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Ten new species of jumping spiders are described from China, including Attulus jimani sp. nov. (♂♀) from Yunnan, Colaxes cibagou sp. nov. (♂♀), Epeus pengi sp. nov. (♂♀), Evarcha zayu sp. nov. (♂♀), Icius zang sp. nov. (♂♀), Pancorius nyingchi sp. nov. (♂♀), Stertinius liqingae sp. nov. (♂♀), and Synagelides medog sp. nov. (♀) from Xizang, S. tianquan sp. nov. (♂♀), and Yaginumaella erlang sp. nov. (♂♀) from Sichuan. The hitherto unknown female of Phintella longapophysis Lei & Peng, 2013 is described for the first time. Diagnostic photos and the distributional maps for all species are provided. Four new combinations are proposed: Epeus dilucidus (Próchniewicz, 1990), comb. nov., and E. guangxi (Peng & Li, 2002), comb. nov. transferred from Plexippoides Prószyński, 1984, Phintella sufflava (Jastrzębski, 2009), comb. nov. transferred from Carrhotus Thorell, 1891, and Yaginumaella armata (Jastrzębski, 2011), comb. nov. transferred from Pancorius Simon, 1902. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four species of the genus Ischnothyreus Simon, 1893 from Tibet, China are recognised, including three new species, I. caoqii sp. nov. (female), I. metok sp. nov. (female), and I. pome sp. nov. (male and female). Males of Ischnothyreus linzhiensis Hu, 2001 are discovered for the first time since its description. Descriptions, diagnoses, and photographs of the four species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate changes have substantial impacts on the geographic distribution of montane lakes and evolutionary dynamics of cold-adapted species. Past climate cooling is hypothesized to have promoted the dispersal of cold-adapted species via montane lakes, while future climate warming is thought to constrain their distributions. We test this hypothesis by using phylogeographic analysis and niche modeling of the Holarctic crustacean Gammarus lacustris with global sampling comprised of 567 sequenced individuals and 3180 occurrence records. We found that the species arose in Tian Shan in Central Asia and dispersed into montane lakes along the Alps, Himalayas, Tibet, East Asia, and the North American Rocky Mountain ranges, with accelerated diversification rates outside Tian Shan. Climatically suitable regions for geographic lineages of G. lacustris were larger during cooling periods (LGM), but smaller during warming periods (Mid-Holocene). In the future (2070) scenario, potential distributions in the Himalayas, North Tibet, South Tibet and North America are predicted to expand, whereas ranges in East Asia, Europe and Tian Shan will decline. Our results suggest that Mid-Mioceneto-Pleistocene continuous cooling promoted multiple independent dispersal events out of Tian Shan due to increased availability of montane lakes via "budding" of lineages. Montane lakes are conduits through which cold-adapted amphipods globally dispersed, dominating circumboreal lakes. However, future climate warming is likely to force organisms to shift upward in altitude and northward in latitude, leading to a future change in local populations. These findings highlight the importance of conservation of montane lakes, especially in the context of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new genus, Paramolotra Tong & Li, gen. nov., including two new species, Paramolotra pome Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀) and Paramolotra metok Tong & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), is described from Tibet, China. Morphological descriptions and photographic illustrations of the two new species are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species of the spider family Hypochilidae Marx, 1888 from China are studied, including two known species and two new species of the genus Ectatosticta Simon, 1892. The new species are E. wukong sp. nov. (♂♀) from Sichuan and E. xuanzang sp. nov. (♀) from Tibet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 are described from Tibet, China: P. cona Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. duiba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. lemenba Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♀), P. mainling Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. nyingchi Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. rongxar Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), P. samyai Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀), and P. yadong Zhang & Li, sp. nov. (♂♀). The DNA barcodes of the eight new species are documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolutionary biology has long been concerned with how changing environments affect and drive the spatiotemporal development of organisms. Coelotine spiders (Agelenidae: Coelotinae) are common species in the temperate and subtropical areas of the Northern Hemisphere. Their long evolutionary history and the extremely imbalanced distribution of species richness suggest that Eurasian environments, especially since the Cenozoic, are the drivers of their diversification.We use phylogenetics, molecular dating, ancestral area reconstructions, diversity, and ecological niche analyses to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of 286 coelotine species from throughout the region. Based on eight genes (6.5 kb) and 2323 de novo DNA sequences, analyses suggest an Eocene South China origin for them. Most extant, widespread species belong to the southern (SCG) or northern (NCG) clades. The origin of coelotine spiders appears to associate with either the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum or the hot period in early Eocene. Tibetan uplifting events influenced the current diversity patterns of coelotines. The origin of SCG lies outside of the Tibetan Plateau. Uplifting in the southeastern area of the plateau blocked dispersal since the Late Eocene. Continuous orogenesis appears to have created localized vicariant events, which drove rapid radiation in SCG.North-central Tibet is the likely location of origin for NCG and many lineages likely experienced extinction owing to uplifting since early Oligocene. Their evolutionary histories correspond with recent geological evidence that high-elevation orographical features existed in the Tibetan region as early as 40-35 Ma. Our discoveries may be the first empirical evidence that links the evolution of organisms to the Eocene-Oligocene uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]