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This study sought to investigate the occurrence and subsequently to characterize extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae from urban and rural stagnant water samples during the wet season (December to February) in several regions of northern Tunisia. From 56 stagnant water samples, 14 ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae were recovered, including 9 Escherichia coli , 3 Klebsiella pneumoniae , and 2 K. oxytoca. Most isolates were multidrug-resistant, with ESBL production primarily encoded by bla CTX-M-15 (n = 8) and bla CTX-M-1 (n = 4) followed by bla CTX-M-55 (n = 1) and bla TEM-26 (n = 1). One K. pneumoniae isolate co-harbored bla KPC and bla CTX-M-15 genes. Class 1 integrons were detected in 4 isolates, however, sul1 , sul2 , and aac(6′)-Ib - cr genes were detected in eleven, two, and four isolates, respectively. The nine E. coli isolates belonged to seven sequence types namely, B2/ST131 (3 isolates), A/ST164, A/ST10, A/ST224, A/ST38, A/ST155, and A/ST69 (each of them one isolate). The three K. pneumoniae isolates were assigned to three sequence types: ST101, ST405 (harboring CTX-M-15 and KPC), and ST1564. Overall, the phenotypic and genotypic traits of collected isolates mirror the molecular epidemiology of ESBL-producing enterobacteria in Tunisia and highlight the potential role of stagnant water in both urban and rural areas as a reservoir of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is the most destructive pest of tomato worldwide. Biological control has always been considered as a promising management approach of this pest in tomatoes. In this context, we evaluated the effectiveness of releasing Trichogramma cacoeciae Marchal parasitoids or Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur) predators in controlling T. absoluta in greenhouse tomatoes of northeastern Tunisia. Two weekly releases of either M. pygmaeus at 1 adult/m2 or T. cacoeciae at 20 adults/plant were assessed. Our results indicated that parasitism rates were significantly higher on the apical tomato leaves compared to the middle leaves. We found that the number of T. absoluta eggs and larvae was significantly reduced after releasing T. cacoeciae, while releases of M. pygmaeus did not significantly reduce T. absoluta densities. The present study demonstrated the great potential of releasing T. cacoeciae in controlling T. absoluta in greenhouse tomatoes of northeastern Tunisia. However, further studies are needed to evaluate other release rates of M. pygmaeus that could show promising effectiveness against T. absoluta in northeastern Tunisian greenhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) are non-achlorophyllous parasitic plants belonging to the Orobanchaceae family, with some species evolving to infest agricultural crops, causing substantial economic losses. This study focuses on Orobanche and Phelipenche species prevalent in Tunisia, particularly Orobanche crenata, Orobanche foetida and Phelipanche ramosa, which pose a significant threat to legume crops and other agronomically important plants. These parasitic species cause severe damage before their aboveground appearance, making early detection and management crucial. Successful breeding programs targeting their hosts necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the genetic variability within different broomrape populations. A plethora of molecular markers, including RAPD, ISSR, AFLP, SSR and SNPs, were employed to evaluate the genetic diversity of Orobanche spp., mainly in Mediterranean countries. This research seeks to analyze the genetic variability and structure of thirty-four (34) Tunisian Orobanche and Phelipanche populations infesting various crops and wild plants. The results demonstrated a higher genetic differentiation within populations rather than between populations and no clear differentiation based on the geographic origins of the populations. By measuring the genetic diversity of a large number of broomrape populations that affect both wild species and crops, this study aims to support efforts toward establishing effective management approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae) is an attractive renewable resource from arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including the north of Africa and Tunisia. It has suitable potential for use as a cellulose source for producing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The chemical composition of fibers obtained from underground (roots) and aerial (trunk) parts of Opuntia ficus-indica, such as cellulose, holocellulose, lignin and ashes, was determined using normed and standardized methods. Individualized cellulose fibers were extracted from both raw materials using an eco-friendly delignification process based on soft treatment with sodium hydroxide/hydrogen peroxide mixtures followed by mechanical operation. The extracted cellulose fibers were carboxymethylated using sodium hydroxide and mono-chloroacetic acid, in the aqueous ethanolic medium. In this work, novel eco-friendly hydrogel films were synthesized based on high-quality carboxymethyl cellulose "CMC-R" from the roots ([DS] = 0.64) and "CMC-T" from the trunk ([DS] = 0.97) cross-linked with citric acid. The produced hydrogel films from both CMCs have various morphological structures, acceptable mechanical properties, and improved barrier behaviors. However, CMC hydrogel films from Opuntia ficus-indica are totally biodegradable within 20 days and became good candidates to replace synthetic polymers in packaging films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typhoid fever is a significant public health concern in many parts of the world, particularly in developing countries with poor sanitation and hygiene conditions. In July 2016, an outbreak of typhoid fever occurred in Ghannouche, located in the south of Tunisia. This paper reports the results of a field investigation undertaken to identify possible transmission pathways and risk factors in order to propose control and preventive measures. A retrospective cohort study including a passive and active case finding, as well as an environmental and bacteriological investigation was conducted from July to September 2016. A case was defined as a person residing or having stayed in Ghannouche and having presented from the beginning of June clinical signs suggestive of typhoid fever, with, for a confirmed case, laboratory isolation of S.Tyhi, and for a probable case, an epidemiological link with a confirmed case. Attack rates were determined, and risk ratios were estimated with respect to exposures. Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios were estimated using binary logistic regression. Among the 628 subjects investigated, 102 cases of typhoid fever were identified (74 confirmed and 28 probable) with an overall attack rate of 16.24%. Over 56% of cases were male and those under 10 years old were most affected (38.2%% of cases) with a median age of 12 years (interquartile range 5 to 25 years). The main clinical signs were fever (95%) and diarrhea (57%). Young age (adjusted OR = 0.95 and 95% CI = 0.93–0.97), low level of education (adjusted OR = 4.76 and 95% CI = 1.34–16.81), and the habitat type Arab or rudimentary house (adjusted OR = 4.93 and 95% CI = 2.61–8.27) were the socio-demographic factors independently associated with typhoid fever. Typhoid fever was found to be associated with drinking softened water (adjusted OR = 2.64 and 95% CI = 1.16–4.82), eating raw fruit and vegetables from family gardens (adjusted OR = 6.13 and 95% CI = 3.66–11.06), and using uncontrolled waste disposal (adjusted OR = 3.52 and 95% CI = 2.03–6.94). A total of 110 drinking water samples were analyzed; out of the 38 samples of softened water, 12 were non-compliant and 5 were positive for Salmonella. The screening activity identified two asymptomatic carriers, one of whom was a softened water seller. We concluded that drinking softened water from informal or unauthorized sale units, consuming fruit and vegetables from family gardens, uncontrolled dumping of household waste, and poor socio-economic conditions increase the risk of typhoid fever in this region. Many recommendations were implemented to stop this outbreak and to prevent further episodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the main etiological agents responsible for bovine mastitis (BM), neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), and avian colibacillosis (AC). This study aimed to assess resistance and virulence genes content, biofilm-forming ability, phylogenetic groups, and genetic relatedness in E. coli isolates recovered from clinical cases of BM, NCD, and AC. Materials/Methods: A total of 120 samples including samples of milk (n = 70) and feces (n = 50) from cows with BM and calves with NCD, respectively, were collected from different farms in Northern Tunisia. