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Prairie View A&M University (PVAMU) plays an important role in the social and economic life of the local, state and national economy. This study presents estimates of the economic impacts of the University's contributions, both short-term and long-term, on the local (Waller County), regional (Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land Metropolitan Statistical Area), and state (Texas) economies in 2019.The study measures short-term economic benefits like the total output, value-added, labor income, and employment (jobs) created; and the long-term benefits like the contributions PVAMU makes to increase the lifetime earnings potential of its students. The study used the latest version of Minnesota IMPLAN software with built-in multipliers, survey questions, and administrative data; in addition to other standard techniques found in the economic impact analysis literature. The study finds the myriad economic impact of PVAMU University greater than greater than the direct spending by the University for pay-roll, goods and services, construction, and direct spending by PVAMU students. The impacts include $176 million annual contribution to Waller county's income base and employment impact of 1,925 high paying jobs created. For the greater Houston economy, it adds $291 million annually to the income base through direct compensation and induced spending, while the employment impact is 4,183 high paying jobs created. Finally, the economy of Texas had a direct spending impact of $354 million with 5,300 jobs supported.

Introduction: Most work on social identity, defined as one's sense of self derived from membership to social groups, focuses on a single identity and its behavioral consequences. But a central insight of social identity theory is that people belong to multiple social groups, derive self-esteem from multiple identities and care to conform to the norms for those identities. However, very little work has turned its attention to understanding when and how multiple social identities interact. We motivate hypotheses with a framework that extends a social identity model to include multiple identities. Methods: Using a longitudinal sample (N > 600) of university students located primarily in Texas and throughout the US, we use university social identity, and the associated university norms, to characterize COVID related social distancing norms between April and October of 2020 and then unpack how another identity, the student's political identity, impacts perception of those norms. Results: Despite incentives to do otherwise, we find that beliefs about university norms differ depending on the respondent's political identity. We interpret this as a spillover effect of attitudes from one identity to another. Discussion: We relate our results back to amodel of social identity, to the literature on spillovers where such psychological spillovers are hard to empirically identify, and to methods for future work on identity and spillovers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]