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United Nations' decarbonization and greenhouse gas reduction targets are to be achieved through the utilization of alternative fuels globally. LNG is a viable alternative for mitigating maritime transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates LNG bunkering supply chain development in Türkiye. Semi-structured interviews with bunkering supply chain representatives were conducted to explore phenomena. The results of the research provided a pathway to establish a new supply chain for alternative marine fuels. The research findings indicate that collaboration and setting a regulatory framework are vital for supply chain development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decarbonization is under spotlights for shipping as with many other transportation units. However, the readiness and awareness of the Turkish maritime industry is a common uncertainty. To reveal and show the current progress of the industry, a survey has been carried out. Participants from different companies with different education levels and experiences have been joined and answered the questionnaire which aims to clarify the past, present, and future of the maritime industry. The results of the survey show that the Turkish maritime industry is not fully ready at the company level, however, they perform better at the individual level. Furthermore, the industry may require additional regulation and technical support from maritime stakeholders such as chambers, related government departments, and non-governmental organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey has a drastic potential in terms of biomass energy and it would be of utmost importance for our energy mix if this huge amount of energy is to be utilized. Thermochemical conversion is the most dominant one among the energy conversion processes. The carbonization process is the key point in determining the kinetic parameters of the fuels utilized. Thereafter, the kinetic parameters obtained from carbonization would be utilized in designing the thermochemical conversion equipments. In this study, the thermal decomposition behavior of hazelnut shells was investigated via dynamical thermogravimetry (TG) under N2atmosphere. In order to determine the effects of heating rate and gas flow rate, the experiments were performed in four different heating rates of 5, 20, 50, and 100 K/min and two different nitrogen flow rates of 50 and 100 cm3/min. As the heating rate was increased, peak temperature was increased, maximum temperature shifted to the right (higher T zones) and the maximum rate of weight loss was increased. In addition, lignin decomposition temperature interval was decreased whereas; cellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Increasing the heating rate from 5 to 20 K/min, hemicellulose decomposition temperature interval was increased. Total weight loss was slightly increased by the increase of gas flow rate. Kinetic parameters were calculated according to Coats Redfern method. It was found that activation energies of thermal decomposition reactions of hazelnut shell varied between 1.30 and 32.19 kJ/mol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Biobriquettes were produced from brown seaweeds (Phaeophyta) collected from the Bosphorus which is a natural channel between Black Sea and Marmara Sea. For this purpose, pre-dried seaweeds were characterized by several techniques including X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Florescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal analysis techniques under nitrogen and dry air. Seaweeds were subjected to carbonization in a tube furnace up to 900°C under nitrogen atmosphere. Then the carbonized residue pressed in a steel mold using hydraulic press under 187MPa pressure. Some binding agents such as sulfide liquor, molasses, and Linobind were added to improve the durability of the briquettes. Some tests such as falling stability and compressibility strength were performed to determine the mechanical strength of the briquettes. Also, water resistance of the briquettes was checked. It was concluded that carbonization so improved the fuel quality of seaweed that problematic sodium content reduced considerably, while increases took place in fixed carbon and calorific value. However, inorganics became concentrated after carbonization. All of the biobriquettes have satisfactory characteristics in terms of compressive strength regardless of the type of binder, while the falling stability was closely affected from the type of the binding material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article is concerned with removing the pyritic and total sulfur contents from Dursunbey and İskilip lignites by means of trona, which is a natural mineral. The experiments were performed at 20, 50, and 90°C for periods ranging from 15 to 180 minutes using trona solutions with concentrations in the 2.50–15.00% range, and the optimal conditions for sulfur removal were determined. The effect of variable temperature (20, 50, and 90°C), concentrations of distilled water (0%) and trona solution concentration (1.25–15.00%), and experimental duration (15–180 minutes) on sulfur removal was investigated under the optimal conditions determined. It has been established that trona affects sulfur removal in thermal atmosphere and it reduces the pyritic sulfur contents of Dursunbey and İskilip lignites by 41 and 