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As Chi na's shipping industry continues to develop, ship emissions have become a significant source of pollutants. Consequently, it has become imperative to comprehend accurately the nature and attributes of ship pollutant emissions and understand their causation and effect as a crucial aspect of pollution control and legislation. This paper employs high-precision automatic identification system (AIS) dynamic and static data, along with pollutant emission parameters, to estimate the pollutant emissions from a ship's main engine, auxiliary engine, and boiler using a dynamic approach. Additionally, the study considers the sailing state and trajectory of the vessel and analyzes the characteristics of ship carbon emissions. Taking Tianjin Port as an example, this study conducts a multi-dimensional analysis of pollutant emissions to gain insight into the causation and effect of pollutants based on the collected big AIS data. The results show that the pollutant emissions in this region are mainly concentrated in the vicinity of Tianjin Port land port area, Dagusha Channel, and the Main Shipping Channel of Tianjin Xingang Fairway. Carbon emissions peak in September and are lower in June and December. Through accurate analysis of pollutant emission sources and emission characteristics in the region, this paper establishes the regular relationship between pollutant emissions and possible influencing factors and provides data support for China to formulate accurate pollutant emission reduction policies and regulate ship construction technology and carbon trading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Previous analysis showed that passive smoking and overweight were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a synergistic manner, while GDM increased the risk of macrosomia/large for gestational age (LGA). This study aimed to examine any interactive effects between passive smoking and overweight/obesity on risk of macrosomia/LGA. Methods: From 2010 to 2012, 22,302 pregnant women registered for pregnancy at a primary hospital in Tianjin, China. Data were collected longitudinally; that is, from their first antenatal care visit, at the glucose challenge test (GCT) time (24–28 weeks of gestation) and at delivery. Passive smoking was self-reported. Macrosomia was defined as birth weight ≥4,000 g. Binary logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Additive interaction was used to test the synergistic effect. Results: Passive smokers accounted for 57.4% of women (n = 8,230). Using nonpassive smoking and prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) <24.0 kg/m2 as the reference, the adjusted ORs of overweight alone and passive smoking alone for macrosomia were 2.39 (95% CI: 2.11–2.71) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.04–1.32). Copresence of passive smoking and prepregnancy BMI ≥24.0 kg/m2 increased the OR to 2.70 (95% CI: 2.28–3.20), with a significant additive interaction. After further adjustment for GDM or GCT, the OR of copresence of both risk factors was slightly attenuated to 2.52 (2.13–3.00) and 2.51 (2.11–2.98), with significant additive interaction. However, the additive interaction between prepregnancy overweight/obesity and passive smoking for LGA was nonsignificant. Conclusions: Prepregnancy overweight/obesity was associated with an increased risk of macrosomia in Chinese women synergistically with passive smoking during pregnancy, and most of the association was not modified by hyperglycemia during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gestational weight gain (GWG) is associated with infant birth weight and childhood obesity; however, the patterns of GWG on infant birth weight are poorly understood.Methods: This analysis in 16,218 mother-child dyads from Tianjin, China, determined the risk of infant size at birth according to GWG occurring throughout the first and second trimester (early GWG) or during the third trimester (late GWG), according to maternal prepregnancy BMI and the 2009 Institute of Medicine recommendations.Results: Excessive GWG in early and late pregnancy had an increased risk for large-for-gestational-age (LGA) infants (odds ratio [OR]: 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-4.0, P < 0.001). Regardless of prepregnancy BMI, excessive GWG early in pregnancy (< 24 weeks) was associated with an increased risk of LGA infants (OR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.1-3.1, P < 0.001), and inadequate early GWG was associated with a higher risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2-1.7, P < 0.001).Conclusions: The pattern of GWG early in pregnancy, regardless of GWG later in pregnancy, had the greatest impact on infant size at birth. Interventions initiated early in pregnancy may facilitate better adherence to the GWG guidelines and minimize the risk of LGA and SGA infants, a potential precursor for childhood obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Newborn hearing screening (NHS) is used worldwide due to its feasibility and cost-efficiency. However, neonates with late-onset and progressive hearing impairment will be missed by NHS. Genetic factors account for an estimated 60% of congenital profound hearing loss. Our previous cohort studies were carried out in an innovative mode, i.e. hearing concurrent genetic screening, in newborns to improve the abilities or early diagnosis and intervention for the hearing defects. In this study, we performed the first clinical practice of this mode in Tianjin city. Methods: A large cohort of 58,397 neonates, born between December 2011 and December 2012, in 44 hospitals in Tianjin, were screened for 20 hot spot hearing loss associated mutations from GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4 and MTRNR1(12S rRNA). The data of genetic screening results was comprehensively analyzed with newborn hearing screening (NHS) results. Results: We developed an accurate, high throughput genetic screening method and applied it to a total of 58,397 newborns in Tianjin. 