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This article examines the complex and non-linear process of democratization in Sweden after the introduction of so-called universal suffrage in 1921. The research questions address the excluded groups post-1921, the reasons for their exclusion, and the historical processes that led to further expansions of suffrage rights. The study shows that the expansion of suffrage rights in Sweden after 1921 was not guided primarily by a desire to broaden voter inclusion and/or rectify the limitations of the 1921 legislation. Instead, the motivations were embedded in a more intricate and multifaceted tapestry of political aims and alliances as well as situational factors that included various social, economic, and cultural shifts. The article concludes that the history of suffrage in Sweden after 1921 has been one of continuous negotiations, transformations, and adaptations, and that this provides valuable insights for addressing challenges of political inclusion and representation in the present and future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores and analyses the activities of Swedish organised crisis volunteers during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Based on a questionnaire and interviews, it sets out to answer two research questions on what characterised organised volunteerism during the pandemic, how organised volunteers experienced cooperation with local public actors, and how they viewed political steering. The paper contributes to a growing literature on the role of volunteers and links that role to views on political steering, something that is rarely done in disaster research. Sweden is a useful case study because of how COVID‐19 was managed, as well as because there are organised crisis volunteers and a debate is occurring on how the national system is steered. The paper shows how organised volunteers adapted to changing needs and adopted new roles, that experiences of cooperation with local authorities varied, and that calls were made for a stronger national leadership and for more explicit central political steering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior research about pupil welfare teams have identified problems at several levels: those of leadership, interprofessional cooperation, cooperation between the pupil welfare team and teachers, and type of work carried out. Perhaps most importantly, teams seem to work primarily with 'firefighting', i.e. acting reactively when problems already have occurred, rather than in a health promoting and preventive way. On the one hand, health promotion and prevention are endorsed as desired ways to work (e.g. SFS 2010, 800); on the other hand, reactive measures seem to dominate in practice. In order to try to bridge this gap, we carried out a study of a pupil welfare team in Sweden that we had reason to believe worked more in line with the health-promoting and preventive manner of working that is recommended. Since we could not know a priori whether the team studied worked in a qualitatively different way than other teams studied in prior research, we were led by two overarching research questions: (1) Is the studied team working in a heath promoting and preventive way? and (2) If so, how did their way of working emerge and how is it sustained? Our overriding purpose is to increase our knowledge concerning whether and how pupil welfare teams can become more health promoting and preventive in practice. More specifically, we are interested to find factors that contribute to the development and sustainability of health promoting and preventive work in pupil welfare teams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrological modeling realism is a central research question in hydrological studies. However, it is still a common practice to calibrate hydrological models using streamflow as a single hydrological variable, which can lead to large parameter uncertainty in hydrological simulations. To address this issue, this study employed a multi-variable calibration framework to reduce parameter uncertainty in a glacierized catchment. The current study employed multi-variable calibration using three different calibration schemes to calibrate a glacio-hydrological model (namely the FLEXG) in northern Sweden. The schemes included using only gauged streamflow data (scheme 1), using satellite snow cover area (SCA) derived from MODIS data (scheme 2), and using both gauged streamflow data and satellite SCA data as references for calibration (scheme 3) of the FLEXG model. This study integrated the objective functions of satellite-derived SCA and gauged streamflow into one criterion for the FLEXG model calibration using a weight-based approach. Our results showed that calibrating the FLEXG model based on solely satellite SCA data (from MODIS) produced an accurate simulation of SCA but poor simulation of streamflow. In contrast, calibrating the FLEXG model based on the measured streamflow data resulted in minimum error for streamflow simulation but high error for SCA simulation. The promising results were achieved for glacio-hydrological simulation with acceptable accuracy for simulation of both streamflow and SCA, when both streamflow and SCA data were used for calibration of FLEXG. Therefore, multi-variable calibration in a glacierized basin could provide more realistic hydrological modeling in terms of multiple glacio-hydrological variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence-based interventions (EBIs) are frequently modified in practice. It is recommended that decisions to modify EBIs should be made deliberately to ensure fidelity-consistency, yet the relationship between fidelity-consistency and deliberateness is not well understood. This study aims to explore modifications in a sample of practitioners delivering evidence-based parenting programs (i.e., interventions to strengthen parent–child relationships, reduce harmful interactions, and improve child health and well-being). The study investigated three research questions: (1) What kind of modifications are made during the delivery of parenting programs? (2) To what degree