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Changing developments in the 21st century have also affected technology and the epistemological beliefs of teachers. For this purpose, the epistemological beliefs and Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) levels of primary school teachers and social studies teachers, gender, age, professional seniority, educational status, branch variables, and the relationship between epistemological belief and TPACK were examined in this study. The study group of the research consists of primary school teachers working in public primary school and social studies teachers working in public secondary schools in the provinces and districts of Istanbul, Antalya and Isparta. The selection of the study was made with the appropriate sampling method, which is one of the nonaccidental sampling methods. 178 primary school teachers and 48 social studies teachers participated in the research. Independent sample t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson Correlation Analysis were used in data analysis. According to the results obtained from the research, both primary school and social studies teachers have a high level of belief in the sub-dimension of effort. It was observed that both primary school teachers and social studies teachers had high TPACK levels. Considering the epistemological belief scale, no significant difference was observed according to the age, education level and professional seniority of the primary school teachers. There was no significant difference in social studies teachers according to the gender variable. According to the results obtained from the TPACK scale and its sub-dimensions, a significant difference was observed in terms of gender and professional seniority of primary school and social studies teachers. A low level of positive correlation was found between the effort scores of the primary school teachers and TK, CT, TPK, TCK and TPACK total scores.

This research aims to reveal the perceptions of Generation Z music education students regarding the concept of music teachers in their ideals, through metaphors. The research was conducted with 92 Generation Z students studying in the music education departments of different universities in Turkey. The data was collected by having the students complete the sentence, "My ideal music teacher is like…because…". The answers given were subjected to content analysis and the metaphors that the students produced for the concept were determined. Students produced 50 valid metaphors. These metaphors were grouped under five different categories. The categories determined in line with the metaphors produced by Generation Z music education students were listed from the most given metaphors to the least. As a result of the ranking, it was revealed that the students perceived their ideal music teacher as enlightening-directing and guiding, helpful and informative, loving-nurturing and supportive, necessary and reassuring, and a source of change and happiness. In line with the findings, it was concluded that Generation Z music education students idealized a music teacher who would enlighten and guide them rather than a teacher who conveyed information.

Due to their birth at the same time interval, according to the generation theories based on the idea that the individuals who were exposed to the same social, historical, and cultural events and thus have common experiences, similar attitudes to similar thoughts and behaviors, nowadays five generations, which are the Silent Generation, Baby Boomer, X, Y and Z Generations, live together. Each of these generations exhibits different tendencies in matters of work, family, and education because they encounter with different historical events, social relations and technological developments that help to see and make sense life from a different angle. Considering the individual who performs the design action and is affected by it, and relationship with the social structure due to the nature of the design, it is thought that generational differences will create similar differences in the approach to design action. Therefore, design education as a reflection of design practice will be affected by this difference. Thus, in this study to examine the change dynamics of industrial design education in Turkey within generations theories, in-depth interviews were conducted with different generations' lecturers working in departments of industrial design in Turkey and data were compared within the framework of generations' theories. As a result of the study, it was seen that changes in education parallel with characteristics of the generations due to changes of the generation of both the lecturers and the students. It also put forward the importance of being able to create a structure of education that is open to support changes.

At the beginning of the 21st century, computer-assisted instruction dominated most of the fields of language education. Within this frame, writing has evolved in second language education as a result of technological changes. There have been a great number of studies on the benefits of computer-assisted writing. On the other hand, some studies suggest that writing on a computer has drawbacks, especially for creativity and originality. To contribute to this ever-lasting debate, this study hypothesizes that computer-assisted writing has a positive role on generation Z (Gen Z). In a study by Adobe (2016), Gen Z students are found to see tech and creativity as an important and intersecting aspect of their identities. This case study explores the Turkish middle school students' experiences on the integration of a digital storytelling tool called Storybird in their English classrooms. The current study is conducted at a state school with the participation of 6 students who are in 8th grades. The main goal of this research study is to discover the students' overall reflections on writing English through Storybird web 2.0 tools. The data is collected through pre- and post- open-ended questionnaires, observations, and pictures. The results show that Storybird has a positive impact on the students' perspectives towards L2 writing. Accordingly, it can be deducted from the findings that Storybird can be used as an effective digital tool for enhancing L2 writing in an EFL classroom.

In this contribution, we present the BioS4You project and analyse the results obtained in the first 18 months of its activity. The "Bio-Inspired STEM topics for engaging young generations" (BioS4You) Erasmus+ KA2 Innovation project aims to bridge the gap between STEM national curricula (which include Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) and the needs of Z-generation students, uninterested to basic themes, but enthusiastic in issues related to environmental, social, and health concerns. The BioS4You project engages young learners in STEM subjects, starting with current issues of interest for them, as the social and environmental impact of new technologies, connecting STEM concepts to real-world technologies that are supporting on facing environmental, social, and health current challenges. Novel fields such as Bioengineering, Bioscience, Biotechnology can be implemented into classroom teaching, integrating academic disciplines, and stimulating the academic and social growth of young people. The knowledge of new STEM contents makes the students feel an active part of the technological innovation (and not just passive users) and help them to build a better future, bringing them closer to the STEM world and enabling them to make more informed choices for their future careers.

Technology is changing at a blistering pace and is impacting on the way we consider knowledge as a free commodity, along with the ability to apply skills, concepts and understandings. Technology is aiding the way the world is evolving, and its contributions to education are not an exemption. While technology advances will play a crucial part in future teaching-learning approaches, educators will also be challenged by the next higher-education generation, the Alpha Generation. This entrepreneurial generation will embrace the innovation, progressiveness, and advancement with the expectation that one in two Generation Alphas will obtain a university degree. In anticipating the educational challenges and opportunities of the future higher education environment, this research reflected on Generation Alpha as the next cohort of university students, considering their preferred learning styles, perceptions and expectations relating to education. The research employed a theoretical analysis based on the characteristics and traits that distinguishes Generation Alpha, spearheaded by technology advances. The empirical investigation considered three independent studies that were previous conducted by authors from Slovakia, Hungary, Australia, and Turkey to understand the challenges and opportunities pertaining to Generation Alpha. The research identified the influence of social media, social connections, high levels of perceptions and the Generation Alpha's ability to interpret information as strengths to consider in future teaching-learning approaches in the higher education environment. This research concluded with recommendations on how universities could be transformed to ensure a better learning experience for Generation Alpha students, aligned with their characteristics, perceptions and expectations.

