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Even in endemic zones, congenital malaria, first described in 1876, is rarely encountered. The incidence has greatly increased however over the last 10 years suggesting several diagnostic problems. We observed a case of infected twins born to an asymptomatic mother which would throw some light on the pathophysiology involved in congenital transmission. A 2-month old infant was hospitalized for surgical cure of an umbilical hernia. Haemolytic anaemia (6.3 g/dl) and fever (39 degrees C) were observed during the postoperative period. A wide spectrum antibiotherapy was prescribed but the temperature remained at 39 degrees C. A blood swab cultured one week after the operation revealed Plasmodium falciparum. The infant's twin sister was in apparently good health but was also found to be anaemic (6.1 mg/dl Hg) and a blood sample was positive for P. falciparum. For the mother, the search for parasites was negative. Serology tests performed at diagnosis revealed anti-P. falciparum antibodies at 1/1600, 1/3200 and 1/6400 in the infant, his twin sister and the mother. Outcome was favourable. The mother had arrived in France from Togo 14 months earlier and had not returned to an endemic zone. She had had frequent episodes of fever in Togo and had taken quinine, but no episode of fever had occurred during the pregnancy or delivery. This twin case of vertical mother-infant transmission is the equivalent to transfusional malaria since red cells pass the placental barrier near the end of pregnancy, even when no placental lesion exists. Congenital transfusional malaria must however be dissociated from congenital infective malaria resulting from early primoinfection in endemic areas.