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Copyright of Human Review is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The news has been a place for violent extremist groups to gain recognition internationally. The Syrian Civil war which had involved notorious and internationally recognised violent extremist groups is an example of this phenomenon. However, a limited number of studies had uncovered the thematic variation on how Malaysian online news frames violent extremist groups involved in the Syrian Civil War. Therefore, the present study explored whether the Malaysian news coverage of the violent conflicts that involved violent extremist groups active during the Syrian civil war may shed light on how mainstream news covers violent extremist groups. The present study employed a qualitative search and analysis of two popular online newspapers in Malaysia to identify the types of news frames on the news published during the peak of the Syrian civil war and when a notorious violent extremist group, Daesh (alternatively known as Islamic State (IS) or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)), had shaken and threatened the world. A total of 272 news articles published between 2010 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. Analysis of the news frames revealed twelve different news frames. The frame with the highest occurrence was labelled as "Western destructive interventions". The frame detailed out Western nations' involvement in the war which caused damage to livelihood and civilizations in Syria and justified the violent extremist groups' activities. The present study concludes that the Malaysian news media framing on violent extremist groups and other parties involved in the Syrian Civil War could have two varied forms, positive (heroic or humanized) or negative (destructive or demonized). The main contribution of this study is that it provides an insight into how Malaysian news media cover a conflict involving Muslim extremist groups. Additionally, the study adds to previous research on how violent extremist groups is framed in digital news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Middle Eastern Studies / Ortadoğu Etütleri is the property of Turkmen Cooperation & Cultural Foundation Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies (ORSAM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thousands of European women moved to the so-called Caliphate in Syria and Iraq over the past decade. Today, they are in legal limbo, waiting for a response at the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) detention camps in various zones. They took part in Daesh's functioning, responding to the gender role the organisation gave to them. However, whether they have to be considered terrorists is unclear. Moreover, the counter-terrorist strategies put into practice by states and international organisations are gender-blind. Whether or not they have to be repatriated is controversial, and European countries are giving mixed responses. This article examines three arguments. First, whether the Caliphate women have to be considered terrorist foreign fighters. Second, if the EU is giving or not a gender perspective of counter-terrorist action concerning them. Finally, which would be the implications of the EU Comprehensive Approach for the WPS agenda and its member states? The article suggests that only a truly transformative feminist agenda would eliminate violent extremism in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The general meaning of "proxy war" is the pursuit of one's interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye's concept of "smart power" and the notions of "proxy war" and "proxy activities". The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

THIS ARTICLE IS AN UP-TO-DATE RADIOGRAPHY OF THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION ISLAMIC STATE OF IRAQ AND SYRIA, ALSO KNOWN AS ISIS, ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS TERRORIST GROUPS IN THE WORLD, KNOWN FOR ORCHESTRATING OVER TIME COUNTLESS VIOLENT TERRORIST ATTACKS, WHICH HAVE HAD A DEFINING IMPACT ON GLOBAL SECURITY. IT ADDRESSES ISSUES OF INTEREST RELATED TO THE ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF THE TERRORIST GROUP, ITS IDEOLOGY, OBJECTIVES AND OPERATION, AS WELL AS THE EVOLUTION OF THE GROUP SINCE 2014 (THE YEAR IN WHICH IT EXPERIENCED THE MOST IMPORTANT OPERATIONAL SUCCESSES) AND UNTIL NOW. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT, DESPITE THE FACT THAT THE TERRORIST ORGANIZATION HAS FACED, IN RECENT YEARS, A MAJOR DESTRUCTURING, IT CONTINUES ITS ACTIVITY TODAY, BEING FOCUSED PRIMARILY ON THE DIMENSION OF REORGANIZATION. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to show that Turkey's experience in the operations of Syria in the hybrid environment is more than a lot of states', and increased its political influence in the region as well, and thus would have a say in the process of reconstruction of Syria after the civil war. The US, for the time being, wants to create an autonomous Kurdish region in northern Syria, and despite Turkey's all objections, it makes an alliance with PKK's Syrian branch PYD/YPG or so called as the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) for fighting DAESH. The US has provided all kinds of assistance to the PYD/YPG, including arms and money. Seeing this as a threat to its survival, Turkey first conducted the Euphrates Shield Operation with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) on August 24, 2016, and then the Operation of the Olive Branch on January 20, 2018, and finally the Peace Spring Operation on October 9, 2019. The main purpose of these three operations was to clear the area from the PYD/YPG and DAESH terrorists and to contribute to the reconstruction of stability in Syria by considering the territorial integrity of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant proportion of research and initiatives challenging violence within Iraq and Syria centres on the international threat posed by Islamic State (Daesh). Consequently, much of this work is funded, designed, managed and implemented by external actors, with a security focus on Salafi-Jihadist groups and the mobilisation of (male) combatants. This paper has a dual purpose: to review and evaluate the progress of localised initiatives inside Iraq and Syria that focus on social cohesion and resilience to violence, and to explore and showcase the engagement of local women in this field. Drawing on multi-sector accounts of women serves to highlight and better understand their individual experiences, and the challenges and opportunities for female voices to be considered, amplified and impactful. This scope provides insight into individual and communal vulnerabilities to 'radicalisation' within Iraq and Syria and explores the successes and failures of female-led counter-initiatives. The paper underscores the experiences of these women from a local and non-western perspective and sheds light on what is being done on the ground to challenge violence post-Daesh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to show that Turkey's experience in the operations of Syria in the hybrid environment is more than a lot of states', and increased its political influence in the region as well, and thus would have a say in the process of reconstruction of Syria after the civil war. The US, for the time being, wants to create an autonomous Kurdish region in northern Syria, and despite Turkey's all objections, it makes an alliance with PKK's Syrian branch PYD/YPG or so called as the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) for fighting DAESH. The US has provided all kinds of assistance to the PYD/YPG, including arms and money. Seeing this as a threat to its survival, Turkey first conducted the Euphrates Shield Operation with the Free Syrian Army (FSA) on August 24, 2016, and then the Operation of the Olive Branch on January 20, 2018, and finally the Peace Spring Operation on October 9, 2019. The main purpose of these three operations was to clear the area from the PYD/YPG and DAESH terrorists and to contribute to the reconstruction of stability in Syria by considering the territorial integrity of the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This actual work pretends to explain how useful journalism for Daesh is to gain followers. In first place, it approaches the theoretical framework to position the terrorism organization in the actual context, it inquires in their financing to know about their authority. It researches which media they have, through those who share their blurb; it analyzes the message that transmits, to the spectators it refers to, recruitment methods they use; it studies the use they make of Internet, in particular the social media achieving repercussion and power; it analyses videos with a lot of quality produced from the organization through which spreads propaganda and try to terrorize; it addresses the violent radicalization who reunites to the queue of Daesh, like their motivations and the data that reveals the quantity of foreigners that moved away to Siria or Irak to fight with the terrorist group. And finally, conclusions show that the terrorism group, had know to take advantage to the new information and comunication technologies inside a date they are highly developed, appeal to anybody that wants to join their cause, create their caliphate. Therefore, the results that the yihadist organization have been reaping are overwhelming, they have achieved individuals all around the world to follow their rows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]