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Engineering drawing is valuable in capturing geometric features, conveying engineering ideas, and creating a blueprint of the intended product. Engineering students usually perform orthographic projections, imagining a 3D situation and sketching its 2D representation. That requires imagination and mental visualization, determined by the learner's spatial ability. This study proposes the infusion of an AR stereogram mobile application into an engineering drawing course to establish how it influences learning outcomes among students with different spatial abilities. The quantitative experimental study involved two mechanical engineering classes in northern Taiwan, N = 69 first-year vocational high schoolers. Statistical analysis revealed that the experimental group with high spatial ability recorded better results and excellent drawing skills. Bloom's taxonomy categorization reported that spatial ability influenced "understanding" and "applying" levels, with the strongest effect on "understanding." Although no significant interaction existed, learning outcomes were highly affected by spatial ability in "understanding" and "applying" levels and AR in the overall performance. The findings and discussions show AR holds great potential to enhance students' spatial ability for real-time visualization and enables better concept comprehension by improving their understanding of engineering topics. Future studies should consider these implications in creating effective and immersive learning environments for different courses in engineering education.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of augmented reality (AR) using a 3D app in a smartphone on students' learning outcomes and satisfaction in teaching angle measurement error to vocational high school students with different spatial ability. A quasi-experimental pretest/posttest was employed. There were 197 students from three vocational high schools in the southern, northern, and eastern part of Taiwan participated in this study. To minimize the biased result, we established one control group and one experimental group in each school. The experimental group used multimedia teaching tools and AR technology as a supplement, while the control group was taught by multimedia teaching tools only. We assessed some factors that possibly affect the learning outcomes and learning satisfaction, including different spatial abilities and different digital materials as teaching tools. Our finding highlights that different teaching materials influence students' learning outcomes and satisfaction, whereas spatial ability does not affect. Further discussion and implementation are also identified in this study.

The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of physical and virtual tangrams on preschool children's learning engagement and achievement. Children listened to an e‐storybook narration and solved puzzles individually. The experimental group (N = 31) completed puzzles embedded in the e‐storybook using virtual tangrams, while the control group (N = 30) completed the same puzzles using physical tangrams on outlines drawn on a paper. Results indicated that the experimental group had significantly higher overall engagement than the control group. The experimental group had significantly higher learning achievement (time taken to complete outlines) when using virtual tangrams. It is hoped that the study will be beneficial to classrooms concerning how to use tangrams in teaching and learning and to instructional designers on how to design an e‐storybook for young readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]