are the identified modifications consistent with the core functions of each program? and (3) Is deliberateness associated with the fidelity-consistency of the identified modifications? Methods: In total, 28 group leaders of five widely disseminated parenting programs in Sweden participated in five focus groups, and two participants from each group also participated in individual interviews (n = 10). A content analysis approach was used where the identification of modifications was directed by the Framework for Reporting Adaptations and Modifications-Enhanced (FRAME) and then assessed for fidelity-consistency and four levels of deliberateness (universal, situational, conditional, and unintentional). Chi-square tests were performed to compare consistent and inconsistent modifications, and logistic regression was performed to explore whether deliberateness predicted consistency. Results: A total of 137 content modifications were identified, covering most of the content modification categories in FRAME. The most common were tailoring/tweaking/refining, adding elements, shortening/condensing, lengthening/extending, and integrating another treatment. Modifications were mostly fidelity-consistent but consistency varied greatly among categories. Furthermore, modifications made unintentionally or situationally were more likely to be fidelity-inconsistent. Conclusions: These results indicate that explicit consideration of modifications and their impact could be essential for sustaining the fidelity-consistent use of EBIs, even as such interventions are continuously modified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at illuminating the role of Swedish and Norwegian municipalities as legal actors in multi-level governance. The research question is threefold: What is the role of Swedish and Norwegian municipalities as legal actors in relation to the European level? How do these roles affect local autonomy at the national level? What is the impact of the different affiliations at the European level, Sweden's full membership, and Norway only being a party to the EEA Agreement on these questions? Previous research has shown that municipalities have been able to magnify their influence, both externally and internally, through the intermediary of the European Union. The ability to magnify their influence will depend on the national constitutional framework and the formal affiliation to the European level, among other things. In this study, the role of the municipalities in Norway and Sweden is described by analysing the constitutional position of municipalities at the national level, the municipal influence on the drafting of EU legislation, the Nordic municipalities as actors before the ECJ and the EFTA Court and the municipal implementation of EU/EEA law. On a general level, the study found that the constitutional structures are mainly monolithic, although there are polycentric features. The ability of Norwegian and Swedish municipalities to by-pass national authorities is visible but cannot be described as strong. The role of the municipalities in acting at the European level is noteworthy, but the legal framework does not allow for a significant increase in local autonomy. The EEA affiliation of Norway implies that the municipalities have a weaker position at the European level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore the circumstances associated with police interventions and the use of enforced drug tests and body searches against youths suspected of minor drug crime in Malmö, Sweden. There is a need for research on police enforcement practices directed at young people as a result of an increased use of coercive measures against youth and young adults suspected of minor drug offences in Sweden. The research questions are addressed on the basis of police documentation covering a period of one year. Approximately 67% of police interventions involved car-stops or police responses to calls for service. The documented grounds for the use of enforced drug tests are of a subjective nature, and detail signs of intoxication. Body searches were less often documented, and provided little insight into suspicion formation. 82% of the drug tests produced positive results for illicit substances. The results highlight the need to evaluate the utility and practice of body searches and enforced drug testing focused on youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to map out and analyse how Sweden's security economy is shaped and sustained through security policies, political decisions, and personal connections amongst commercial and state elites. We treat the arms and security service industries as two sides of the same coin. In doing so, we address a shortcoming in the security literature that often analyses these two fields as separate areas of study with their own set of logic, research questions, theories, and methodologies. By bringing these two areas together, our study contributes to knowledge of the relationship between commercial defence and security actors and the state and a deeper understanding of Sweden's security economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multi-state models are used to study several clinically meaningful research questions. Depending on the research question of interest and the information contained in the data, different multi-state structures and modelling choices can be applied. We aim to explore different research questions using a series of multi-state models of increasing complexity when studying repeated prescriptions data, while also evaluating different modelling choices. Methods: We develop a series of research questions regarding the probability of being under antidepressant medication across time using multi-state models, among Swedish women diagnosed with breast cancer (n = 18,313) and an age-matched population comparison group of cancer-free women (n = 92,454) using a register-based database (Breast Cancer Data Base Sweden 2.0). Research questions were formulated ranging from simple to more composite ones. Depending on the research question, multi-state models were built with structures ranging from simpler ones, like