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed. Then, E. coli isolates were examined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution method for their antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability. PCR was used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), phylogenetic groups, and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) for their clonal relationship. Results: Among the 120 samples, 67 E. coli isolates (25 from BM, 22 from AC, and 20 from NCD) were collected. Overall, 83.6% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Thirty-six (53.73%) isolates were phenotypically colistin-resistant (CREC), 28.3% (19/67) were ESBL producers (ESBL-EC), and forty-nine (73.1%) formed biofilm. The blaTEM gene was found in 73.7% (14/19) of isolates from the three diseases, whilst the blaCTXM-g-1 gene was detected in 47.3% (9/19) of isolates, all from AC. The most common VG was the fimA gene (26/36, 72.2%), followed by aer (12/36, 33.3%), cnf1 (6/36, 16.6%), papC (4/36, 11.1%), and stx1 and stx2 genes (2/36; 5.5% for each). Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates belonged to three groups: A (20/36; 55.5%), B2 (7/36; 19.4%), and D (6/36; 16.6%). Molecular typing by ERIC-PCR showed high genetic diversity of CREC and ESBL E. coli isolates from the three animal diseases and gave evidence of their clonal dissemination within farms in Tunisia. Conclusion: The present study sheds new light on the biofilm-forming ability and clonality within CREC and ESBL-EC isolated from three different animal diseases in Tunisian farm animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this report was to investigate the possible lethal effect of Thymus and Teucrium essential oils against insects. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the disc diffusion assay. Relative repellency, fumigation and plant lethality on certain pest species were tested. A higher concentration of thyme (9.95 µL/cm2) essential oil showed the greatest repellent effect against Tribolium confusum and Supella longipalpa. Exposure of pests to 2 µL thyme essential oil (EO) /l air resulted in 100 % mortality in 24 h. Thyme and Teucrium EO induced dose-response mortality of T. confusum larvae with LC50 values ⁣⁣of 45.22 and 38.10 µL/l air, respectively. Maximum lethality was recorded after 24 h and 48 h of exposure to the essence of T. algeriensis. Moreover, a total repellency effect was detected within 1 h of experiment at a concentration of 9.95 µL/cm2. Furthermore, complete lethality (100 %) of the nymph and adult of S. longipalpa (1˂ LT50 ˂6 h), T. confusum (LT50 ˂7 h) and the larvae of Blaps nefrauensis (1˂ LT50 ˂3 h) were observed. Additionally, thymol (0.3% w/w) was shown to induce moderate repellency and fumigant effect against studied insects. Overall, thyme and teucrium essential oils can be alternative botanical pesticides for these insects. But further experiments are needed to justify the insecticidal effect of essential oils used directly on T. confusum in cereal stores. As well, the experimental procedure using low doses of essential oil used for insecticidal potency should be repeated with high doses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaabi, S, Mabrouk, RH, and Passelergue, P. Weightlifting is better than plyometric training to improve strength, counter movement jump, and change of direction skills in Tunisian elite male junior table tennis players. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2912–2919, 2022—This study aimed to compare the effect of integrating weightlifting (WL) resistance training or plyometric training for 8 weeks on physical performance among elite male junior table tennis players. Forty-five players were randomly divided into 3 groups. A WL resistance training group (n = 15), plyometric (P) group (n = 15), and a control (C) group (n = 15). Weightlifting group and P group were trained for 8 weeks (2 sessions per week with 3 different exercises each time) in addition to the usual practice of table tennis during the preparatory phase, whereas the C group continued classical table tennis training sessions. Subjects were tested for 5-m sprint time, change of direction (CD) test on a 20-m "T" shape course, jumping tests such as standing long jump, squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump, hang grip, and 1 repetition maximum strength tests as the bench press and back squat before (T0) and after (T1) the training program. There was no statistical difference between the 3 groups before the beginning of the training program. After the 8-week training program, only P and WL groups significantly improved their performances for all the tests. Combining all the tests, the WL group had larger improvement (12.6 vs. 8.2%) and effect sizes (1.88 vs. 1.22) than the P group. Thus, WL training seems more efficient than P training to improve neuromuscular performance of table tennis players, especially for a sport-specific table tennis change-of-direction test such as the 20-m CD test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum Desf.) landraces constitute a useful natural germplasm to increase the genetic diversity in the modern durum cultivars. The Tunisian durum germplasm constitutes 28 accessions conserved in Genebank of Tunisia, which are still unexplored. In this study, a comparative genetic analysis was performed to investigate the relationships between the Tunisian durum lines and the modern cultivars and detect divergent loci involved in breeding history. The genetic diversity analyses carried out using nine morphological descriptors and the 25K singlenucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array allowed us to distinguish two groups of Tunisian landraces and one of durum cultivars. The analysis of molecular variance and diversity indices confirmed the genetic variability among the groups. A total of 529 SNP loci were divergent between Tunisian durum landraces and modern cultivars. Candidate genes related to plant and spike architecture, including FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT-B1), zinc finger CONSTANS, and AP2/EREBPs transcription factors, were identified. In addition, divergent genes involved in grain composition and biotic stress nucleotide-binding site and leucine-reach repeats proteins and disease resistance proteins (NBS-LRR and RPM) were found, suggesting that the Tunisian durum germplasm may represent an important source of favorable alleles to be used in future durum breeding programs for developing well-adapted and resilient cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human orthopneumovirus (HRSV) is a virus belonging to the Pneumovirus genus that causes lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in infants worldwide. In Tunisia, thousands of infants hospitalized for LRTI are found to be positive for HRSV but no whole genome sequences of HRSV strains circulating in this country are available thus far. In this study, five nasal swab samples collected at different time points from a three-month-old female baby with severe immunodeficiency that was hospitalized for acute bronchiolitis were investigated by next generation sequencing. The Tunisian sequences from this study originated from samples collected in 2021, belong to the ON1 genotype of HRSV-A, and are clustered with European sequences from 2019 and not from 2020 or 2021. This is most likely related to local region-specific transmission of different HRSV-A variants due to the COVID-19 related travel restrictions. Overall, this is the first report describing the whole genome sequence of HRSV from Tunisia. However, more sequence data is needed to better understand the genetic diversity and transmission dynamic of HRSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural analysis of the Bizerte area in northern Tunisia, utilizing well data and field observations, reveals a complex arrangement of fold