Search

Hot spring environments encompass broad physicochemical ranges, in which temperature and pH account for crucial factors shaping hot spring microbial community and diversity. However, the presence of photosynthetic microbial mats adjacent to boiling hot spring vents, where fluid temperatures extend beyond photosynthetic capability, questions the microbial profiles and the actual temperatures of such adjacent mats. Therefore, this study aims to characterize thermophilic microbial communities at Pong Dueat Pa Pae hot spring using next-generation sequencing, including investigating hot spring mineralogy. Results suggest that Pong Dueat Pa Pae hot spring precipitates comprise mainly silica which also acts as the main preservative medium for microbial permineralization. Molecular results revealed the presence of cyanobacterial and Chloroflexi species in the thick, orange and green subaerial mats surrounding the vents, suggesting the mats would be at least 30 °C cooler than source vents despite constantly receiving geyser splashes. Bacterial abundance was considerably higher than archaeal (97.9% versus 2.1%). Cyanobacterial (mainly Synechococcus and Leptolygbya) and Chloroflexi species (mainly Roseiflexus) accounted for almost half (40.04%) of the bacterial community, while DHVEG-6 and Thaumarchaeota comprised dominant members (> 90%) of the archaeal fraction. This study updates and provides insights into thermophilic microbial community composition and mineralogy of hot springs in Thailand., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Japan KK.)

A multiscale meshfree particle method for macroscopic mean field approximations of generalized interacting particle models is developed and investigated. The method is working in a uniform way for large and small interaction radii. The well resolved case for large interaction radius is treated, as well as underresolved situations with small values of the interaction radius. In the present work we extend the approach from Klar and Tiwari [SIAM Multiscale Mod. Sim., 12 (2014), pp. 1167-1192] for porous media type limit equations to a more general case, including in particular hyperbolic limits. The method can be viewed as a numerical transition between a numerical method for microscopic interacting particle systems and a meshfree particle method for macroscopic equations. We discuss in detail the numerical performance of the scheme for various examples and the potential gain in computation time. The latter is shown to be particularly high for situations near the macroscopic limit. There are various applications of the method to problems involving mean field approximations in swarming, traffic, pedestrian, or granular ow simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When pharmaceuticals are not fully available mainly due to the high cost of medicines, a government can issue compulsory licensing (CL). It is well documented that Brazil and Thailand have notably attempted CL. A realist review was undertaken to understand the identical social interventions in comparative settings, and to draw practical implications for attempting CL relevant for middle-income countries in the era of high-cost medicines. CL is not only a politically well-devised measure to achieve universal health coverage, but also a tentative commitment, which is determined both at the country level and at the global level. At the country level, political will, with catalytic roles of civil activism, is important in order to guarantee the right to health. Through this will, the governments can achieve universal health coverage. In addition, electoral systems, political leaders, and a constitution are necessary to attempt CL. In addition, CL should operate along with other policy instruments, including a comprehensive essential medicines list, CL-friendly phrasing in patent law, and a competent pharmaceutical industry. At the global level, the balance of power between the WTO regime and the global justice movement is critical. This provides global-level context that can either encourage or prevent CL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]