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Objective: To describe the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in Tasmanian children, including age-specific incidence and antibiotic-resistance pattern.Methods: A population-based retrospective study was carried out, examining cases of childhood disease associated with isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from normally sterile sites, identified via scrutiny of laboratory records at all major Tasmanian laboratories during a 7-year period between January 1994 and December 2000. Medical records were sub-sequently examined for information describing the clinical syndrome and course of disease.Results: Invasive pneumococcal disease was identified in 76 children during the 7-year period. The incidence per 100 000 children was 28.5 (95% CI 22.0-36.3) in children under 5 years and 54.3 (95% CI 40.2-71.8) in children under 2 years. The incidence of meningitis in children younger than 2 years was 12.2 (95% CI 6.1-21.8). Penicillin resistance was observed in 2.6% of cases, with no high level resistance. Predisposing conditions were identified in 34% of children with invasive disease.Conclusions: The incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease was comparable to many urban populations in Australia. The high rate of predisposing conditions supports the recommendations of the Australian Technical Advisory Group on Immunisation for targeted immunization in this group. The paucity of data describing Indigenous status is an argument for improved data collection in this area. The low level of penicillin resistance necessitates ongoing surveillance, and the lack of serotype information requires prospective data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]