structures characterized by recumbent fold nappes to local sheath-like fold structures, indicative of a deep detachment phenomenon. The genesis and present geometry of these fold structures unravel a multifaceted structural history: (i) In the Tortonian folding phase, a detachment mechanism may have initiated the formation of a horizontal shearing plane at the base of the Paleocene marls. The gradual evolution of syn-shear recumbent fold nappes into sheath folds within sedimentary to pseudo-metamorphic rocks is attributed to a flow perturbation process analogue to "layer-parallel shearing," dictating the geometric configuration of folds subsequent to a simple shear inducing perturbations in pre-existing layer disturbances. (ii) During the Late Quaternary shortening phase, a NW-trending right lateral shear zone emerged, delineated by the reactivation of pre-existing faults under compression. The reorientation of the anterior fold axes is attributed to the counterclockwise rotation of rigid blocks within the framework of P-type conjugate fractures. (iii) The transition to thin-skinned tectonics, characterized by the uplift of previously buried material, was characterized by a significant increase in shortening during Neogene events, encompassed in the broader regional geodynamic context of continental collision. From the Lower Quaternary onward, the structural model exhibits a combination of layer-parallel and layer-normal shear processes. • Recumbent fold nappes in the Bizerte area are generated through a detachment mechanism within the El Haria (Paleocene) incompetent marls. • The detachment process is initiated following compressive deformations, leading to high shear strain and subsequent flow processes perturbation. • Due to sustained shortening during the Neogene Period, the tectonic style underwent transition to thin-skinned tectonics and counterclockwise rotation of rigid blocks along P-shears. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanopesticides are novel formulations that can be applied against a wide range of insect pests as a sustainable alternative to less effective chemical pesticides. Here, acute toxicity of nano (abamectin-PLA-NS (1%) and abamectin-PLA-NS (0.1%)) and commercial formulations of abamectin was evaluated against the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, in laboratory and open-field conditions in northeastern Tunisia. Additionally, side effects of nano and commercial formulations of abamectin were also investigated towards the two predatory mirids Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis either under laboratory or open-field conditions. Laboratory results of acute toxicity revealed no differences between the tested abamectin formulations (against T. absoluta larvae. LC50 values were 0.28, 0.23, and 0.23 for abamectin EC; 0.30, 0.18, and 0.18 for abamectin-PLA-NS (1%) and 0.57, 0.28, and 0.25 for abamectin-PLA- NS (0.1%) corresponding to three time intervals (24, 72 and 120 h after treatment). Abamectin EC, abamectin-PLA-NS (1%) and abamectin-PLA-NS (0.1%) applied at higher doses (0.6 mL/L and 1.2 mL/L) showed higher efficacy percentages (> 90%) in controlling T. absoluta larvae, fourteen days after treatment in open-field tomatoes. Commercial abamectin formulation showed higher toxicity toward M. pygmaeus adults and N. tenuis nymphs compared to nano formulations applied at the two aforementioned doses. High mortality rates, reaching 100%, were reported for M. pygmaeus adults exposed to 1 and 3 day-old residues for commercial formulation at 0.6 mL/L and 1.2 mL/L in laboratory conditions. However, in open-field tomatoes, low acute toxicity was induced by abamectin-PLA-NS (0.1%), ranging from 25 to 41.17%, compared to abamectin EC, ranging from 58.33 to 94.11%, and abamectin-PLA-NS (1%), ranging from 58.33 to 76.47%, at 0.6 mL/L against N. tenuis nymphs at apical leaves. For middle leaves, only abamectin-PLA-NS (0.1%) applied at 0.3 mL/L did not show significant toxicity against N. tenuis nymphs with low mortality level up to 7%, fourteen days after treatment. The practical implications of these results for enhancing integrated pest management programs of T. absoluta in tomatoes are discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located at the Tunisian Atlas area, the Quaternary basin of Borj Edouane-El Gara could serve as a good example for close relation between the continental infill and the neotectonic morphostructural pattern. This Quaternary basin is superimposed on pre-Quaternary basement rocks in the form of an active negative flower structure in a divergent wrench fault zone. The neotectonic evolution of the region has been guided by the plate convergence system. During the Middle-Late Pleistocene, subsidence took locally place in a transtensional deformation zone essentially controlled by strike-slip faults. Closely linked to N–S synthetic and NW-SE antithetic faults, the internal structure of this basin is controlled by a rotational scissor-like kinematics. These faults sets represent inherited structures with normal and lateral components producing a downward rotation of the northern part and an upward rotation of the southern one of the basin. Paleostress analysis shows a progressive change from transtensional in the North to transpressional and compressional deformation toward the Southern corner of the basin where the main synthetic and antithetic faults overlap. During the Holocene, the reactivation of the inherited faulting system has caused the landscape rejuvenation, the basin chopping and the present drainage network architecture. The rates of active tectonics in the Borj Edouane-El Gara Basin has been interpreted through a detailed morphotectonic study of the fault-generated mountain fronts and fluvial systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The context of NW–SE plate convergence between Africa and Eurasia led to the development of compressional and extensional structures in the Maghrebian margin. In this study, we investigated the Kechabta molasse basin parts of the northern Tunisian Atlas using the combination of surface and sub-surface data. Our results suggest that Kechabta basin is shaped by E–W to NW-trending grabens and NE–SW fold axes, which are well distributed along a large E–W right-lateral shear zones. During the Late Oligocene–Middle Miocene, the Africa–Eurasia subduction in North Tunisia is accommodated by: (i) the thrust sheets movement in northern Tunisia with an overall southeastward orientation, (ii) the opening of E–W and NW-trending extensional structures in the foreland basin and, (iii) the dextral strike-slip activity of the E–W trending master faults under a trans-tensional regime. Within the Upper Tortonian–Lower Pleistocene period, basin inversion is occurred by a regional NW–SE to NNW-trending compressional event after passing through the continental collision process. This shortening phase gave birth to the major fold structures, reactivated the main preexisting E–W weaknesses and created a local extension along NW-trending faults. The dextral E–W shear zones have a primary role in the distribution of the different tectonic structures in Kechabta basin, they are activated since the Late Oligocene and causing the stress perturbation phenomena. The reorientation of stress trajectories along these active preexisting structures is considered to be responsible for the unusual co-existence of folds and grabens in this Neogene basin under the same compressive regional regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) have been considered serious pests infesting a wide range of host plants around the world, which has also been the case for citrus trees in Tunisia, a South Mediterranean country. The present study was performed to refine our knowledge about density and damage of the most common, emerging thrips species on Navel oranges in northern Tunisia, and to evaluate the effectiveness of three insecticides in decreasing density of thrips and their induced damage. Populations of the three thrips species, Pezothrips kellyanus, Thrips major and Frankliniella occidentalis, on citrus flowers increased from March to June with F. occidentalis being the most common species found as larval and adult stages on either orange flowers or fruits. Two types of thrips blemishes on Navel orange were observed: ring-shaped silvery scaring, and marbling damage for which a positive and significant