3225 (5.52%) infants were detected to carry at least one mutation allele in GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4 or MTRNR1. 34 (0.58‰) infants were positive for hearing loss caused by GJB2 or SLC26A4 mutations (homozygote or compound heterozygote). 54(0.93‰) infants are heterozygous of various genes. 109(1.87‰) infants had the pathological mitochondrial DNA mutation. Conclusion: Accurate, comprehensive hearing loss associated genetic screening can facilitate genetic counseling and provides valuable prognostic information to affected infants. This united screening mode of this study was a promising clinical practice. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• TN and TP presented variation without regularity during the dairy manure management. • The intra-season models were superior to the inter-season models. • Fusion models were established to predict the TN and TP under multiple conditions. • It was feasible to monitor the TN and TP throughout the whole chain via NIR spectra. Field monitoring technology plays a vital role for returning the animal manure back to the cropland with high-efficiency and accuracy, particular in the complex rotation system of manure management in Chinese intensive farms. The comprehensive quantitative analysis models were proposed and built for determining the content of the nitrogen (N) and the phosphorus (P) through the whole chain of manure management in different dairy farms under multiple conditions. 249 manure samples were collected from 31 intensive dairy farms in Tianjin both in summer and autumn. The effect of seasons on the distribution characteristics of the N and P in the manure was analyzed. Near infrared spectra were collected and principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Partial least squares (PLS) was used to establish the intra-season and inter-season models. It was found that the contents of the N and P in the manure varied with seasons. The prediction performance of intra-season models was better than that of inter-season models. Fusion model of two seasons were also established. The coefficient of determination of external validation (R2 pred) for the N and P were 0.972 and 0.901, respectively. The residual predictive deviations (RPD) were 5.98 and 3.18, respectively. The results showed that the fusion model could enhance the universality and stability for predicting the N and P contents through the whole chain of manure management under the influence of various factors. The study not only supports for the development of on-spot detecting instrument but also guides for the rational recycling of manure in practice as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-made material stocks promote the economic prosperity, while the consumption, maintenance, and operation of them have led to adverse environmental impacts. Decoupling materials stocks from economic growth is a key strategy for relieving environmental pressures and achieving sustainable development. China's unprecedented development offers a unique opportunity for uncovering the relationship between in-use stocks and economic growth. In this study, we analyzed the regional disparity of in-use steel stocks estimated by bottom-up accounting method during 1978–2018 in 31 provinces in mainland China, explored the stocks productivity on provincial and regional scale, and conducted a decoupling analysis of in-use steel stocks with economic growth. The results showed that there was a huge disparity among the provincial total steel stocks, per-capita steel stocks, and stocks density. Some provinces, e.g. Beijing, Tianjin, and Shanghai, that had the highest stocks density had comparatively lower per-capita steel stocks and total steel stocks, indicating higher share of in-use steel stocks and lower material intensive economic structure. In-use steel stocks in China showed no clear signs of saturation or flatten off pattern although their growth rate declined recently. An increase in steel stocks productivity was found during 1978–2018, which means relative decoupling of in-use steel stocks from economic growth, but still far away from absolute decoupling. The dematerialization pattern revealed in this study deepens our understanding of material-economy interactions. Policy implications for dematerialization transition should focus on developing compact cities, prolonging the lifespan of products, and advancing technological development. Image 1 • Decoupling analysis between economic growth and steel stocks in China on provincial scale is conducted. • Steel stocks show no clear signs of saturation or flatten off pattern although the growth rate decline recently. • An EKC-like pattern is found between steel stocks and economic growth. • Steel stocks productivity is increasing on provincial scale although regional disparity is substantial. • Steel stocks are relative decoupling from economic growth, still far away from absolute decoupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the vehicle population was regarded as an important factor that contributed to the urban air pollution in China during the past decades. We used Tianjin, a typical megacity facing vehicle pollution problems, as the study domain to investigate a comprehensive estimation of vehicle emissions, including carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO x), inhalable particles (PM 10), carbon dioxide (CO 2) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2), from 2000 to 2030. The Computer Programme to calculate Emissions from Road Transport (COPERT) model was used to simulate the vehicle emission factors. Historical simulations show that the total emissions of CO, VOCs, NO x , PM 10 , CO 2 , and SO 2 changed from 545.1 Gg, 70.04 Gg, 60.19 Gg, 6.57 Gg, 6.82 Tg and 12.88 Gg to 259.11 Gg, 34.01 Gg, 55.14 Gg, 3.42 Gg, 25.30 Tg and 0.16 Gg from 2000 to 2016, respectively. Passenger cars (PC) and light-duty vehicles (LDV) were the main contributors to the CO and VOCs emissions. Heavy-duty trucks (HDT) and buses (BUS) were the important