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Discussions on how to conserve and provide enough water has become one of the most highly debated issues in modern society. Although many Extension efforts have engaged the public in understanding behavior and attitudes toward water conservation, limited research has focused on understanding how agriculturalists respond to water conservation messages. The goal of this study was to employ the use of a psychophysiological measure to determine what message components elicited increased information processing during exposure to two water conservation videos. When the two videos were compared in total, no significant difference in heart rate was observed. However, a more granular analysis of phasic or short-term periods of heart rate deceleration revealed five segments of increased cognitive resource allocation while viewing the scientific video and three segments during the testimonial evidence video. Finally, self-report data approached statistical significance, with the subjects reporting greater elaboration while viewing the testimonial evidence video compared to the scientific video treatment. These findings provide unique evidence suggesting that farmers and ranchers allocate greater cognitive resources to scientific evidence, on screen graphics, and narrated statistics.

Background: Skiing and snowboarding have grown significantly in the past decades with millions of participants worldwide. With popularity increasing, specifically amongst youth athletes, so has the number of injuries and fatalities associated with these sports. In this study, we investigate age as a potential determinant for injury patterns for the growing population of youth skiers and snowboarders. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the factors associated with different anatomical injury locations among youth skiers and snowboarders. We hypothesized that youth skiers would exhibit predominately lower body injuries, while snowboarders would predominately exhibit upper body injuries. We also expected higher rates of head injuries for the younger snowsports participants given their larger head to body ratios and decreased cervical muscular strength. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from data acquired from the Winter Park Resort during the 2012/13–2016/17 ski seasons. The population includes youth (3-17 years old) participants injured at Winter Park Resort while skiing or snowboarding. Patients were sorted by sport and then into age bins 0-6, 7-14, and 15-17 years of age. The study population was described for gender breakdown, run difficulties, equipment usage, skill level, injury location, mechanism, anatomical location, and diagnosis. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between age, sport, and other predictors of injury with different anatomical locations. Results: The study population is described in Table 1. Skiers were more likely than snowboarders to sustain a head injury (odds ratio=1.6, 95% CI=1.2, 2.2), while snowboarders were more likely to sustain upper extremity injuries (odds ratio=5.9, 95% CI=4.6, 7.6). Skiers age 0-6 suffered more head/neck/face injuries (24.2% compared to 14.46 and 14.86% respectively in age bins 7-14 and 15-17). Skiers age 0-6 suffered more fractures (48.2% compared to 28.4% and 23.8% for ages 7-14 and 15-17, where strains/sprains were leading diagnoses). Conclusion: Age was associated with injury patterns in youth skiers, as we observed more fractures, head/neck/face injuries and collision-related trauma in skiers age 0-6. Like previous studies, skiing was associated with lower extremity injuries and snowboarding was associated with upper extremity injuries. Taken together, these data support age as a determinant of injury patterns among youth skiers and snowboarders. Table 1. Descriptive statistics for youth skiers and snowboarders injured at a Colorado ski resort Figure 1. Injury patterns of injured youth skiers and snowboarders at a Colorado ski resort [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on issues of arbitration agreements, judicial review and preemption along with the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in case Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc based on arbitration award. Topics discussed include Texas Supreme Court's decision in case NAFTA Traders, Inc. v. Quinn based on Texas Arbitration Act, conflict of law in drafting of arbitration agreements, and the preemption issue.

Background: Progression of neurological deficit (PND) is a frequent complication of acute subcortical ischemic stroke (SCS). The role of intracranial atherosclerosis (IAS) in PND is controversial. Our goal was to evaluate IAS on admission, as predictor of PND in SCS patients., Methods: SCS patients were identified from our prospective database from 2004 to 2008. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from charts, and radiographic data from original radiographs. The proximal intracranial arteries were graded as patent, irregular, stenotic, or occlusion. IAS was defined as irregularity or stenosis. PND was defined as a change in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale >1 point., Results: Two hundred and two SCS patients were identified. In 14%, PND occurred at a median of 2 days from onset. Univariate analysis by infarct location showed the following to be associated with PND: for anterior circulation infarcts (centrum semiovale/basal ganglia), M1 atherosclerosis (p = 0.042); for posterior circulation infarcts, vertebral artery atherosclerosis (p = 0.018). For both groups, we found a non-significant association with age (p = 0.2) and HbA1c levels (p = 0.095). No association was found with admission glucose levels. Multivariate analysis showed the following association with PND: for anterior circulation infarcts, M1 atherosclerosis (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.2-18.8; p = 0.03); for pontine infarcts, vertebral artery atherosclerosis (OR 5.8; 95% CI 1.1-29.4; p = 0.033). There was an increase in PND likelihood with an increasing number of atherosclerotic vessels., Discussion: In our cohort of SCS patients, PND was associated with IAS of the responsible vessels. These results suggest a role for IAS in the pathogenesis of PNF in SCS patients., (Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.)