correlation was revealed with western flower thrips F. occidentalis. All tested insecticides (spinosad, acrinathrin and terpenoid) were effective in decreasing F. occidentalis population density on Navel orange trees, with both biopesticides spinosad and terpenoid being the most effective one day after treatment, while the chemical insecticide acrinathrin proved to be the most effective 7, 17 and 21 days after treatment. Furthermore, spinosad and terpenoid applications resulted in the lowest marbling damage percentage (4% and 6%, respectively) compared to acrinathrin (26%). The implications of the obtained findings for improving integrated pest management of thrips in Tunisian citrus orchards are highlighted and discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study examined the contribution of ethnicity to the association of leptin receptor gene (LEPR) gene variants with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Tunisian and Bahraini Arabic-speaking women. Methods: Subjects consisted of 320 women with PCOS, and 446 eumenorrhic women from Tunisia, and 242 women with PCOS and 238 controls from Bahrain. Genotyping of (exonic) rs1137100 and rs1137101 and (intronic) rs2025804 LEPR variants was done by allelic exclusion. Results: The minor allele frequencies (MAFs) of rs1137100 and rs1137101 were significantly different between PCOS cases and control women from Bahrain but not Tunisia, and LEPR rs1137101 was associated with increased PCOS susceptibility only in Bahraini subjects. Furthermore, rs1137100 was associated with decreased PCOS risk among Bahrainis under codominant and recessive models; rs1137100 was negatively associated with PCOS in Tunisians after controlling for testosterone. In addition, rs2025804 was associated with increased PCOS risk among Tunisian but not Bahraini women, after adjusting for key covariates. Negative correlation was seen between rs1137101 and triglycerides in Tunisians, while homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and insulin correlated with rs2025804 and rs1137101 among Bahraini subjects, and rs1137101 correlated with estradiol and prolactin. Taking TAG haplotype as common, positive association of TAA and negative association of TGG haplotype with PCOS was seen among Bahraini women; no three-locus PCOS-associated haplotypes were found in Tunisians. Conclusions: The present study is the first to demonstrate the contribution of ethnicity to the association of LEPR gene variants with PCOS, thereby highlighting the significance of controlling for ethnicity in gene association investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thrips are major economic insect pests of citrus worldwide. During the few last years these insects have become serious pests of citrus in Tunisia. The objective of this study was to determine the species of thrips' natural enemies occurring in citrus orchards and assess the effects of manure application on the abundance of soil predatory mites. Sampling of thrips and their natural enemies was performed in citrus orchards in northern Tunisia from 2015 to 2017. Results revealed that (i) the most abundant predatory species found on plant leaves was Chrysoperla carnea representing 40.38% of the total number of natural enemies collected, followed by Coccinella septempunctata (13.57%) and that (ii) the most abundant soil predatory mite was Parasitus americanus representing 43.44% of the total number of predatory mites collected, followed by Stratiolaelaps scimitus, Pachylaelaps imitans and Odontoscirus sp. (9.43%, 6.45% and 5.41%, respectively). Higher population densities of P. americanus and S. scimitus in the soil were directly correlated with decreased thrips' abundance and reduced plant damage. Our findings suggest that manure application significantly affects the abundance of both predatory mites and thrips in the soil. Here we provide first knowledge on natural enemies' action against thrips and their potential use as biocontrol agents in Tunisian citrus orchards. The implications of the obtained results for developing and implementing the most eco-friendly and sustainable pest management options for citrus pest thrips are stated and discussed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tunisia had been the place of various tectonic episodes which have drawn the actual structural map of the country. The Neogene period was the most active period in which the collision contributed to the mountain ranges formation such as the Atlassic chain. The contrast of mechanical behavior between the different sedimentary units of the cover and the substratum is a determining factor that has controlled the deformation style of many folding structures. Detachment folding has been studied on the basis of field and seismic data examples from the Northeastern Tunisia. We discuss different aspects of detachment to constrain the chronology of structural events and understand the cover‒substratum relationship during the major folding phases. In the present paper, we found that the deformation style admitted previously do not reflect adequately the tectonic structure of Kechabta Neogene basin (North of Tunisia). The cover-substratum relationship study at this area revealed two major shortening phases; the first had been happened during the Upper Tortonian and the second in the Lower Quaternary. The resulting folding style is characterized by disharmonic and multi-layers detachment phenomena produced by incompetent evaporitic sequences. The two described folding phases are superimposed and testify at a large scale the continental collision which controls the North African margin during the Late Miocene to the Quaternary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Symplegma is a genus of compound ascidians (Fam. Styelidae) with warm water affinities and distribution in tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The first record of this genus (as S. viride) in the Mediterranean was from 1951 in the Levantine Sea, presumably entering the basin from the Red Sea through the Suez Canal. Subsequently, it has been expanding its distributional range northward along the Levantine Sea coast, probably following the prevailing surface current direction. Recently, Symplegma has colonized the Aegean, Ionian and Tyrrhenian Seas, where it is spreading quickly, most likely mediated by shipping (i.e., hull fouling). Some specimens from the Ionian Sea (specifically from Tunisia, Malta) present opaque tunics resembling the Indo-Pacific Symplegma bahraini; however, morphological studies suggest that the genus in the Mediterranean Sea is represented by a single species, Symplegma brakenhielmi. The taxonomy of S. brakenhielmi, as well as its spreading routes and possible introduction vectors are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonate Borj Edouane Unit represents the northernmost documented Middle–Late Pleistocene continental carbonate deposits in Tunisia. The unit consists of two main facies associations, asymmetrically distributed: (1) calcrete–palustrine–laminar crust; (2) microbialites. The first accumulated carbonate formed in the distal zone of alluvial fans (calcretes) and in shallow lakes subjected to periodic exposure (palustrine facies) that occupied the westernmost strip of the basin. The second association formed in permanent lakes (stromatolites: oncoids and planar stromatolites) located in the central areas of the basin, fed by springs associated with a concentration of vertical faults in the eastern area of the basin (travertine facies). At time of deposition, these facies communicated with the lake via a transitional lacustrine–travertine environment (transitional travertine–stromatolite facies). All facies show a restricted range of δ18O values around − 5.8 ± 0.5‰, suggesting formation from paleoprecipitation largely of Atlantic derivation, brought about by westerly winds. As for the δ13C values, these show a wide range (− 6.4 to 11.7‰), overall relatively high values for all facies, with the lower values corresponding to the calcrete–palustrine association and the higher ones linked to the microbialite facies. The trend in travertines probably mimics an increasing influence of carbon derived from dissolution of carbonate bedrock of the Cretaceous substrate, while that of palustrine samples records increasing respired-C contribution. The sedimentological and isotopic characteristics of the Borj Edouane Unit reflect