The aim of this research is to determine the characteristics of Generation Z piano students from the perspective of piano teachers. The sample of the study consists of 40 piano teachers working in state conservatories with piano departments in Turkey. The data were collected with the "Teacher Opinion Form" consisting of 24 questions, which took its final form with expert opinions, and the findings were tabulated. As a result of the research, it has been determined that the majority of Generation Z piano students are generally impatient, have high self-confidence but low self-awareness in terms of personality traits. In terms of studying and learning characteristics, they experience great difficulties in their individual studies without support, they do not know their own learning methods, they have difficulty in managing their study time properly, and their professional curiosity is not high. When students are evaluated according to their emotional state, they are temperamental, have difficulty accepting criticism and lose their belief in success quickly. Piano students, according to their digital literacy, are hasty and play fast due to the habit of quick action/quick response habit acquired from the digital environment, and they quickly get bored with the works they are practicing as they are unable to balance between the regular flow of new information in the digital environment and the flow in real life. It is also among the results obtained that the students of Generation Z, who were born into technology, do not use this technology efficiently in terms of contribution to the piano lesson. In the light of these results obtained, suggestions regarding the piano education of Generation Z and future field studies were presented.

Animated films have an undeniable place in children's entertainment culture. The worldwide box office revenues indicate that these films reached many children in cinemas and were viewed on televisions by almost all children. The extent to which children can make sense of such content is still a question mark in minds. This study aims to demonstrate how children can interpret the animated film and the content of television they watch in general. The research was carried out by a mixed-method using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study group consisted of 210 children between the ages of 4-10. An average of 30 children was included in each age group. In this way, it is aimed to examine the change in the level of interpretation of the animated film and television content by children in each age group as age increases. In the research, a film (Toy Story 3) was selected and the realism of the characters, values and events in its content was examined through content analysis. Besides, a structured interview form consisting of values and reality section regarding the content viewed on TV has been developed. The children were allowed to watch the animated film and they were interviewed about the viewed content and relevant data was collected. As a result of the research, it was found that children in 4 and 5 age groups differed significantly from the children in 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 age groups in good-bad distinction, meaning and reality in the animated film. The same was found to be true for value and reality on television.

Today it is widely accepted that people perceive the world according to social, cultural, and economic conditions of the date range that they were born in. The term generation is used to define people born around the same time and have common characteristics. People who were born after 2000 are called as the generation Z and are often regarded as iGeneration or Digital Natives since they were grown up with mobile communication technologies and the internet. Hence, this generation perceives the world in a different way than the people from older generations. So, understanding how learners of generation Z learn better might be helpful for teachers, school administrators, and policy makers in designing more effective instructional settings. In this respect, this study aims at exploring the instructional expectations of this new cohort of students in the English as foreign language classrooms. Questions for semi-structured interview were developed and used to elicit the opinions of randomly selected language learners and instructors from preparation classes of two universities and the data went under content analysis. Results indicated that it is no more possible to satisfy the Gen-Z students with the application of traditional methods and strategies. Teachers and materials are expected to be technology oriented to meet Gen Zers personal and academic needs. The study concluded that while the instructors and the students share some views about language instruction in common, still a generation gap exists for some aspects of language learning regarding materials, testing and evaluation, and assignments.

The impetus behind the design of this current research is to check the influence of cartoons on vocabulary learning strategies of students who have been exposed to three classics from English literature, "Treasure Island" by Robert Louis Stevenson, "Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens, and "Romeo & Juliet" by William Shakespeare. To that end, a vocabulary learning strategy test has been adopted in this quasi-experimental research which completely covers similar word units as in cartoons and hence aims to reveal favoured strategies of students besides clarifying the differences between the male and the female as well as three age groups, 10-19, 20-29 or 30 and elder. 20 randomly assigned participants working on extracts in plain texts without any comic strips were in control group, whereas 47 Turkish EFL students were in the experiment group reading cartoons in colour or black and white format. It was found out that the common vocabulary learning strategies that were used by the experimental group were determination and metacognitive strategies, whereas control group mainly adopted memory, social and metacognitive strategies. In terms of gender, the females practised determination and memory strategies, while the male students opted for social, metacognitive and cognitive strategies. Finally, 10-19 and 30 or elder subjects mostly utilized metacognitive and social strategies; however, the success of 20-29 year-old students centred around determination and memory strategies.

The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between, serious and indifferent leisure time and leisure management of Generation Y and its education in light of different variables. Leisure education was used in the study in terms of participation in activities, especially in terms of serious leisure participation information, and no measurement tool was needed in this respect. The study group consists of a total of 504 participants of Generation Y, including 164 women and 340 men born between 1980 and 1999. In addition to the personal information form, the "Leisure Management Scale" developed by Wang et al. (2011) and adapted to Turkish by Akgul and Karakucuk (2015) and the "Serious and Casual Leisure Scale" developed by Akyildiz (2013). It was determined that the data did not have a normal distribution, and the Mann Whitney-U Test was used to compare quantitative continuous data between two independent groups, and the Kruskal Wallis Test was used to compare quantitative continuous data between more than two independent groups. The Pearson Spearman Correlation Analysis was performed to determine the relationship between the sub-dimensions of the scale. As a result of the study, it was determined that there were significant differences according to the gender, leisure time and the adequacy of the recreation areas. At the same time, it was observed that there was a significant positive relationship between leisure management and serious and casual leisure sub-dimension.

