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Background: Lymph node metastases are associated with poor prognosis in oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). In other cancers, clinical guidelines on the number of lymph nodes removed during primary surgery, lymph node yield (LNY), exist. Here, we evaluated the prognostic capacity of LNY on regional failure, locoregional recurrence, and disease‐free survival (DFS) in patients with OCSCC treated by primary neck surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study took place at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in Toronto, Canada and involved a chart review of all adult patients with treatment‐naive OCSCC undergoing primary neck dissection. For each outcome, we first used the maximally selected rank statistics and an optimism‐corrected concordance to identify an optimal threshold of LNY. We then used a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to assess the association between high LNY (>threshold) and each outcome. Results: Among the 579 patients with OCSCC receiving primary neck dissection, 61.7% (n = 357) were male with a mean age of 62.9 years (standard deviation: 13.1) at cancer diagnosis. When adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors, LNY >15 was significantly associated with improved DFS (adjusted HR [aHR]: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54–0.98), locoregional recurrence (aHR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.95), and regional failure (aHR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.39–0.93). Conclusions: Our study findings suggested high LNY to be a strong independent predictor of various patient‐level quality of surgical care metrics. The optimal LNY we found (15) was lower than the conventionally recommended (18), which calls for further research to establish validity in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]