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This article deals with the historical reception of modern public buildings, advocating further research in this field in order to understand the role of monuments in the canon of modern architecture. Sweden's most referred building in an international context, the Stockholm Public Library, serves here as a case study. Paradoxically, the library is still not officially listed, although most experts would agree on its importance, but this is not unusual with modern monuments of the 20th Century. On the contrary, modern public buildings constitute a mere fraction of Sweden's built heritage, managed by the National Property Board. Ever since Stockholm Public Library was completed in 1928, its reception has continuously changed over the years, both for ideological reasons and in response to practical demands. Originally, the monumental character of the building was partly criticised, while its rational organisation was generally acknowledged. From a Swedish perspective, the library was overshadowed by the Stockholm Exhibition of 1930. Thus, in the national historiography of Swedish architecture, the library has been interpreted as the final monument of Nordic classicism. However, from an international point of view, the library was included in the canon of modern architecture during the late 1970s. Its Post-Modern fame climaxed in 1985, in connection with the centenary of the architect, Gunnar Asplund. More recently, in 2006-07, after the decline of the Post-Modern movement, the library was reappraised in an international competition for its enlargement. Following the competition, the plan for the extension was heavily criticised, both nationally and internationally, and the project was finally abandoned. The article holds that, given better knowledge of the library's international status, this reaction would have been foreseeable. In other words, analyses of the historical reception might serve to indicate possible examples of conflict in future heritage practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Lepidoptera, sex-linked genes have been found to be of importance for species differences in, for example, host-plant preference, and have been implicated in ecological speciation. Variation within species is typically not sex-linked. However, in the comma butterflyPolygonia c-album(Nymphalidae) an X-linked gene has been found to play a major role in determining differences in host-plant use between two well separated populations. For this reason, we studied the role of sex-linked genes for host-plant preference within a single Swedish population of this species. Three generations of females with known pedigrees were studied in the laboratory, and they were given a choice betweenUrtica dioicaandSalix capreain flight cages. We found strong variation among females and significant genetic variance for host-plant preference, but no evidence for major importance of sex linkage of host-plant preference on this local scale. To what extent the observed genetic variation was due to additive genes and/or effects of major genes was not clear from the maximum likelihood analysis. In a follow-up study we sampled females over a larger area. We found strong variation among females, but not among localities, suggesting an open population structure with strong gene flow. From the combined stock, a selection experiment was performed over 2 years and six generations. The selection lines diverged after the first generation of selection and remained separate, but did not diverge further, suggesting a low degree of narrow-sense heritability and that the genetic differences may be effects of major genes. We discuss these results in relation to the possible role of genetics in the radiation of the Lepidoptera and other phytophagous insects. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London,Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005,84, 755–765. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights the transactions and papers of the Swedish Ophthalmological Society 2000. Annual Meeting in Luleå; Swedish Medicine Fair symposium in Göteborg; Abstracts of several research papers related to ophthalmology.

Outlines the transactions of the Swedish Ophthalmological Society for 2002. Lists of annual meetings; Specifications of the released free papers; Details of symposiums.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of different levels of visual field defect in glaucoma on utilities and to test if utilities could be assessed using a general questionnaire such as the EQ-5D., Methods: A cross-sectional study in 199 patients with ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma grouped into 5 severity stages according to visual field defects was performed in 4 specialized ophthalmic centres. Descriptive analysis was performed for the sample and by stage, and the effect of vision loss on utility was investigated with multiple step-wise regression analysis., Results: The mean age of the sample was 70 and the mean MD in the worse eye was -13.1 dB (SD 10.2). Visual acuity (VA) was 0.63 and 0.87 in the worse and better eye, respectively, and the mean utility was 0.80 (SD 0.23). Utility decreased with increasing glaucomatous damage, ranging from 0.84 for mild disease to 0.72 for severe damage (MD -2.5 to -28.1), but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant when controlling for co-morbidity, except for the most severe stage (p < 0.01). In multiple regression analysis, visual field in the better eye was significantly correlated with utility, and there was an indirect correlation between visual field in the worse eye and utility: the effect of total VA on utility was significant, and MD in the worse eye was correlated with total VA., Conclusions: Utility is strongly correlated with overall vision. Our results suggest a relationship between glaucomatous damage and utility, and patients with severe damage have a significantly lower utility. However, this should be further investigated in larger samples that include more patients with moderate-severe bilateral damage.