The purpose of this study is to compare the cultural similarities of Lausanne Emigrants who were forced to compulsory migration in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne from Develi region of Kayseri to Kozani and Ioannina regions of Greece in terms of the "hospitality" value. Conducted during the two separate trips to the region during 2017 and 2019, the study has the characteristics of a descriptive survey model. The study was designed as a qualitative case study, and interview and observation techniques were used. Everyone who participated in the study stated that hospitality is important, and although in the past people used to visit each other frequently, this tradition has been forgotten recently, and the new generation has not paid much attention to it. While the participants stated that those who came from outside the village were regarded as guests of God and were entertained, they also stated that they have not had overnight guests anymore since there are hotels in their villages, but there are still overnight visitations among the relatives. While all of the participants expressed that hospitality is their ancestral tradition and these traditions should be protected, they also stated that the younger generation has not given much attention to these values with the spread of internet and especially social media. Following the footsteps of this study results, wedding and marriage rituals and traditions, funeral traditions and food culture of the emigrants can be examined in future studies.

The aim of this research is to examine the perception of intergenerational romantic relationship. In this study, phenomenology method, which is one of the qualitative research methods, has been used. The sample of the study consists of 113 participants, 52 of whom are male and 61 are female. While 8 male, 4 female participants fill in the form face to face, 44 male, 57 female participant responses the answers online. Participants have been completed the answers to the research questions online. In the data analysis, inductive content analysis has been used. In the analysis of the research findings, it has been concluded that there are differences in the perception of the X, Y and Z generation participants in romantic relations by taking into account the gender and marital status variables.

Aiming to describe the leadership potential (LP) of school principals, this study was carried out using the triangulation design of the mixed method. The study was carried out among 15 school administrators who were recruited using the purposive sampling method. Data were collected using an analytic graded measurement tool through a case-based, semi-structured interview. In this study, the LP of the participants was found to be low, and the main sources of this situation were determined to be maintaining the current situation, avoiding complexity and uncertainty, and inadequacy in managing decision-making processes.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the attachment styles of soccer trainers to their athletes according to various variables. The relationship between the trainers and their athletes is an important element to act in line with the goals, in this context, determining the attachment styles will create an awareness for the trainers and will provide support for the development of the trainers in order to raise successful and mentally healthy athletes in the long term. The research sample consists of 406 licensed male football coaches who are actively performing as trainers in football at different levels and age groups. In the study, a questionnaire was created using the trainer-athlete attachment scale to determine the personal information form attachment styles to collect the demographic characteristics of football coaches. SPSS 25 program was used to analyze the data. It was determined that the data were distributed normally, and the t-test and the One-way ANOVA test was used to compare independent groups. Tukey test was used as a complementary post-hoc analysis to determine the difference after the ANOVA test. The significance level in the analyses was determined to be p <0.05. While there was a significant difference in attachment styles of the trainers according to marital status, number of weekly training and years of coaching; no significant difference was found according to the variables of age, education level and coaching level. As a result, it was found that coaches who are married and train 6 times and more in a week have good problem-solving skills in their interpersonal relationships, have a positive approach to problems, are constructive while solving problems, are self-confident, do not evade responsibility, and have an insistent attitude in solving problems. Trainers can help athletes develop their positive emotions and life satisfaction with healthy evaluations and positive/optimistic thoughts. It is thought that the sharing environment that develops as a result of the cooperation and efforts made in line with common goals in sports environments, especially in training, increases the level of coach-athlete relationship.

The aim of this study is to critically examine the sociodemographic and individual factors leading to school dropout. The study uses the Family Structure Survey (FSS) data collected in 2016 from 35.475 household members 15+ years old, by Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Appropriate variables, gender, marital status, age, work status, living away from mother, living away from father, and the residential area were chosen as the predictor variables of the odds of dropout behavior in any level of education for specific age groups. According to the binary logistic regression, being married, working in a job, living in a village or county and living away from father or in a separated family are the major sociodemographic problems leading dropout. Besides, economic issues and low achievement is the major reasons to dropout according to the participants' views by descriptive statistical analyses. In this regard, taking comprehensive actions to minimize the effect of these factors with a broad cooperation and collaboration of the national, local and institutional authorities is suggested and the need for more studies specifically designed for rural and urban areas is emphasized.

Research has been conducted for the students studying at Akdeniz University Faculty of Sports Sciences. In the research, it was aimed to investigate the trait anxiety states of students studying at Akdeniz University Faculty of Sports Sciences and a survey model was used in the study. This study is consisted of two parts; there are 6 items in determination of demographical variables in the first part. "Trait Anxiety Inventory" Scale consisting of 20 questions developed by Spielberger was used in the second part. Likert type four-point was used in the scale items given in the second and third parts (showing the statements "Almost Always", "Sometimes", "Usually", "Almost Never"). Once the comparison of trait anxiety levels by the age groups is examined among the results of the study, it is seen that trait anxiety levels of participants differ at a statistically significant level by the age groups (p<0,05). It was concluded that the trait anxiety level of the participants in the age group of 20-21 and age group of 22-23 is significantly higher than the participants in the age group of 23+ (P<0,05). In conclusion, it is considered that those who do individual sports feel more anxiety states since the responsibility only belongs to themselves. Trainings minimizing the anxiety should be further offered to the individuals doing such sports. Individual team athletes who are at national team level may be more supported.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regular exercise on some motoric features in 7-12-year-old boys and girls in 8 weeks period of time. To the study 66 boys with an average age of 8, [plus or minus] 7963, as 54 of them in research and 12 of them in control groups; 66 girls, 36 of them as research and 30 as control group, a total of 132 individuals who joins summer sports schools within the body of Mugla Sitki Koçman Directorate of Health, Culture and Sports with no health problems participated in the study. Two tests were applied to the children before and after the exercise program. Height, body weight, balance, flexibility, bounce force, explosive force, sit-up and 20m velocity measurements were performed to the participants. SPSS 21.00 package program was used for statistical evaluation of the obtained data. For paired comparisons, Paired Samples t test was applied to determine the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. In order to determine the difference between the groups, Independent samples t test was applied and the level of significance was set at p <0.05 and 0.01. In the study, statistically significant differences were found in favor of the research group between the first and second measurement results of height, body weight, balance, flexibility, bounce force, explosive force, sit-up and velocity (p <0.05, p <0.01). As a result, in the light of the data obtained from the comparisons between the groups, it was determined that the regularly performed exercises positively affect the body weight, static balance, flexibility, bounce force, explosive force, sit-up and velocity values in 7-12 age group boys and girls.

