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Controlling mechanisms of appetite and food intake is an important issue for a variety of different types of athletes. Previous studies showed omega-3 fatty acid increased appetite in patients, but results in healthy individuals are inconclusive. This study assessed the effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplements on food intake and appetite in young male athletes with normal body fat percentage. In a three-week double-blind placebo-controlled RCT in Tabriz, Iran (2019), 72 male athletes, age 22.2 (±2.5) y with 13.9 (8.5) body fat percent were randomized to either an omega-3 (2000 mg/day; EPA: 360 mg, DHA: 240 mg) or placebo (2000 mg/day paraffin) group. 3-day food diaries were completed before and after the intervention. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Appetite was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) before and after each week of intervention. Results showed carbohydrate intake increased in the omega-3 group (MD = 65.8 g; 95% CI = 9.1, 70.1; P = 0.03). VAS score for satiety decreased. Hunger sensation, desire to eat, and desire to eat sweet foods increased in each of the three weeks. In conclusion, our findings showed that omega-3 supplementation increased appetite in healthy athletes without significant change in body fat percentage. Further research is needed to generalize the results to other populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Omega3 fatty acids as a ligand of energy-related genes, have a role in metabolism, and energy expenditure. These effects are due to changes in the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and uncoupling protein2 (UCP2). This study evaluated the effect of omega3 supplements on PPARγ mRNA expression and UCP2 mRNA expression and protein levels, as regulators of energy metabolism, resting energy expenditure (REE), and appetite in athletes. Methods: In a 3-week double-blind RCT in Tabriz, Iran, in 2019, 36 male athletes, age 21.86 (±3.15) y with 16.17 (±5.96)% body fat were randomized to either an intervention (2000 mg/day omega3; EPA: 360, DHA: 240) or placebo (2000 mg/day edible paraffin) groups. Appetite and REE were assessed before and after the intervention. PPARγ and UCP2 mRNA expression and UCP2 protein levels in blood were evaluated by standard methods. Results: Results showed PPARγ mRNA levels, and UCP2 mRNA and protein levels increased in omega3 group (p < 0.05), as did REE (p < 0.05). Also, differences in the sensation of hunger or satiety were significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings showed that omega3 supplementation leads to the up-regulation of PPARγ and UCP2 expressions as the indicators of metabolism in healthy athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common lung disease during middle age which one of its complications is depression. Depression is considered one of the major causes of severe disability worldwide. One of the factors that affect the severity and incidence of this disease is a lifestyle, especially dietary pattern. On the other hand, some studies showed the relationship between dietary patterns and depression. The present study aims to investigate the dietary patterns of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its association with depression.Methods: The present cross-sectional study was performed on 220 patients (mean ± SD age = 54.58 ± 5.08) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (56.6% men, 43.4% women) from Tabriz, Iran. Questionnaires of general information, food frequency, Beck depression and physical activity were completed. The dominant dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis, and their relationship with depression was discussed by regression analysis.Results: Three dominant dietary patterns were identified as healthy, unhealthy, and mixed dietary patterns. An inverse relationship was found between healthy and mixed dietary patterns with depression. There is no meaningful connection between unhealthy dietary patterns and depression. Depression had a significant inverse relationship with physical activity. There was no relationship between dietary patterns and Forced Expiratory Volume for 1 s (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) criteria. A positive and significant relationship was observed between mixed dietary patterns with FEV1/FVC.Conclusion: Inverse relationships exist between healthy dietary patterns and depression in patients with COPD, and improves the function of the lungs. Further studies are needed to show the exact relationship between diet and COPD depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]