wetter conditions at the time of deposition, and point to a humid period at the Middle–Late Pleistocene transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to better understand the intricate structural architecture of northern Tunisia, we use a multidisciplinary approach that includes field observations, geomorphic, sedimentological, and gravity data across this area. We offer a model of progressive thrusting in which four deformation phases occurred in the context of plate convergence (i) Uplift of the Jebel Ichkeul Triassic succession via a NE-trending thrust fault during the Eocene; (ii) Advance of Numidian thrust sheets during the late Oligocene-Middle Miocene, causing the formation of the Lake Ichkeul/Jalta as being piggy-back basin; (iii) Initial out-of-sequence thrusting during the Late Miocene, resulting in the formation of the Sejnane and El Mejel basins with syntectonic Pliocene infill; and (iv) Subsequent out-of-sequence thrusting during the Early Pleistocene, leading to the formation of the Oued (River) Zyatine basin with a syntectonic Quaternary deposits. We used the gravity data analysis to mark the thicknesses of syntectonic deposits and their bounding thrust faults. The kinematic analysis indicates the occurrence of progressive multiphase out-of-sequence thrusting events with thrusts verging to the southeast. The combination of climate and mechanical fractures induced gradually long-term damage and changed the original landscape of the evidenced out-of-sequence thrusts. Furthermore, the existence of local normal faults in the backlimbs and reverse faults in the forelimbs, together with the drainage network type, earthquakes, the slope erosion, and the aggraditional terrace system, implies a gradual landscape evolution of thrust topography. This physical evolution occurred following an active tectonics across the exhibited out-of-sequence thrusting since the Pliocene. • Piggy-back basin is the result of the advance of Numidian thrust sheets during the late Oligocene-Middle Miocene. • Out-of-sequence thrusts are formed after the Late Miocene shortening. • The thickness and geometries of syn-tectonic deposits can be tracked spatially using gravity measurements. • The active tectonics over various out-of-sequence thrusts is determined through various geomorphic indices and measurements. • Transported basins in northern Tunisia are generated from the convergence between the African and the Eurasian plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a pinworm native to South America, has invaded Tunisia, as well as the whole African continent, since 2008 inducing severe crop damages and substantial economic losses in all tomato-producing areas. During the last decade, several research studies and management efforts have been performed in an attempt to find out the most effective and sustainable pest control options against this devastating pest. Herein we explore, comprehensively summarize and discuss the most up-to-date state of scientific knowledge regarding bio-ecological aspects of the pest, its indigenous natural enemies and all categories of management strategies adopted so far against this economic pest in Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the species distribution of Staphylococcus, Gram negative bacteria (GNB) and the occurrence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci (MRS) and Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL-) producing GNB. Bacterial culture of 300 clinical mastitis milk samples from 30 different farms across different regions of Tunisia during four seasons was realized. The obtained results showed the presence of high frequency of the tested samples with a positive growth for bacteria (64%). In addition a high recovery rate of Staphylococci and/or GNB in these clinical mastitis milk samples (87%) was detected. In addition, a high percentage of GNB (68.2%) compared to Staphylococcus species (32%) was noted. Moreover, a significant variation of the number of these bacteria according to the farm location, the seasons, and cows age was detected. The highest percentage was observed in the North of Tunisia during the winter and the spring seasons in adult cows with a dominance of GNB growth. Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) (n=11) and GNB (n=16) species were identified. Escherichia coli (E. coli) was the most frequently found bacterium followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The dominant Staphylococcus isolates was S. xylosus followed by S. aureus the major pathogen isolated. Methicillin resistance was confirmed by the presence of the mecA gene in 3 S. aureus and 14 CNS isolates; all of these isolates were lacking the mecC gene. Various species of GNB, resistant to cefotaxime, were detected (n=15). ESBLs were detected on selective medium in 10 E. coli and 4 K. pneumoniae. All ESBL producers strains carry the blaCTX-M. The presence of different resistant mastitis pathogens in dairy farms may complicate therapeutic options and contaminated animals could become zoonotic agent reservoir for human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The South American tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is a serious threat to tomato and can occur on other solanaceous crops worldwide. Here we evaluated the development time, fecundity and longevity of T. absoluta on three different host plant cultivars grown in Tunisia: tomato (cv. "Sankara"), potato (cv. "Spunta") and eggplant (cv. "A336"), under controlled laboratory conditions. Results showed a higher capacity of T. absoluta to develop on tomato with a shorter development time (about 31 days) and a higher fecundity (20.47 eggs per female) and longevity (14 days) compared to developing on either potato or eggplant. The development time (egg to adult) of T. absoluta on tomato plant was longer at both lower temperature (21 °C), as compared to the higher 28 °C, and higher relative humidity (either 52 or 72%), as compared to the lower 32% relative humidity. Fecundity of T. absoluta females on tomato plant was highest at 28 °C and 52% relative humidity, as compared to that obtained at 21 °C. The present study provides evidence that host plant, temperature and relative humidity are factors that greatly influence key biological parameters of T. absoluta. The obtained results would be useful for developing and implementing suitable control strategies for this major economic pest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In December 2013, three marinas in the southern Mediterranean coasts, El Kantaoui and Cap Monastir in the central east coast of Tunisia and Marina El Alamein in the central coast of Egypt, were surveyed for the presence of non-indigenous species (NIS). In order to maximize the number of collected species and to sample the full range of biotic assemblages and microhabitats inside and outside the marinas, diverse survey methods were employed. These include rapid assessment surveys of epibiota on artificial structures in harbors, with standardized one-hour transects used for snorkeling and diving to observe infra-littoral species and traps for catching small crabs and shrimps. Other data were obtained from the catch composition of coastal fishing boats operating in the area. A total of 26 NIS originating from Indo-Pacific Ocean/Red Sea were identified as 6 macrophyte, 11 invertebrate and 9 fish species. The results highlight the role of marinas in the introduction of NIS into the Mediterranean. Further and regular surveys in risk areas are recommended to provide an effective early warning system for NIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the performance of a solar tower power plant (STPP) with chimney effect based on renewable energy proposed for electricity production. That's way, a solar tower prototype was constructed and tested in the Research and Technology Centre of Energy (CRTEn), Borj Cédria, northern Tunisia. The design involves heating air using solar energy and the chimney effect to raise the hot air up the chimney stack. The hot air velocity increases by the use of a convergent nozzle to reach a suitable velocity which can run the wind turbine. The kinetic energy of the hot air is then converted to electricity by the wind turbine. During this study, the influence of the climatic conditions of Borj Cédria site (insulation, ambient temperature) as well as the chimney height and the collector diameter