31% and the total sulfur contents by 41 and 38%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The 'carbonization index' indicator is used to analyze the 'uncoupling' between CO2 emission and energy consumption. This is a useful indicator to evaluate the evolution patterns of developing countries, such as Turkey, concerning climate change. Usually, the carbonization index is measured in tons of CO2 per tons of oil equivalent. In this study, employing data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist index, Turkey's carbonization index, compared to the European Union countries have been put in place. Since the data on Malta and Cyprus was inadequate, these two nations were excluded from the evaluation. In this performance, evaluation for the input gross domestic product, total production of primary energy, net imports of primary energy, total gross electricity generation, and carbonization index has been considered as the output value. Input-oriented constant returns to scale and variable returns to scale data envelopment analysis models are used in the analysis for efficiency and productivity growth computations. The relationships between efficiency scores and input/output factors are investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Turkey's Carbonization Index (v) depending on the basic energy indicator has determined as an analytical equation. In this paper, artificial neural networks (ANN) which is quite often in recent years and the possibility of applying to many fields, are used to obtain analytical expressions. Carbonization Index is defined the amount of CO2 emissions per energy consumption. This parameter is an important for Turkey because of has signed the Kyoto protocol, February 2009. According to the results, accuracy of the carbonization index formulated empirical was obtained as R²= 1. It is expected that this study will be helpful in demonstrating carbonization index for policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Apricot stone, hazelnut shell, grapeseed and chestnut shell are important biomass residues obtained from the food processing industry in Turkey and they have a great importance as being a source of energy. In this study, the characteristics of bio-oil and biochar samples obtained from the carbonization of apricot stone, hazelnut shell, grapeseed and chestnut shell were investigated. It was found that the biochar products can be characterized as carbon rich, high heating value and relatively pollution-free potential solid biofuels. The bio-oil products were also presented as environmentally friendly green biofuel candidates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, the higher heating values (HHVs) of 26 lignite samples were calculated by using the proximate and elemental analyses data. The proximate analysis results such as volatile materials (VM), fixed carbon (FC) and HHV and the elemental analysis results such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) were determined for 26 lignite samples from different areas of Turkey. The lignite samples have been tested with particle size of 0-0.05 mm. The HHVs of 26 lignite samples obtained from different Turkish sources were determined experimentally and calculated from both ultimate and proximate analyses. HHVs of 26 the lignite samples can be calculated from the Equation based modeling. The HHVs (MJ/kg) of the lignite samples as a function of fixed carbon (FC, wt%) or volatile materials (VM, %) was calculated from the following equations: [image omitted] [image omitted] where the correlation coefficients for Eqs. (1) and (2) were 0.9907 and 0.9862, respectively. The combustion heats calculated from Eqs. (1) and (2) showed mean differences of +3.9% and +0.3%, respectively. The HHVs (MJ/kg) of the lignite samples as a function of C, H, O, N, and S were calculated from the following equation: [image omitted] where the correlation coefficients for Eq. (3) was 0.9891. HHVs calculated from Eq. (3) showed a mean deviation of +0.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey started its history of bituminous coal with its discovery in 1829 in the Zonguldak Basin in Northwest Turkey. Today, the Zonguldak Basin contains almost 99% of the country's estimated 1.4 thousand million tons of bituminous coal reserves. Coal is mined by underground methods in five districts-Karadon, Üzülmez, Kozlu, Armutcuk and Amasra. The chemical or coking properties of the coal to be consumed in the production of coke has to be established in a laboratory on a small scale before being dispatched to the coke producing plant. Thus, the amount and properties of the coke and its byproducts can be predicted as accurately as possible. The Jenkner High Temperature Carbonization System is one of the systems suggested to this end. This system can be operated at up to 1100°C and is designed so to make it possible to estimate the yield of the coke as well as the quantity of its byproducts. The research was carried out on the samples extracted from eleven seams of bituminous coal most widely mined in the Zonguldak Basin. The coke obtained by means of carbonization was chemically analyzed and the composition of the coke gas was established by means a gas chromatograph. In addition, a study was carried out on the effects of the chemical and petrographic properties of the coal seams on the composition of the coke, tar and the coke gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]