Abuse refers to any form of physical, emotional, sexual and economic maltreatment that actually damages the child's health, life, development and / or dignity. The prevention of abuse will be possible through the recognition of abuse and abuser by the child and strengthening of the "active strategies" used by the child to act against them. In line with the general purpose of the study, answer to the questions "Which age groups from among the elementary school and secondary school students are under the risk in terms of being abused?", "Which type of abuse is frequently experienced by the child?", "Who are the abusers?", "What are the strategies used by the child abused to cope with the incidence of abuse?" were sought. An opinion form consisted of 8 questions was used in the current research. The data collected from a total of 616 students were subjected to content analysis. According to the results obtained 75% of the children from different age groups were found to have been subject to abuse and all the age groups were most abused by their peers, followed by family members and relatives.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of academicians towards sports at Firat University, 191 academicians participated in the investigation as part of our study. "Attitude Scale towards Sports" was used to determine the attitudes of the academicians participating in the study towards sports. The scale is designed in likert type 5 grading, consisting of 22 substances and "Psychosocial, Physical and Mental Development" consisting of 3 sub-dimensions. In line with the study findings, academicians at Firat University have a general score of 1 to 5 scale scoring is x[bar] = 3.93, "Mental Development" sub-dimension size is x[bar] = 3.53, "Psycho-social Development" subdimension size is x[bar] = 3.98, and "Physical Development" sub-dimension size with an average of x[bar] = 4.08 was observed to have high attitude levels towards sports. There was a statistically significant difference in terms of attitude levels towards sports and age, participation in sports, title and working year variables for Academicians at Firat University. According to the gender variable, it was not found that the attitudes of academicians towards sports were not statistically significant. Academicians' attitudes towards sports are very important. Students often see their instructors as their cult figure. Academicians' attitudes towards sports are thought to make them feel good about themselves in terms of health and will be a positive example for students who consider themselves cult figures.

The main purpose of this research is to examine the level of organizational culture of academicians in terms of some variables. The research universe is formed by academicians at Firat University in the 2018-2019 academic year. The sample of the study is 96 randomly selected academicians from Firat University Faculty of Education, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences and Faculty of Sports Sciences in the 2018-2019 academic year. The Personal Information Form was used in order to determine the demographic information of the subjects participating in the study, in addition, "Organizational Culture Scale" was used that prepared by Ogbonna and Harris (2000) and translated into Turkish by Karadeniz (2010) and developed in the master's study. The data of the research were determined to be parametric. Therefore, t test and variance analysis (Anova) test was used. Tukey test and LSD test results were used to determine which groups the difference was among the results with significant differences. The error level in the study was taken as p<0.05. As a result of the research, academicians' organizational culture scale is based on the findings; it was found that there was no statistically significant difference in all sub-dimensions of the title and gender variable. There was a statistically significant difference in faculty, age group and academic study year variables.

This study was conducted with the aim of determining self efficacy-sufficiency levels of visually impaired individuals according to some variables. Bandura (1994) states that self-sufficiency, defined as an individual's belief on operating a specific job, is an important factor for the athletes. Self-sufficiency results in choosing a field of study voluntarily, feeling a high motivation for accomplishing that job, endeavoring and spending time on the study. Self-sufficiency is about the individual's specific area or behavior group (Akkoyunlu & Orhan, 2003). The study was conducted on 127 male and 60 female visually-impaired individuals, a total of 187, with different visual acuity in different visually-handicapped clubs. The voluntary basis was taken into consideration in participation. As the data collection tool, "Personal Information Form" and "Self-Efficacy--Sufficiency Scale" which was developed by Sherer et al. (1982), and adopted into Turkish by Gözüm and Aksayan (1999). The data set was analyzed in SPSS 20.0 packaged programme. The data was purified from loss and wrong coding, and the normality hypothesis was done with kurtosis and skewness values. In the analysis of the data, frequency, the average standard deviation was used; besides, T-Test (in paired comparisons) gender, disability status, marital status and branches of sports; one-way variance (ANOVA) test in age, level of education, level of income and visual acuity were used. When one-way ANOVA results of self-sufficiency scores according to gender, age, disability status, level of education, level of income, and visual acuity were analyzed, it was stated that there was a significant difference (p<0,05), and there is no significant difference in Self-Sufficiency scores of visually-impaired individuals who are doing team and individual sports (p>0,05). When evaluated the information above, it can be said that like self efficacy-sufficiency concept can be in different levels and different dimension in different areas of life; it is effective on visually-impaired individuals. In this respect, it is considered that this study will open a new window to this area and contribute to the visually-impaired athletes. Besides, it is suggested that a new study on how self efficacy-sufficiency concept is in the visually-impaired athletes and other individuals, and evaluation of how they are affected. In this concept, the general aim of this study is to analyze the levels of self efficacy-sufficiency of visually-impaired athletes.

The main aim of this study is to determine what factors affect the attitudes of teachers working in the special education school toward their occupations. In this study, effect of teachers was investigated in terms of gender, teaching domains, sports branches and age. It was carried out with the participations of totally 40 special education teachers working in the body of Mus Province National Education in 2018-2019 education-training year. The scale of attitude toward the sportive activities of mentally disabled individuals was developed by Ilhan, Esentürk, and Yarimkaya (2016) (ZEBSEYTÖ). Validity and Reliability working sample was used. SPSS 23.0 package program was used in the analysis of data obtained and finding of the calculated values. It was determined that data do not show normal distribution by performing test of normality. For this reason, Mann Whitney-U test was used for the pairwise independent groups, error margin was taken 0.05 in this study. Once the attitude scale sub-dimensions were examined, no statistically significant difference was found between the genders. When the sub-dimensions of attitude scale were examined, no statistically significant difference was found between whether the participants engage in a sports branch or not. Significant difference was not seen in the participants in terms of doing sports and age.