on the amount of electricity production were investigated. The distribution and the evolution of the temperature at different positions of the prototype as well as the electrical energy produced were determined. The results reveal that when the temperatures reach 45 °C, the electric power reaches an average value of about 0.3 W/m 2 for a solar tower prototype with 8 m of diameter and 2 m of height chimney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Tunisia, the ATRA era began in 1998 with the use, consecutively, of two regimens combining ATRA and an anthracycline with cytarabine (APL93), and without cytarabine (LPA99). From 2004, 51 patients with confirmed APL either by t(15;17) or PML/RARA were treated according to the PETHEMA LPA 99 trial. Forty three patients achieved CR (86%). The remaining seven patients had early death (one died before treatment onset): four caused by differentiation syndrome (DS) and three died from central nervous system hemorrhage. Multivariate analysis revealed that female gender (P=0.045), baseline WBC> 10 G/L ( P=0.041) and serum creatinine > 1.4mg/dl ( P=0.021) were predictive of mortality during induction. DS was observed in 16 patients (32%) after a median onset time of 15 days from treatment onset (range, 2-29). Body mass index ⩾ 30 (P=0.01) remained independent predictor of DS. Occurrence of hypertensive peaks significantly predicted occurrence of DS (P=0.011) and was significantly associated with high BMI (p=0.003). With a median follow-up of 50 months, 5 year cumulative incidence of relapse, event free and overall survival were 4.7%, 74% and 78%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the factors enhancing the efficiency of basic and secondary education in 24 governorates of Tunisia in 1999, 2003, 2006 and 2008, we apply a non-parametric approach, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to multi-inputs and multi-outputs. Physical resources used in the study are: the number of classes per 100 students and the number of schools per million inhabitants. Human and financial resources are described by the number of teacher per 100 students and education spending per student respectively. The output measures include the success rate of baccalaureate exam and the rate of non-doubling in the 9th year. Our results show the absence of significant relationship between school resources and student performance. The output variable, non-doubling rate in the 9th year is the only factor able to influence the efficiency level of governorates in terms of 2nd cycle of basic education and secondary education. By regressing efficiency scores on non-discretionary variables, we find that inefficiency in education is strongly related to poverty within governorates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The increasing prevalence of anthelmintic resistant strains of helminths, the drug residues in animal products and the high cost of conventional anthelmintics has created an interest in studying medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. Thymus capitatus (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) is used traditionally by people as spices and reported to possess some biological effects. The objective of this study is to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of T. capitatus in comparison to albendazole against the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep. To fulfil the objectives, in vitro anthelmintic activities of crude aqueous and crude ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of T. capitatus were investigated on the eggs and adults of the nematode parasite Haemonchus contortus. Both extract types of T. capitatus completely inhibited egg hatching at a concentration close to 2mg/ml. LC50 of ethanolic extract of T. capitatus was 0.368mg/ml while that of aqueous extract was 6.344mg/ml (p <0.05). The ethanolic extract showed higher in vitro activity against adult parasites than the aqueous one in terms of the paralysis and/or death of the worms at different hours post-treatment. Dose dependent effect was observed for both extracts. Chemical analyses revealed that the overall profile of both extracts was dominated by oxygenated constituents. In addition, ethanolic extract is mainly composed of phenols among which thymol (71.22%) and camphor (17.18%). As far as the literature could be ascertained, this is the first publication on anthelmintic activity of T. capitatus. The results of the present study suggest that T. capitatus extracts are a promising alternative to the commercially available anthelmintics like albendazole for the treatment of small ruminants’ gastrointestinal nematodes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

It is generally agreed that the protease inhibitor (PI) alleles PI*S (Val264Glu) and PI*Z (Lys342Glu) are the most common alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency variants worldwide, but the PI*Mmalton allele (ΔPhe52) prevails over these variants in some Mediterranean regions. In eastern Tunisia (Mahdia), we screened 100 subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for these variants. The PI*S and PI*Z alleles were genotyped by the previously described SexAI/ Hpγ99I RFLP-PCR. We provide here a new method for PI*Mmalton genotyping using mismatched RFLP-PCR. These methods are suitable for routine clinical application and can easily be reproduced by several laboratories, since they do not require extensive optimization, unlike the previously described bidirectional allele-specific amplification PCR for PI*Mmalton genotyping. Our results were in agreement with previous reports from central Tunisia (Kairouan), suggesting that the PI*Mmalton mutation is the most frequent alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency-related mutation in Tunisia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Shoot density and temporal patterns in leaf and rhizome production and other flowering parameters were assessed using a reconstruction technique (Lepidochronology) in Tunisian Posidonia oceanica meadows. Three meadows were sampled in October 2005 while seven in October 2007. Correlation between lepidochronological parameters and climate data (temperature and rainfall) was investigated. Shoot density in the ten meadows varied from 388±42shootsm−2 at El Kantaoui to 893±109shootsm−2 at Rafraf and showing significant differences between all sites. The meadows growing on hard substrate (Rafraf, Nabeul, Hergla cliff, Mahdia and Djerba) exhibited the highest shoots densities. Annual leaf formation rate showed a statistically significant difference between localities and years, indicating the importance of interannual growth fluctuations. The meadow in Tabarka produced two more leaves per year (8.3±0.7) than Rafraf ones (6.3±0.7). Vertical rhizome elongation rates differed significantly among sites, ranging from higher rates in Tabarka (average 13.72±2.26mmyear−1) to lower rates in El Kantaoui (average 5.01±1.13mmyear−1). The correlation analysis between seagrass growth and climate records showed significant correction between mean rainfall data and vertical rhizome elongation rates. Flowering was most prevalent in 2003. The maximum flowering frequency (FF) and shoot flowering probability (Pf) values were observed in Tabarka. The mean FF and Pf for all studied meadows were respectively estimated to 0.15±0.09 and 0.011±0.009. A large spatial–temporal variation in the flowering frequency occurred among populations and between years in P. oceanica meadows along the Tunisian coast. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this study, the valorisation of Tunisian vine stem wastes was investigated. The chemical composition of the vine stems was studied, and it was found that when compared to non-wood plants, they contain greater amounts of extractives, lignin, and comparable holocellulose content. An elementary analysis of the ashes showed that the major constituents were mineral elements (K and Ca). Soda pulping of vine stems led to a yield of about 35% after the bleaching step. This amount is lower than that obtained for wood plants and similar to that observed for annual plants. The morphological properties, Kappa number, and degree of polymerization of the resulting pulp were determined. Finally, paper handsheets were prepared from the pulp, and their physical properties were investigated. The breaking length, Young''s modulus, and burst index of the produced paper presents quite acceptable values. Further, the silica content of the stems is low, which is advantageous for the pulping process. Experimental results obtained for both the pulp and paper show that this agricultural residue has the potential to be used for papermaking applications. