crater rot caused by Rhizoctonia carotae on carrots in Turkey. Primary symptoms seen were a band of dark brown necrosis around the carrot crown and horizontal, brown, canker-like lesions, mostly on the crown and upper roots. Small pits subsequently developed beneath the lesions, which enlarged into sunken brown crater lines with a white, flocculent mycelium produced under high humidity. Fungal colonies were initially white, but turned brown with age. Dark brown to black sclerotia were occasionally produced.