Santamouris, M., Paolini, R., Haddad, S., Synnefa, A., Garshasbi, S., Hatvani-Kovacs, G., Gobakis, K., Yenneti, K., Vasilakopoulou, K., Feng, J., Gao, K., Papangelis, G., Dandou, A., Methymaki, G., Portalakis, P., and Tombrou, M.
Urban overheating affects the energy, health, power, survivability and environmental quality of cities. We calculated the magnitude of overheating in Sydney, Australia, at close to 9 °C, which causes a cooling penalty of up to 16% and an increase in the indoor overheating levels of up to 56%. We developed and evaluated eight heat mitigation scenarios based on the use of reflective surfaces, additional greenery, an increase in the evapotranspiration rate and several combinations of these factors. We estimated that mitigation can decrease the peak ambient temperature by up to 2.9 °C, reduce the maximum annual cooling consumption by up to 1.5 TWh, decrease the CO2 emissions by as much as 1.21 MT CO 2 , reduce indoor overheating by up to 80%, decrease the heat-related morbidity by 1.07–1.49, and decrease the heat-related mortality anomaly by as much as 1.39 per 100,000 citizens. We estimated the associated water penalty range to be between 80 and 100 Gl/year or between 13 and 16.7% of the water consumption in Sydney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]