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Cytogenetic data are essential not only for the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia but also for the evaluation of prognosis. Large systematic studies of cytogenetic aberrations in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) from Arab countries are not available. Methods: We analysed 631 consecutive newly diagnosed AML patients by conventional cytogenetics and compared our results with reports from other regions of the world. There were 97 (15·4%) children and 534 (84·6%) adults. Results: Abnormal karyotypes were found in 397 (62·9%) of all cases. T(15;17) and t(8;21) were the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities observed in 83 (13·2%) and in 78 (12·4%) patients, respectively. -5/del(5q) and -7/del(7q) were less frequent, seen in only 14 (2·2%) and 19 (3%) cases, respectively. Trisomy 8 was found in 44 (7%) of our patients followed by 11q23 rearrangements seen in 24 (3·8%) and then by inv(16) observed in only 22 (3·5%) of all cases. Unusual or novel cytogenetic abnormalities were found in 107 (17%) of our patients. Discussion: Although we confirmed, as usually described, that some recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities are correlated with the FAB subtypes, we noted however that some of them vary in frequency among different geographical areas and ethnic groups. This finding suggests a geographic heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of AML but more extensive epidemiological studies are required to confirm this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophila stipulacea is a dioecious seagrass that colonised the Mediterranean basin probably following the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. We investigated its occurrence in the southern Mediterranean. This was done by conducting targeted surveys in two countries (Tunisia and Libya) and compiling existing information from former research. Four new meadows of H. stipulacea were found in the study area: Al-wahesh Lagoon and Tobrouk Bay in Libya, and Kerkennah Island-Allama and Cap Monastir in Tunisia. The new record in Cap Monastir (Tunisia) documents a displacement of approximately 150 km north of the previous limit of H. stipulacea in the southern Mediterranean, which probably represents the westernmost extension of H. stipulacea's distribution 3000 km west along the coast from the site of first colonisation at the mouth of the Suez Canal in Port Said. In the Cap Monastir meadow, the shoot density (±SD) was 9900±3509 m-2and the leaf area index was 3.15±0.5 m2m-2. In Libya, a small meadow of H. stipulacea was documented for the first time in Tobrouk Bay, with an estimated shoot density of 476±83 m-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary production and biomass of Cymodocea nodosa in the Ghar El Melh lagoon (N-E of Tunisia) were measured from November 2006 to October 2007. Leaf growth was determined using the Zieman method and rhizome production was measured by marking and monitoring terminal rhizomes. The following parameters were measured: the number of new leaves per year (16 leaves year-1), the leaf Plastochrone Interval (23 days) and the life span of single leaves (from 2 to 7 months). Seasonality was apparent, with maximum growth in July, maximum leaf production (3.35 g dry weight m-2 d-1) in August, maximum leaf biomass (127.2 g dry weight m-2) and maximum of the shoot density (1437 shoots m-2) in September. Forty-five to 65% of all shoots were reproductive, with flowering density higher than generally observed in C. nodosa elsewhere in the Mediterranean. Environmental parameters (insolation, water temperature and salinity) had a strong seasonal influence on seagrass morphology and production; shoot density, biomass and leaf production were high in summer and low in winter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure, diversity and spatial distribution of the amphipod fauna associated with Posidonia oceanica meadows were studied along the Tunisian coasts in 2007. Samples were collected in nine different meadows at 2 m depth. A total of 44 species belonging to 12 families were collected. The most common species in terms of abundance were Ampithoe helleri, Hyale camptonyx and Ericthonius punctatus. The highest values of abundance and species richness and the lowest values of diversity and equitability were found in meadows with high epiphyte biomass. Multivariate analyses of data indicated that epiphyte biomass and geographical position were major determinants of the distribution and composition of amphipod assemblages along Tunisian coasts. The presence of two lessepsian amphipod species in one of the southern Posidonia oceanica meadows modified the structure of assemblage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is considered as the major causal factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nevertheless, a minority of chronic heavy cigarette smokers develops COPD. This suggests important contribution of other factors such as genetic predisposing. Our objective was to investigate combined role of EPHX1, GSTP1, M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms in COPD risk, its phenotypes and lung function impairment. Prevalence of EPHX1, GSTP1, M1 and T1 gene polymorphisms were assessed in 234 COPD patients and 182 healthy controls from Tunisia. Genotypes of EPHX1 (Tyr113His; His139Arg) and GSTP1 (Ile105Val; Ala114Val) polymorphisms were performed by PCR-RFLP, while the deletion in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes was determined using multiplex PCR. Analysis of combinations showed a significant association of 113His/His EPHX1/null-GSTM1 (OR=4.07) and null-GSTM1/105Val/Val GSTP1 (OR =3.56) genotypes with increased risk of COPD (respectively P=0.0094 and P=0.0153). The null-GSTM1/ null-GSTT1, 105Val/Val GSTP1/null GSTT1, 113His/His EPHX1/null-GSTM1 and null-GSTM1/105Val/Val GSTP1 genotypes were related to emphysema (respectively P=0.01; P=0.009; P=0.008 and P=0.001). Combination of 113His/His EPHX1/null-GSTM1 genotypes showed a significant association with the decrease of Δ FEV1 in patients (P =0.028). In conclusion, our results suggest combined EPHX1, GSTP1, GSTM1 and GSTT1 genetic polymorphisms may play a significant role in the development of COPD, emphysema and decline of the lung function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study a checklist of the Amphipoda known from the Tunisian coasts up to the present is given. To establish this list, we reviewed all available records of Amphipoda on the Tunisian coasts. In addition, fieldwork conducted in 22 stations distributed along the Tunisian coasts allowed us to identify 70 species; among them 19 are newly reported in Tunisian waters. Information about the distribution and habitats preference of each species are also provided. By the end of this study, the number of amphipod species known on the Tunisian coasts reaches 133 species belonging to 72 genera and 29 families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on caprellids in the coasts of Tunisia. It mentions that caprellids can be found in many marine biotopes and are regarded as an essential secondary and tertiary producers and a good bioindicators on the quality of coastal water. It mentions that six localities were sampled and caprellids with their substrate were gathered. It adds that eight species of caprellida were determined. It states that six species of caprellids were collected for the first time in Tunisia. Moreover, it suggests that further study is needed to gather more information on the diversity and distribution of species in this group.

