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The health sector is one of the components of development, social welfare and economic growth. The purpose of this study was to develop an economic evaluation model of the environmental and health costs of occupational diseases by hybrid approach. To achieve the study goal, a taxonomy of economic evaluation model of the environmental and health costs of occupational diseases has been developed. The Delphi method was used to identify health and environmental criteria and the analytic network process (ANP) method was used to weigh the sub-criteria. Finally, health and environmental cost were estimated based on the available information. Naft Subspecialty Hospital in Tehran, Iran (NSHT), was selected as the place of case study. In this study, eight and eleven sub-criteria were identified in the health and environmental sector, respectively. The ANP results indicated that the medicine and medical equipment cost criteria with a weight of 0.312 in the Medical sector, and the special and infectious waste cost criteria with a weight of 0.085 in the environmental sector were the most significant cost criteria in NSHT. Furthermore, the parametric model findings indicated that 99.84 and 0.16% of the total costs are associated with health and environmental costs, respectively. The findings indicated that 61.3% of the costs of the health sector were associated with the two sectors of medicine and medical equipment and the cost-of-service personnel, and 91.7% of the costs of the environmental sector are associated with wastewater treatment and the cost of electricity consumption. This study tried to present a quantitative model of the health and environmental costs of NSHT. Implemention of this integrated model can be a practical and effective step in allocating resources and prioritize interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout history, natural hazards and disasters have always caused disturbance in the dynamics of urban systems, which represents a lack of adequate resilience in communities against natural disasters. Meanwhile, poverty seems to play a significant role in resilience in communities. Thus simultaneous examination of a community's resilience against natural disasters and its poverty produces a better means by which to formulate new urban policies to improve a community's resilience. This study, therefore, aims to explore the relationship between urban resilience and urban poverty. The resilience and poverty in the case study was measured by a disaster resilience of place model using the factor analysis and analytic network process method and Likert scale questions in the frame of a questionnaire, respectively. The study demonstrates that higher resilience in low-income communities can be justified with reliance on intervening factors such as social capital, public participation, social learning, institutions, and good governance, which can be measured through subjective poverty instead of an objective one. In this regard, findings show that the urban resilience of some low-income neighborhoods in Tehran is high. Based on the investigation, it is revealed that these low-income neighborhoods are not subjectively poor. Thus, it can be concluded that the relationship between urban resilience and poverty is significant when the poverty measurement is done subjectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the effectiveness of the reduction policies of the apparent and real losses of non-revenue water. For this purpose, using technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) model, a decision matrix is proposed, involving apparent and real losses risk reduction values induced by the implementation of each non-revenue water reduction policy. First, decision criteria, including technical, economic, and social criteria, were selected and introduced. Then, the technical criterion was calculated using a fuzzy Bayesian model. In the following, using group decision-making and analytic hierarchy process method, the criteria were weighted. In the next step, the bests of decision criteria were determined by the TOPSIS method. This method was applied in the water distribution network of district 4 of Tehran, Iran. The results indicated that the most basic non-revenue water reduction policy by risk-based group decision-making is to identify unauthorized connections in the apparent water loss sector and increase the speed and quality of maintenance and repairs in the real water loss sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed specific criteria and a fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) to assess and select portfolios on the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE). Although the portfolio selection problem has been widely investigated, most studies have focused on income and risk as the main decision-making criteria. However, there are many other important criteria that have been neglected. To fill this gap, first, a literature review was conducted to determine the main criteria for portfolio selection, and a Likert-type questionnaire was then used to finalize a list of criteria. Second, the finalized criteria were applied in an FANP to rank 10 different TSE portfolios. The results indicated that profitability, growth, market, and risk are the most important criteria for portfolio selection. Additionally, portfolios 6, 7, 2, 4, 8, 1, 5, 3, 9, and 10 (A6, A7, A2, A4, A8, A1, A5, A3, A9, and A10) were found to be the best choices. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The hybrid factor analysis and analytic network process model (F'ANP) is modified. • Subjective judgements in ANP are replaced by data-driven matrices in F'ANP model. • Problem structuring and network model construction are simplified and rationalized. • Construction of pair-wise comparison matrices are reduced considerably. • Its application to Tehran's social resilience shows that F'ANP is a robust model. The F'ANP model was proposed to overcome one of the inherent drawbacks of the Analytic Network Process (ANP): the subjective judgements of decision makers in the construction of pairwise comparison matrices. The model introduced construction of data-driven matrices instead of the ANP subjective judgements. The model is now modified to overcome the second main drawback of the ANP model: the construction of great number of pairwise comparison matrices. Also, the F'ANP model utilizes the inherent features of Factor Analysis (FA) to streamline the construction of the ANP network model systematically. The proposed model could be used to weigh the indicators that depict a multi-dimensional phenomenon and also be used for composite index construction. It is applied to assess the social resilience to disasters at the neighborhoods level in Tehran. The results show that four correlated factors represent community social resilience: social structure, social equity, social values, and social capital. The composite social resilience index shows that the northern parts of the city have higher levels of social resilience, whereas the southern parts of the city exhibit lower social resilience capacity towards disasters. The model's application in Tehran shows that the modified F'ANP model is a concise and robust model to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A framework is proposed to assess energy resilience of urban spatial structure. • Hybrid factor analysis and analytic network process model were used for this purpose. • Accessibility-related indicators and dimensions are more critical than physical ones. • High compactness and density will not necessarily lead to increased energy resilience. • Recommended action plan may be useful for developing more energy-resilient cities. This study investigates the relationship between urban spatial structure and energy resilience at the local level. Sub-district no.7 of District no.1 of Tehran was selected as the study area. First, to evaluate the energy resilience of 250 blocks of the study area, 28 indicators in four components of urban geometry and morphology, land use, public transportation, and passive design were adopted. Subsequently, using a hybrid factor analysis and analytic network process (F'ANP) model, flexibility, interdependence, coordination capacity, equity, efficiency, self-organization, independence, and diversity were determined as the eight underlying energy resilience principles related to the spatial structure of the study area. The composite index results reveal that principles and indicators related to transportation have a more significant role in energy resilience than operational energy-related ones. Also, increasing compactness without simultaneous attention to the mass-space ratio and adequate provision of green spaces does not necessarily lead to increased energy resilience and may even detract from resilience. To illustrate the practical implications of the study findings, we recommend action plans that can contribute to enhancing the energy resilience of the study area. The proposed globally applicable framework is expected to give urban planners a better understanding ofurban form and spatial structure implicationsfor energy resilience. It can also inform planning and decision making for achieving urban climate change adaptation and mitigation targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In transitioning towards cleaner production and any other new policy, public acceptance is often seen as a major issue. Edutainment energy parks, with the potential to produce and exhibit various renewable energies, seems to be a successful strategy for increasing public awareness and culture building that may lead to public acceptance. The location of these parks is the first, and perhaps the most important, challenge impacting their future usage and success. In this study, a hybrid decision support model was developed by combining the Delphi method (to obtain the main site selection criteria), the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory technique (to establish the interdependence and correlation between complex criteria), and the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (to overcome inconsistent and uncertain judgments whilst weighting the selected criteria). The developed method identified twelve sub-criteria grouped under four main criteria, including transportation infrastructures, population and social, environmental, and physical indicators. The weighting results showed that the built environment and natural topography (0.148), parcel size, land use and economic matters (0.146), legibility (0.107), and population centers (0.104) are the four most important sub-criteria. Application to a real data set of Tehran for efficiency revealed that Afra Park with a 5419 m2 area is the most optimal parcel for establishing an edutainment energy park in District 7 of the city, according to the selected criteria. Therefore, implementing these criteria demonstrated that they can be useful when working on a practical project with real data. • Hybrid expert knowledge modelling was proposed to tackle an edutainment energy park siting. • The Delphi, DEMATEL, and FANP techniques were integrated to select and weight the criteria. • Siting criteria were classified into transportation, social, environmental, and physical groups. • Site suitability was calculated by combination of 12 weighted criteria (e.g. landuse). • This novel hybrid technique was successfully tested on a district zone in Tehran, Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]