contributors to NO x and PM 10. PC was the major contributor to CO 2 and SO 2. With respect to the future, four Single Control Policy Scenarios (SCPS), including Passenger car Population Regulation (PPR), Emission Standard Updating (ESU), Public Transportation Promotion (PTP) and Electric Vehicle Popularity (EVP), and Integrated Scenarios (IS), were assembled to describe the impact of future policies on vehicle pollution from 2017 to 2030. Among all SCPS, the results show that the ESU is the more effective policy to control emissions of CO, NO x and PM 10 , while PPR is the more effective way to reduce emissions of VOCs, CO 2 , and SO 2. • A comprehensive estimation of vehicle emissions was investigated in Tianjin from 2000 to 2030. • The estimation incorporated the impacts of vehicle emission control policies that were newly implemented. • The compositions of vehicular emission standards were considered to improve the accuracy of the estimation. • The reduction effects on six pollutants were evaluated under five vehicle emission reduction scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power in China is developing rapidly. However, wind power curtailment has become increasingly severe, reaching 15% in 2015. The root cause of wind power curtailment in China is that its power system has insufficient flexibility. We analyze how to achieve a reasonable allocation of ancillary service costs for wind power plants, using a cooperative game approach. The analysis shows that, while the current allocation approach in the Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan power grid is based only on wind feed-in tariffs, an allocation method based on both the feed-in tariff and the capacity credit of wind would be more reasonable. • China's current electricity-based ancillary service costs allocation for wind power plants is appropriate. • Wind capacity credit also influences the ancillary service costs paid by wind power plants. • Ancillary service costs allocated to wind power plants with high capacity credit should be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ground-level ozone (O 3), which is formed by photochemical reactions of nitrogen oxides (NO x) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), exert adverse effects on human health. In China, the mechanism and influencing factors of high O 3 levels are not well understood in China despite the frequent occurrence of extreme episodes in recent years with decreasing concentrations of particulate matter. In this study, the O 3 concentrations in summer 2017 in the North China Plain (NCP) are simulated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with anthropogenic emissions from the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) and improved Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR+). Moreover, the performances of the model with the two emission inventories are validated and compared. The simulation using EDGAR+ is found to be highly accurate in predicting O 3 in the NCP, whereas that using MEIC has better performance in matching peak concentrations in extreme episodes. Weather conditions, such as high temperature, low relative humidity, and stable conditions, are associated with high O 3 concentrations in both inventories. Compared with MEIC, lower NO x emissions (by 200 tons/grid/month) from EDGAR+ induce higher O 3 concentrations when VOCs emissions are barely changed (by less than 5 tons/grid/month). In the EDGAR+ scenario, a total of 42,000 and 69,000 premature mortalities are estimated to be caused by O 3 -related respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. These values are slightly lower than those in the MEIC scenario, i.e., 50,000 and 80,000, respectively. Megacities, such as Beijing and Tianjin, are classified as high-risk areas, with more than 15,000 mortalities. Image 1 • O 3 predictions in North China Plain (NCP) are affected by meteorology and emission inventories. • EDGAR+ has higher overall accuracy in predicting O 3 in the NCP. • MEIC shows better ability in matching peak concentration in extreme episodes. • Predicted 0.042 and 0.069 million premature mortalities due to O 3 -related respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel multi-stage fuzzy stochastic programming (MSFSP) model was developed for regional energy system structure optimization and planning with energy-water nexus under multiple uncertainties. By cooperating the multistage stochastic programming and fuzzy theory, the developed model can deal with energy system planning problems under a mixture of probabilistic and possibilistic uncertainties. Fuzzy random scenarios are designed to express the uncertain future energy demand levels and vague decision maker's risk attitude. A MSFSP –based energy-water nexus system management model was applied to a practical energy system planning problem in an energy-intensive and water-stressed area, Tianjin, China. Results of optimal capacity expansion, power generation, and imported electricity strategies were obtained; meanwhile the water resource availability effects and decision makers' risk attitude were analyzed. It was found that water resource availability would be a significant factor in promoting local power structure and electricity generation in the future. More serious water resource deficiency would lead to reduce local coal-fired power capacity investment, while stimulate renewable energy development and increase imported electricity requirement. All above can facilitate decision supports for regional energy system planning from a comprehensive energy-water nexus perspective with more sustainable and risk-aversion manners. • Multi-stage fuzzy stochastic programming model for energy-water nexus management. • Uncertainties were characterized by both possibility and probability distributions. • The results provide deeper insight into the interrelationships between energy and water. • Supporting for energy system planning under limited water sources in a sustainable way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]