Subsurface study of the Palaeozoic deposits in the Chotts basin, part of the southern Tunisian Atlassic foreland, revealed an incomplete Pre-Hercynian deformed sequence. The remaining truncated Cambro-Ordovician siliciclastic deposits appear to be unconformably overlain by transgressive Late Silurian – Early Devonian shales. Early Ordovician El Atchane sandstones and Hamra quartzite constitute currently the most oil and gas productive levels in the Chotts basin. The main issues encountered in the exploration of these reservoirs are related to their spatial distribution along with their thickness and facies variations. Sequence stratigraphic analysis and correlation of the entire Cambro-Ordovician section using sequence stratigraphic surfaces seems necessary to locate both proven and prospective reservoirs in order to predict their spatial distribution and trend directions in the region. Seismostratigraphic facies analysis of these deposits in subsurface highlights their sequence organizations. The integration of well data revealed in detail the sequence hierarchy of the Cambro-Ordovician deposits throughout the Chotts basin. • The Palaeozoic section in the Chotts basin reveals five depositional sequences. • Cambro-Ordovician progradational sandstones constitute good hydrocarbon reservoirs. • Syn & post-sedimentary tectonic activities control reservoir spatial distribution. • Shaling out of clean sands affect reservoir quality by prevalence of clayey deposits. • Remaining hydrocarbon potential would be found in deeply buried reservoirs, stratigraphic closures & pinchouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidental freezing of vaccines is a growing threat and a real risk for national immunization programs when the potency of many vaccines can be compromised if these are exposed to sub-zero temperatures in the cold chain. In Tunisia, this issue is compounded by using sub-standard domestic cold chain equipment instead of equipping the program with medical refrigerators designed specifically for storing vaccines and temperature sensitive pharmaceuticals. Against this backdrop, this paper presents the findings of a demonstration project conducted in Tunisia in 2012 that tested the impact of introducing several freeze prevention solutions to mitigate the risk of accidental freezing of vaccines. The main finding is that, despite the continued use of underperforming domestic refrigerators, continuous temperature monitoring using new technologies combined with other technological interventions significantly reduced the prevalence of accidental exposure to freezing temperatures. These improvements were noticed for cold chain storage at regional, district and health center levels, and during the transport legs that were part of the demonstration conducted in the regions of Kasserine in the South-Eastern part of Tunisia. Subsequent to introducing these freeze prevention solutions, the incidence of freeze alarms was reduced and the percent of time the temperatures dropped below the 2 °C recommended threshold. The incidence of freeze alarms at health center level was reduced by 40%. Lastly, the solutions implemented reduced risk of freezing during transport from 13.8% to 1.7%. Although the solution implemented is not optimal in the longer term because domestic refrigerators are used extensively in district stores and health centers, the risk of accidental freezing is significantly reduced by introducing the practice of continuous temperature monitoring as a standard. The management of the cold chain equipment was strengthened as a result which helps protect the potency of vaccines to the areas of most difficult access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly across the world. Tunisia reacted early to COVID-19, resulting in a low number of infections during the first wave of the pandemic. This study was performed to model the effects of different interventions on the evolution of cases and to compare these with the Tunisian experience. A stochastic transmission model was used to quantify the reduction in number of cases of COVID-19 with the interventions of contact tracing, compliance with isolation, and a general lockdown. In the model, increasing contact tracing from 20% to 80% after the first 100 cases reduced the cumulative number of infections (CNI) by 52% in 1 month. Similarly, increased compliance with isolation from 20% to 80% after the first 100 cases reduced the CNI by 45%. These reductions were smaller if the interventions were implemented after 1000 cases. A general lockdown reduced the CNI by 97% after the first 100 cases. Tunisia implemented its general lockdown after 75 cases were confirmed, which reduced the cumulative number of infected cases by 86% among the general population. This study shows that the early application of critical interventions contributes significantly to reducing infections and the evolution of COVID-19 in a country. Tunisia's early success with the control of COVID-19 is explained by its quick response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Discrimination of the Old World Leishmania parasites is important for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis. We have developed PCR assays that allow the discrimination between Leishmania major, Leishmania tropica and Leishmania infantum Tunisian species. The identification was performed by a simple PCR targeting cysteine protease B (cpb) gene copies. These PCR can be a routine molecular biology tools for discrimination of Leishmania spp. from different geographical origins and different clinical forms. Our assays can be an informative source for cpb gene studying concerning drug, diagnostics and vaccine research. The PCR products of the cpb gene and the N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (nagt) Leishmania gene were sequenced and aligned. Phylogenetic trees of Leishmania based cpb and nagt sequences are close in topology and present the classic distribution of Leishmania in the Old World. The phylogenetic analysis has enabled the characterization and identification of different strains, using both multicopy (cpb) and single copy (nagt) genes. Indeed, the cpb phylogenetic analysis allowed us to identify the Tunisian Leishmania killicki species, and a group which gathers the least evolved isolates of the Leishmania donovani complex, that was originated from East Africa. This clustering confirms the African origin for the visceralizing species of the L. donovani complex. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Meticillin-resistant and -susceptible coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CNS and MS-CNS, respectively) were demonstrated as reservoirs of resistance and virulence genes. • First detection of the mec C gene in three Staphylococcus sciuri isolates from cows' milk and manure in Tunisia and Africa. • Co-carriage of the mec A and mec C genes in one S. sciuri isolate from cows' milk. • Various and shared SCC mec types in MR-CNS from cows, humans and manure. • Clonal dissemination of MS-/MR-CNS between cows, humans and manure. In Europe, a novel mec A homologue – mec C (formerly mec A LGA251) – has emerged recently in staphylococci from animals, humans and the environment. This paper reports the first occurrence of the mec C gene in Staphylococcus sciuri from cows and manure in Tunisia and Africa. Forty-nine coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated from the milk of cows with mastitis (n =20), manure (n =20) and human nares (n =9), including 16 Staphylococcus equoruim (32.6%), 12 S. xylosus (24.5%), 12 S. sciuri (24.5%), two S. saprophyticus (4.1%), two S. haemolyticus (4.1%), two S. lentus (4.1%), two S. vitulinus (4.1%) and one S. cohnii (2%). CNS from the three origins carried various resistance genes [ mec A, bla Z, tet (K), erm (A), erm (B), msr (A)], suggesting an ongoing genetic exchange among CNS from the three niches. The mec A gene was detected in CNS (n =11) recovered from cows, manure and humans, whereas the mec C gene (n =3) was only detected in CNS from cows and manure. Various staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC mec) – SCC mec type I (n =1), II (n =3), IV (n =2), V/VII (n =2) and untypeable (n =3) – and diverse pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were observed in mec A-positive CNS. Otherwise, similar SCC mec types and PFGE patterns were found in meticillin-resistant CNS within different farms and origins, showing the potential of SCC mec interspecies exchange and circulation of the same clones of meticillin-resistant CNS in the human–animal–environment interface. This study provides baseline data to support clonal dissemination of CNS between cows, humans and manure, and indicates the possible transmission of the mec C gene to humans in contact with cows and manure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]