single-event survival analysis and competing risks, up to complex bidirectional and recurrent multi-state structures that take into account the recurring start and stop of medication. We also investigate modelling choices, such as choosing a time-scale for the transition rates and borrowing information across transitions. Results: Each structure has its own utility and answers a specific research question. However, the more complex structures (bidirectional, recurrent) enable accounting for the intermittent nature of prescribed medication data. These structures deliver estimates of the probability of being under medication and total time spent under medication over the follow-up period. Sensitivity analyses over different definitions of the medication cycle and different choices of timescale when modelling the transition intensity rates show that the estimates of total probabilities of being in a medication cycle over follow-up derived from the complex structures are quite stable. Conclusions: Each research question requires the definition of an appropriate multi-state structure, with more composite ones requiring such an increase in the complexity of the multi-state structure. When a research question is related with an outcome of interest that repeatedly changes over time, such as the medication status based on prescribed medication, the use of novel multi-state models of adequate complexity coupled with sensible modelling choices can successfully address composite, more realistic research questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creativity and geography have received little attention in the literature on responsible innovation. To address these shortcomings, the article places responsible innovation explicitly in a territorial and non-technocentric context by exploring how artist-led social innovation takes 'responsibility for place'. The article is guided by the following research question: How can artist initiatives shape sustainable regional development in peripheral areas? To address this research question, the author draws on a conceptualization of artist-led social innovation processes geared to 'deperipheralization' that is applied to study two initiatives – Ifö Center in Bromölla, Sweden, and Rjukan Solarpunk Academy, in Rjukan, Norway – situated in peripheral old industrial towns. The study reveals a variety of ways by which artists can be agents of change that transform places but at the same time take responsibility for inclusion and participation. The author concludes that through social innovation, artists' initiatives can empower local citizens and other actors to experiment collectively with unconventional ideas related to social and environmental sustainability and take responsibility for place. The social innovations studied have enacted responsibility for development objectives that are intrinsically significant due to an ethos of care in both a temporal sense (care for future) and a spatial sense (care for place). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We developed an individual‐based model (IBM) to understand the effects of hydropeaking on growth, survival and distribution of age 0+ to 1+ juveniles for high‐conservation value populations of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar) in river Gullspång, Sweden. We parameterized and applied inSTREAM (7.2‐SD) and calibrated the model by comparing predicted versus observed growth under the current hydropeaking regime (n=>1,200 model fish for 365 days). Our objective was to model growth, survival and distribution under flow scenarios with and without hydropeaking. We observed that hydropeaking generally resulted in modest (~10%) negative effects on growth and survival of both species. Survival was more affected than was growth, smaller fish more affected than larger fish. On‐peak (high) hydropeaking flows resulted in less profitable feeding conditions (less growth) and higher predation (lower survival). Thus, inSTREAM 7.2‐SD appears to capture ecologically‐relevant behavioral patterns under hydropeaking, for example, habitat selection, in response to rapid flow changes. Understanding such patterns for large rivers via manipulative field studies, even if possible, would be time‐consuming and costly. Our study demonstrates the potential of IBMs as powerful tools for testing research questions and assessing and prioritizing alternative management strategies in regulated rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud Computing (CC) is an increasingly alternative for IT Outsourcing (ITO). There is a consensus that a good ITO relationship between the service buyer and provider is a prerequisite for the success of an ITO. However, there is a lack of studies concerning the relationships between large companies owned by public organizations and CC-providers in Sweden. Consequently, there is a lack of knowledge about the risks that could jeopardize relationships between companies owned by public organizations and their CC providers. Thus, this study seeks to answer the research question: "What are the risk factors to consider for building and maintaining a successful relationship between CC-providers and companies owned by public organizations in Sweden from a buyer's perspective?". The study has identified seven most critical risk factors that should be considered to keep or build a well-working relationship between CC parties. These factors are contracts, the client's degree of expertise in IT operations, measurement problems, the Swedish Public Procurement Act, provider challenges, relatedness, and ex-ante imperfection. The findings of this study can be used by large public organizations in Sweden who plan to use or who are using CC in order to mitigate the risks in CC relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers who work in school-age educare (SAEC) in Sweden possess a variety of educational qualifications. They hold a dual role working as teachers both within the com- pulsory program and school-age educare. This dual competence requirement means that their professional needs are unique and often different from that of their colleagues who only