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The paper reports three studies addressing the role of numeral writing for arithmetic performance. About 650 children in the age range 5-7 years participated in the studies. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between number of digits correctly written and number of arithmetic problems solved. The correlations between number of reversed digits (i.e., written backward) and arithmetic performance were also positive, in particular for the youngest children. A study of procedures used to solve the arithmetic problems showed strong correlations between correctly written numbers (two- to four-digit numbers) and the reports of decomposition and immediate retrieval solution procedures. The results support the conclusion that the acquisition of the number-word sequence and numeral writing skills provide the ground for the development of a mental number sequence that allows quantity value solution procedures.

The present study concerns a general adult population in Sweden, not exposed to hazardous occupational noise. Tympanometry and spontaneous (SOAE), transient evoked (TEOAE) and distortion-product (DPOAE) otoacoustic emissions were investigated in 493 randomly selected men and women aged from 20 to 79 years. Effects of gender, age, ear side and middle ear state were determined, with and without adjusting for hearing threshold level. No statistically significant effects on middle ear pressure or compliance were present. For TEOAEs and DPOAEs, the effect of gender and age was statistically significant (p<0.01), with larger signal levels for female subjects and young subjects, even after adjusting for hearing threshold level. No effect of middle ear pressure on otoacoustic emissions was present, but high middle ear compliance was associated with low emission levels (p<0.01). Reference data for middle ear compliance and pressure and prevalence data on SOAEs, TEOAEs and DPOAEs for male and female subjects in different age groups were determined. Mean signal levels of TEOAEs and DPOAEs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on a study which investigated the occurrence of hearing impairment in the province of Östergötland in Sweden. Materials and methods; Results; Discussion.