The aim of this study is to investigate the aerobic and anaerobic powers of students in different grades of the schools and describe the correlation between these powers. Upon the written approval of Samsun National Education Management, this study was carried out with the voluntary participation of 120 females and 120 males aged 11-16, who were healthy and were not active in sports. The total number of the subjects participating in the study was 240. The aerobic and anaerobic power tests of the subjects were determined through Cooper and Wingate tests respectively. All statistical calculations were evaluated through the SPSS 13 package program. The relationship between the aerobic and anaerobic powers of male and female students aged 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 was examined through Spearman correlation test. The correlations between anaerobic and aerobic powers of the subjects were as follows: 0.06 for 11-year-olds, 0.43 for 12-year-olds, 0.21 for 13-year-olds, 0.24 for 14-year-olds, 0.27 for 15-year-olds, and 0.12 for 16-year-olds in females while 0.13 for 11-year-olds, 0.01 for 12-year-olds, 0.13 for 13-year-olds, 0.43 for 14-year-olds, 0.23 for 15-year-olds, and 0.56 for 16-year-olds in males. In conclusion, no meaningful correlations between the anaerobic and aerobic powers of subjects were found.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the relationship between high school teachers' workplace friendship and school culture perceptions. The research was carried out with a total of 330 teachers from 8 Anatolian high schools and 8 vocational high schools selected by stratified sampling method in Efeler District of Aydin Province, Turkey in the 2017-2018 academic year. When the data were analyzed, 8 data collection tools which were filled in and which did not carry normality conditions were removed without investigation and analyzed through 322 data collection tools. In the collection of the data "Personal Information Form" created by researchers; "Workplace Friendship Scale" that it developed by Nielsen, Jex and Adams (2000), adapted to Turkish by Kiral (2016) and the "School Culture Scale" developed by Terzi (2005) was used. An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was conducted for the construct validity of the School Culture Scale. In the analysis of the data, t-test, Kruskal Wallis H-test, ANOVA, Scheffe test were used. The Pearson Moments Multiplication Correlation Coefficient was used to determine the relationship between workplace friendship and school culture perception of high school teachers. According to the results of the research, it was found that the "friendship opportunity" and "task culture" perceptions of the high school teachers were higher than the other dimensions. The friendship prevalence of female teachers is higher than that of male teachers; the friendship prevalence and general friendship of married teachers is higher than that of single teachers; the bureaucratic culture perception level of high school teachers in the age group of 35 and under is higher than 41-45 age group; the achievement culture perception level of vocational high school teachers is higher than that of Anatolian high school teachers. Positive and significant relationship between workplace friendship and school culture was found.

The purpose of this research is to examine which factors of personal meaning profile explain mental well-being in different age stage. Although personal meaning has many different definitions, this research approaches it in seven factors; achievement, relationship, religion, self-transcendence, self-acceptance, intimacy, and fair treatment. The participants in this study were 410 (226 female, 184 male) representing three separate groups (Adolescents, emerging adults, and adults). Whether Personal meaning and mental well-being varied based on age was analyzed via ANOVA. Personal Meaning's predictability of mental well-being was analyzed via multiple regression analysis. First, the mental well-being productivity of personal meaning in the whole group was examined. According to the examination, it was found that all factors except for religion explain mental wellbeing. These factors account for 54% of the variance. Secondly, multiple regression analysis was done for the personal meaning factors for each group. According to results: Achievement, relationship, and self-transcendence in adolescents; achievement, self-transcendence, self-acceptance, intimacy, and fair treatment in emerging adults; and intimacy, self-transcendence, self-acceptance and fair treatment in adults were significant predictors mental well-being. These factors account for 43% of total variance in adolescent, 65% in emerging adults, and 42% in adults.

Chorus education, which is being practiced within the framework of music education's branch of voice training, has significant impacts on an individual's philosophy of life, self-confidence level and socialization. An individual assesses his own life satisfaction level cognitively in terms of many aspects. Chorus education can be seen as the most prominent and contributing aspect as it helps people feel satisfied and happy and moreover, it makes their life more meaningful in various ways. The study aims to interpret the effect of choral participations of middle school students on their life satisfaction. Accordingly, in this research, 'satisfaction with life scale' developed by Diener, Emmons, Laresen and Griffin - later translated in Turkish by Koker - has been used. To that end, middle school students' satisfaction with life has been investigated through comparisons done within the context of factors such as; gender, age, grade, previous musical instrument experiences as well as choral participation. As a result of the research, it has been identified that the life satisfaction does not vary significantly according to gender, age, grade or previous musical instrument experiences; yet it has been found that that there is a positive effect of choral participation on students' life with satisfaction.

Entirely 1325 students participated in this research that was conducted to specify the differences between motivation levels of students in terms of age, gender, class and department variables. 'Academic Motivation Scale' that is seven points Likert scale was developed by Karaguven (2012) was used as the data collection tool in this research that was performed by screening model. Descriptive analyses were applied in data T-test was applied in independent groups to determine whether there were differences based on gender and age ranges. One Way ANOVA Test was conducted to specify the differences based on classes and departments. There was found statistically significant differences (p<0,01) between academic motivation sub-dimensions were evaluated based on age range, gender, classes and departments. It is thought that associating these differences with different variables will be beneficial to determine the sources of the differences. Because there are several internal and external factors that positively and negatively affect the motivation level. Eliminating problems by founding the factors can contribute to increasing the motivation level of students and accordingly, the success rate increases as well.

In this study, it was aimed to reveal the progress that the games follow in the process of transferring from Generation X to Generation Z. Being a qualitative study, interviews were used for data collection; interviews were conducted with 10 participants and the data was analysed using descriptive analysis. According to the results of the analysis it was found that the games played had significant differences in terms of content and venue between generations, where an apparent break from the nature occurred; children of Generation Z have a tendency towards indoor games. Therefore, taking measures allowing the children of Generation Z to spend more and high-quality time in nature may be effective on directing children's indoor tendency towards outdoor.