work in the compulsory school system (Berglund, Lager, Lundkvist and Gustavsson Nyckel, 2019). They reside in a complex context when it comes to opportunities for constructing their personal professional knowledge. Considering that already in 2021, the government announced the creation of a national professional learning program (Regeringen 2021), it is essential to understand what type of professional learning is deemed needed by the SAEC teachers themselves. Through narrative interviews with SAEC teachers, this study aims to map an understanding of how the teachers construct their personal professional knowledge as SAEC teachers. The main research question in this study is: How do SAEC teachers describe the role of professional learning as part of creating and developing their personal professional knowledge? The findings indicate a need for a systematic approach to recognize the qualification of experienced teachers and create a framework for professional learning opportunities for all teachers in SAEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Demographic Data Base (DDB) at the Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research (CEDAR) at Umeå University has since the 1970s been building longitudinal population databases and disseminating data for research. The databases were built to serve as national research infrastructures, useful for addressing an indefinite number of research questions within a broad range of scientific fields, and open to all academic researchers who wanted to use the data. A countless number of customized datasets have been prepared and distributed to researchers in Sweden and abroad and to date, the research has resulted in more than a thousand published scientific reports, books, and articles within a broad range of academic fields. This article will focus on the development of techniques and methods used to store and structure the data at DDB from the beginning in 1973 until today. This includes digitization methods, database design and methods for linkage. The different systems developed for implementing these methods are also described and to some extent, the hardware used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to explain where the cross-border tourism cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region (BSR) can be observed, and its specifical aim is to answer the research question: What are the spatial characteristics of cooperation in cross-border tourism projects in the Baltic Sea Region? Using the methods of spatial analysis in GIS, statistical methods and analysis of project documents, synthetic research was carried out on the cooperation of beneficiaries of tourism projects under the Interreg IV A, B and C programs in the BSR. The spatial nature of this cooperation was presented in a descriptive and cartographic form, taking into account the locations of beneficiaries, budgets, roles in the project, concentration, connections and topics of their cooperation. Although the empirical study presented below is limited only to tourism cooperation under the EU-funded Interreg IV program in the BSR, it is one of the first studies on cross-border cooperation between entities separated by a sea border in general, as well as one of the first synthetic studies on projects from different levels of European Union funding in the Interreg program (A, B and C), which cover a larger area of research. Ultimately, within 13 Interreg IV programs within the BSR consisting of 1157 projects in total, 89 projects directly related to cross-border tourism crossing sea borders were selected for the study, including 71 Interreg A, 12 Interreg B and 6 Interreg C projects. Within selected projects 834 beneficiaries collaborated and spent a total budget of almost €150 million (Tab. 1). Beneficiaries from Sweden, Denmark and Germany account for more than half of all beneficiaries of tourism projects in the region (Fig. 3.a). Beneficiaries are located in 330 places in the region all across the region, but there is a large variation in their distribution. Most of the beneficiaries are based in places located on the coast, which is also indicated by the analysis of the concentration of partners, taking into account the number of beneficiaries within a radius of 100 km (Fig. 6.). Three large concentrations of beneficiaries can be observed: two are located in the western part of the region: (1) the coast of the narrow Danish straits – Øresund, Great Belt and Little Belt (west coast of Sweden, coast of Denmark and northern Germany), (2) Kattegat and partly the Skagerrak strait (Sweden-Denmark-Norway), and (3) the regions of the capital cities of Helsinki and Tallinn, and the coast of the Archipelago Sea – the body of the Baltic Sea located south-west of the Finnish town of Turku. Cooperation is measured by number and distance of the relations between the beneficiaries. In the BSR the largest number of relations takes place within the distance of 200‑300 km, i.e. allowing to connect the opposite shores of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 9). Beneficiaries of tourist projects from the coast of the Danish straits form a separate system of relations, only to a small extent connected with other parts of the BSR, especially with beneficiaries from the eastern part of the region. From the western part of the region, only beneficiaries from Germany cooperate relatively intensively both with partners from Denmark and Sweden, as well as with partners from the eastern part of the BSR (Fig. 7 and 8). The most frequently chosen topics of cooperation in the BSR concerned expertise and research, promotional activities, knowledge transfer, technical development and the development and improvement of services. Although the distribution of beneficiaries according to the topics implemented was relatively even, beneficiaries who implemented projects related to networking and strengthening cooperation, development of the tourist product, creation of destinations and a tourist brand, as well as promotional activities and protection of cultural heritage were definitely concentrated in the western part of the region – on the coast around the Danish straits: Sound, Great Belt and Little Belt, as well as on the coast of the Kattegat (Fig. 10). Comparison of the number of implemented projects related to tourism, the number of beneficiaries, the average amount of beneficiaries’ budgets and their concentration showed diametrical differences in the region between its western and eastern parts. It can therefore be said that the “Iron Curtain” is still visible, which in the second half of the 20th century divided the south-eastern part of the Baltic Sea from its north-western part. If we divide the countries of the BSR into the so-called countries of “Old Europe” (Finland, Denmark, Germany, Norway and Sweden) and countries of “New Europe” (Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland and Russia), there are huge differences between these areas, suggesting that EU projects cause the leveling of differences between the “old” and “new” Europe, Implementation of tourism projects definitely dominates in the countries of “Old Europe” (77.3%), where the beneficiaries are usually located in smaller towns. The opposite is true in the “new” EU countries, where most of the tourism projects are implemented by beneficiaries from medium and large cities. The vast majority of the tourism projects’ leading partners also come from the countries of “Old Europe” (79.3%), and their budget is at the level of as much as 83.9% of the budgets of all the leading partners (cf. Tab. 2). These data suggest that EU co-financed projects still fail to significantly bridge the differences between countries that did not cooperate for most of the 20th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pastors serving as military chaplains have been an integral part of the Swedish Armed Forces for hundreds of years. This close relationship has continued even after the Church of Sweden was formally separated from the state in 2000. Yet contemporary research drawing from experiences of Swedish military chaplains during their pastoral and spiritual assignments within a military context is virtually non-existent. This research explores the contemporary situation for military chaplaincy in Sweden through the lenses of proportional accessibility for military personnel, availability to civilian congregations, increasing cultural and ethnic diversity, religious embeddedness in military culture, theological tension, and personal identity development among chaplains. It furthermore suggests that military chaplains navigate a complex situation: they are expected to serve professional service members, many of whom have war zone experiences, in addition to shepherding increasing volumes of conscripts now that conscription has been reinstated, all within a new interreligious paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The enacted sensemaking of third-party logistics (TPL) providers during the pandemic crisis may present an opportunity to explore their strategic operations. Objectives: The aim is to understand the TPL strategic implications related to a crisis and specifically how TPL providers make sense of and respond to crises. The two research questions are as follows: How has the COVID-19 pandemic crisis affected the business operations of TPL providers? What have TPL providers learnt from enacting the crisis, and how has this experience affected their strategic development? Method: We conduct an abductive study using combined data from interviews and a targeted archive search. The data are focused on the Swedish context and on a period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Three distinct groups of TPL providers have different sense and action processes impacting their business operations. This research shows how an understanding of servitisation is relevant for TPL theory. Finally, we develop the strategic perspective of TPL providers by defining TPL providers as value-cocreating relationships that can help manage the complexities of logistics services. Conclusion: This research shows that TPL providers play an important role in crises, as they contribute to solving customer problems. This role appears to be strengthened during crises, but it imposes great demands on TPL providers. Contribution: Third-party logistics providers work with their customers during crises. The sensemaking view emphasises the importance of personnel, organisational commitment, capacity and expectations during crises. This is an interplay that requires adaptation to short-term changes in operational processes and adaptability in long-term operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of threats and violence at work has received increasing attention in Sweden in recent years. Exposure is especially high among health-care personnel in social services. A nationwide survey of prevalence, work environment and risk situations was conducted. A questionnaire was sent to a stratified sample of 2800 local government employees in the care and welfare sector, working mainly with the elderly or persons with developmental impairments. Seven occupational groups, including supervisors, specialists and other categories of carers, were included, and represented a population of more than 170 000 employees. The response rate was 85%. The results indicated that as many as 51% of the population had been affected by threats/violence, either verbally or physically, over the previous year. Moreover, the results suggest that over 9% of the employees in the care sector experienced acts of violence or threats on a daily basis, and several times a month by 67%. The most vulnerable groups were assistant nurses and direct carers. Verbal threats appear more common (79%), but 66% appear to have experienced physical assaults. Stratified estimates suggest that feelings of anger (41%) and helplessness (31%), but also minor physical injuries (18%), are frequent reactions. Organizational change in the workplace and high workload entailed increased risk. Threats and violence in health-care settings are a major work-environment issue. Greater knowledge of consequences for organization, work situation and health of personnel is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]