The aim of the study was to examine the mobbing via humour of the lecturers at Schools of Physical Education and Sport. The sample of the study consisted of 470 lecturers dutied at those schools. In order to analyze the lecturers' perception levels about mobbing via humour behaviours, the "Scale of Humour Behaviours" was used. T-test and One Way ANOVA were used to determine whether the lecturers' humour styles differ or not according to independent variables. The data showed that the lowest average point was in the group aged 22-32 on average rather than the other age groups in the sub-dimension of Rejecting and Sarcastic Humour Styles (p<0.05). As a result, the relevant lecturers in the low age group were more interested in positive humour styles such as affirmative social humour although they were exposed to rejecting and sarcastic humour styles from time to time. When the lecturers have social humour styles and use these humours in a positive way, they will contribute to run more properly and to make more constructive decisions in favour of students in the process of having terminal behaviours which is a reason for having universities.

The aim of this study is to examine the attitudes of primary education students towards physical education courses according to certain variables. 640 students from elementary schools in the city center and several counties of Sakarya participated in the study. In the designating of the students' attitudes towards the physical education courses, the Physical Education Courses Attitude scale, which was developed by Güllü & Güçlü (2009), was used. In the statistical analysis of the acquired data as a result of the study, frequency, One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis H analysis were conducted in SPSS 15.0 for Windows software. As a result of the study, it is concluded that a large part of the students (63.9%) have a habit of doing sports regularly and the number of students who practice sports in a sports club is considerably high (43.8%). When the attitudes of the students towards the physical education courses are examined, it is discovered that the attitudes of students towards the physical education courses are generally high. It is also concluded that the attitudes of students towards the physical education courses do not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in terms of gender and age groups (P>0.05). On the contrary, it is determined that the students' involvement in practicing sports with a license in a sports club and attending to tournaments affected their attitude towards the physical education courses positively and this acquired result is statistically meaningful.

The number of Generation Z English Language (EL) learners in institutions of higher education has been increasing, so it has become significant for EL teachers to understand the features and learning preferences of Generation Z EL learners to meet their needs and teach English to them effectively. This descriptive study which was conducted with 888 Generation Z EL learners and whose data were collected through a questionnaire aims to contribute to this understanding of EL teachers by finding out the features and EL learning preferences of Generation Z EL learners. The findings indicated that Generation ZEL learners commonly use technological devices such as smartphones, which generally have an internet connection, are generally online, generally prefer to study English alone, and prefer videos that are used more for learning English.

This study aimed to relate school diversity approaches to continuity and change in teacher-student relationships, comparing Belgian-majority (N = 1,875, M[subscript age] = 14.56) and Turkish and Moroccan-minority adolescents (N = 1,445, M[subscript age] = 15.07). Latent-Growth-Mixture-Models of student-reported teacher support and rejection over 3 years revealed three trajectories per group: normative-positive (high support, low rejection) and decreasing-negative (moderate support, high-decreasing rejection) for both groups, increasing-negative (moderate support, low-increasing rejection) for minority, moderate-positive (moderate support, low rejection) for majority youth. Trajectories differed between age groups. Student and teacher perceptions of equality and multiculturalism afforded, and assimilationism threatened, normative-positive trajectories for minority youth. Diversity approaches had less impact on majority trajectories. Normative-positive trajectories were related to improved school outcomes; they were less likely, but more beneficial for minority than majority youth.

Organizational silence can be defined as a way of behaviour belonging to men and women employees in the organization exhibited without reflecting their feelings, ideas, concerns and suggestions related with their workplaces, works for which they are responsible or other activities of the organization. In the period of organizational silence, silence, in other words, decision of not talking clearly about problems and subjects, is an important subject to be laid emphasis on when it is considered that it prevents organizational learning, decreases revealing of different ideas within the organization, prevents innovativeness and creativeness. In this regard, the purpose of this study was to investigate the sports employees, according to some variable of organizational behavior silence. Sports expert and trainers participated in the research, who were employed in Mugla and Antalya Provincial Directorate of Youth Welfare. 52.8% (67 people) of sports employees participated in the research were male whereas 47.2% (60 people) were female. "Organizational Silence Scale" developed by Cakici (2008) and adapted by Soycan (2010) was used. The data obtained from the scale in the research were analyzed by means of SPSS 21.0 statistical software program. In the research, frequency analysis to compare the groups and t-test (gender, marital status, age groups) as well as ANOVA tests to investigate the differences between groups were used. Consequently, a significant difference was found between the perception of organizational silence in sports employees and gender variable. It was determined that values of organizational silence sub-dimensions of female employees such as administrative and organizational causes, subjects related with work, lack of experience, isolation and fair of damnification in relations were higher than those of male employees. Female sports employees indicated organizational silence behaviour more. Depending on the findings of the research, it was suggested for the directors of Youth Welfares to form a participant culture in their institutions, to encourage their female sports employees to talk clearly and to increase the frequency of interviews with them.

Different generations are constituted depending on social changes and they are designed sociologically as traditional, baby boomer, X, Y and Z. Many studies have been reported on understanding of foreign language learning generation Y. This study aims to realise the gap in and contribute to the research on language learning understanding of generation Y born between 1980 and 1999 and studying at the university. The participants of the study consist of students in the department of foreign languages at Atatürk University. 85 randomly selected respondents were conducted a survey consisting of 9 close-ended questions based on Stern and Rubin foreign language learning profile. The data collected were analyzed by SPSS 15.0 program and the results were explicated by means of descriptive analysis. Cronbach Alpha coefficient was found 0,822 for the items in the questionnaire. The results offer that generation Y shows positive distinction in know-how and ability to learn, conversely that they have difficulties in learning and skills at verbal expression and comprehension. The findings showed that a generation Y shows a profile self-confident, tolerant, open to experiences, efficient in solving problems and able to act independently in foreign language learning. Although enthusiastic to communicate in a foreign language, the generation has difficulties in speaking language.

When presented with a claim that contradicts their intuitions, do children seize opportunities to empirically verify such claims or do they simply acquiesce to what they have been told? To answer this question, we conducted a replication of Ronfard et al. (conducted in the People's Republic of China) in two countries with distinct religious and political histories (Study 1: Belarus, N = 74; Study 2: Turkey, N = 79). Preschool children were presented with five different-sized Russian dolls and asked to indicate the heaviest doll. All children selected the biggest doll. Half of the children then heard a (false) claim (i.e., that the smallest doll was the heaviest), contradicting their initial intuition. The remaining children heard a (true) claim (i.e., that the biggest doll was the heaviest), confirming their initial intuition. Belarusian and Turkish preschoolers typically endorsed the experimenter's claim no matter whether it had contradicted or confirmed their initial intuition. Next, the experimenter left the room, giving children an opportunity to check the experimenter's claim by picking up the relevant dolls. Belarusian and Turkish preschoolers rarely explored the dolls, regardless of the type of testimony they received and continued to endorse the counterintuitive testimony they received. Furthermore, in Study 2, Turkish preschoolers continued to endorse smallest = heaviest even when doing so could have cost them a large reward. In sum, across two different cultural contexts, preschool children endorsed a counterintuitive claim and did not spontaneously seek evidence to test it. These results confirm and extend those of Ronfard et al.

The aim of this study is to examine mobile games in the context of their content and to evaluate the situations faced by children through document analysis in terms of age-rating, game score, access permissions, the inclusion of advertisements, in-game purchases, encouraging consumerism, the inclusion of violence, bad habits, and educational value. The review and rating data of the games which can be found in Common Sense Media and Google Play Store were included in the study. These data were analyzed by descriptive content analysis using frequency (f) and percentage(%) values. According to our findings, it was revealed that 92% of the games involved in the study included in-game purchases and 75% of them included advertising. As a result of the investigations, it was also found that mobile games requested a lot of access permissions during installation. In addition, it was concluded that 90% of mobile games encouraged consumerism and 50% contained violence and fear elements. We think that the results are important in the way that they reveal the possible risks encountered by young people while they are playing mobile games and also in terms of increasing the awareness on the subject for both the users and their parents. [This study was presented as a paper at the International Computer and Instructional Technologies Symposium (ICITS-2019) (13th, Kirs¸ehir, May 2-4, 2019.]

In the world of child play, where do adults stand? What is the place of adults in children's play? These questions have been considered in the literature regarding play in efforts to provide children with ample play opportunities. This study aims to examine teachers' roles in free play. In this study, data are used to examine the type of roles teachers most frequently use during free play. Participants of the study were 141 public school early childhood teachers. Results showed that the leader role was the least preferred, while the onlooker-stage manager role was the most frequently chosen among the five teacher roles in free play. Moreover, participating teachers' involvement in play is influenced by children's age groups, years of teaching experience, number of children in the classroom and number of learning centres.

Although the quantity of education is widely used to measure the economical and social performances of educative systems, only a few works have addressed the issue of equity in education. In this work, we have calculated two measures of inequality in education based on Barro and Lee's (2010) data: the Gini index of education and the standard deviation of schooling. The sample comprises 15 countries from the MENA region over the period 1950-2010. We used hierarchical clustering to control for the heterogeneity of the sample and identify the existence of cluster of similar value. We applied the Kuznets curve of education over the countries of the region. The findings show a decline in the Gini index within all the participating countries, for men and women and also for all age groups. The results also indicate that the education distribution was more unequal in the middle-income countries than in the higher-income countries in 2010, although they had almost the same level in 1970. The results suggested that the shape of the Kuznets curve depends basically on the measure used to approximate the inequality. Indeed, the Kuznets hypothesis is emphasized once we use the standard deviation of schooling. The Gini index, for its part, has maintained a significant negative relationship within the average number of years of the study.

A short 12-item version of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale--Short Form (CAAS-SF) was validated across three different age groups in the Turkish context. Scale scores demonstrated adequate to high internal consistency and 4-week test--retest reliability, good fit with the original four-factor model, factorial invariance across gender and age groups, strong convergence with the 24-item version, negative associations with trait anxiety and work stress, and positive associations with career decision self-efficacy. It was concluded that the Turkish version of the CAAS-SF appears to be a valid and reliable measure for assessing career adaptability and using it in career education and counseling process.

This cross-sectional study examined how the progression and consistency of students' understanding of thermal concepts in everyday contexts changes across the grade levels. A total of 656 Turkish students from Grade 8 (age 13-14), Grade 10 (age 15-16), and the first year of college (age 19-20) participated in the study. The data were analysed using statistical procedures (descriptive and inferential). Findings indicated a substantial progression in the students' scientific understanding of thermal concepts across grade levels. In addition, the students' alternative conceptions about thermal concepts generally decreased in frequency across grade levels, but certain alternative conceptions were observed in every grade level to a similar extent. Even though the number of students who consistently used scientific ideas increased across grade levels, the number of students who consistently used non-scientific ideas decreased across grade levels. However, the number of students who used scientific and non-scientific ideas inconsistently generally increased as they progressed in the science curriculum. These findings can be associated with either fragmentation or alternative conceptions that result from the gradual enrichment processes students experience when they try to integrate scientific concepts into their conceptual frameworks.

This article examines the applicability of Ball's categorisation of ethnic minority students as contingent and embedded choosers in the context of higher education choice. Considering the role of the selective school system in shaping the educational careers of the children of Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands the study uses case studies to illustrate the interplay of social class background with the educational structure. The cases of educationally successful second-generation Turks interviewed in the city of Amsterdam clearly illustrate the significance of early tracking in regulating the educational outcomes of pupils of immigrant origin, thus determining their chances for educational advancement and social mobility. (Contains 6 notes and 2 figures.)

The study was carried out with 175 Turkish students by using drawings at different ages understanding of gene, DNA and chromosome concepts. Students from 8th, 9th, 11th grades and, science and biology student teachers were simply asked to draw the structure of gene, DNA and chromosome in a cell and also to give explanations about these three concepts. Differences in understanding between the age groups were found to be significant for the concepts of gene and DNA. None of the groups exhibit sound understanding and regardless of the age levels, students in all groups had alternative ideas about the three concepts investigated.

This quantitative survey-based study examines 366 Czech and 532 Turkish preschool teachers' compassion levels and psychological well-being. The Adult Compassion Scale and Psychological Well-being Scale were used as the data-collection tools, and Mann-Whitney U testing and Kruskal Wallis-H testing were used for data analysis. Although Turkish preschool teachers' compassion levels were found to be higher than Czech participants, the Turkish preschool teachers' psychological well-being was lower. While participants' compassion did not differ significantly across gender, parent/non-parent status, or the presence/absence of children with special needs in their classrooms, significant differences were associated with age, seniority, personal education level, marital status, age group of children taught, class size, and faith. While psychological well-being did not differ significantly across presence/absence of special-needs children, seniority, personal education level, age group of children taught, or faith, there were significant differences across gender, age, parenthood, marital status and class size. There was also a positive and moderately significant relationship between the preschool teachers' compassion and their psychological well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Despite a global decrease in HIV incidence, recent trends in Türkiye indicate a concerning rise, particularly among younger populations and women. This study investigates the local and regional dynamics influencing these trends using advanced epidemiological methodologies. Material and Methods: Utilizing Age–period–cohort analysis and joinpoint regression, we analysed HIV incidence and prevalence data from the Global Burden of Disease study for Türkiye. These methods allowed for a detailed examination of changes over time, identifying specific age groups and periods with significant shifts in incidence rates. Results: Key findings include a 13.03% increase in annual percentage change among males aged 15–19 and an 11.37% increase among females in the same age group. Additionally, the incidence rates among females have shown a significant rise after 2008. Conclusions: The rising HIV incidence in Türkiye reflects complex socio-economic, cultural, and biological factors, with significant increases among young people and women. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions, comprehensive educational programs, and inclusive healthcare services to align with global efforts and commitments. The study underscores the importance of incorporating young people in decision-making processes to effectively combat HIV in Türkiye. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The end of the Assyrian Trading Colonies Period (ATCP) in Anatolia represents a time of significant change in the region. Historical and archaeological evidence suggests that considerable conflict and turmoil were associated with the end of the ATCP, but thus far little evidence from human skeletal remains has been available to support this hypothesis. One of the largest human skeletal samples dating to the end of the ATCP has been excavated at Kaman‐Kalehöyük in central Anatolia. A minimum of 73 individuals have been found in and around areas of the site that have signs of destruction and burning. These individuals appear to be associated with a battle that occurred in the town in the mid‐18th century BCE. The results show that the victims of the battle included individuals of all age groups and both sexes. The degree of burning and fragmentation made the identification of perimortem trauma challenging; however, perimortem trauma was observed in at least two individuals. An additional five individuals had evidence of antemortem trauma that was likely the result of interpersonal violence prior to the attack on the town. The skeletal evidence for trauma further supports the idea that a battle occurred at the site. This battle may have also been a part of a regional pattern of violence corresponding with the end of the ATCP, as suggested by the textual and archaeological evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global variations in epidemiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) exist. This study is designed to examine demographic and clinical features of T1DM over the past 3 decades as well as evolving trends in epidemiology over last 50 years. Methods: Clinical characteristics of 925 patients with T1DM over last 30 years (1990–2019) were evaluated and compared to previously published data of 477 patients diagnosed between 1969 and 1990 from one of the major referral centers for diabetes in Turkey. Results: Mean age at diagnosis decreased from 9.5 ± 4.0 to 7.1 ± 3.6 years within the past 50 years (p <.001). Age at diagnosis peaked at 12–14 years between 1969 and 1990, then fell to 10–11.9 years between 1990 and 1999, and to 4–5.9 years between 2000–2009 and 2010–2019 (p =.005). Although the percentage of patients diagnosed <6 years of age is gradually increasing, the percentage between the ages of 6 and 11.9 years is decreasing, and the percentage diagnosed ≥12 years remained stable. A total of 47.5% of patients had ketoacidosis, 38.2% had ketosis, and 14.3% had only hyperglycemia. 23% of patients had severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), whereas 42% had moderate. Over last 3 decades, there has been no change in frequency of ketoacidosis at presentation, but there has been significant decline in severity (p =.865, and p <.001, respectively). Although the frequency of patients with mild DKA increased over time, frequency of patients with moderate DKA decreased; however, no significant difference was observed among patients with severe ketoacidosis. DKA was more frequent and severe in patients <6 years of age (p =.005, and p <.001, respectively). Conclusion: Age at diagnosis shifted to younger ages in T1DM in the past 50 years. Half of patients had ketoacidosis at diagnosis and frequency of presentation with DKA did not decrease, but severity decreased slightly. Increase in prevalence of T1DM in the younger age group and the fact that half of patients present with DKA indicate that awareness should be increased in terms of early diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The effectiveness of the Colorectal Cancer (CRC) screening program is assessed based on the reduction in CRC mortality and incidence rates over time. To accurately estimate the long-term impact, it is advisable to monitor additional indicators such as age and stage-specific incidence rates. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of the National CRC Screening Program in Turkey and analyze its influence on disease stage at diagnosis and survival rates. Methods: The National CRC Screening Program was considered an intervention and the distribution of local, regional, and distant diseases, and survival estimates were assessed before and after the intervention to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention. Results: 518 patients were included in the study. At the time of diagnosis, localized, regional, and distant disease in pre-intervention were 31.3%, 42.9%, 25.8%, while post-intervention were 42.8%, 33.3%, 23.9%, respectively (p = 0.020). The relative effectiveness of the intervention in males, females, and 50–70 ages were calculated as 1.2[95% CI 0.95–1.73], 1.5[95% CI 1.04–2.18], and 1.6[95% CI 1.21–2.28] in localized disease, 0.8[95% CI 0.67–1.18], 0.6[95% CI 0.43–0.90], and 0.6[95% CI 0.46–0.81] in regional diseases, 0.8[95% CI 0.57–1.20], 1.1[95% CI 0.66–1.84], and 1.0[95% CI 0.70–1.57] in distant disease, respectively. Conclusion: A noticeable shift in the disease stage at the time of diagnosis was observed; however, this shift varied among gender and age groups. To effectively evaluate the impact of a cancer screening program on reducing the incidence and mortality rates of the disease, it is essential to monitor and analyze these indicators alongside 5–10-year survival estimates and stage changes at the time of diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]